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	Radiometric dating - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Radiometric dating is a technique used to date materials based on a knowledge of the decay rates of naturally occurring isotopes, and the current abundances.
		The decay constant is inversely proportional to the radioactive half-life.
		Rubidium-strontium dating is based on the beta decay of rubidium-87 to strontium-87, with a half-life of 50 billion years.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Radioactive_dating (2485 words)

	The World of Nuclear Science - Applications - Archaeology and Geology
		The principals of radioactive decay are employed widely in many fields of archaology and geology to determine the nature and age of materials, artifacts and rocks.
		The principals of radioactive decay are applied in the technique of radioactive dating, a process widely used by geologists and archaeologists to determine the age of materials and artifacts.
		Radioactivity is used to identify the location of deposits of uranium and other radioactive minerals.
	library.thinkquest.org /C004606/applications/radioactivedating.shtml (955 words)

	dating. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Stratigraphic dating is accomplished by interpreting the significance of geological or archaeological strata, or layers.
		Stratigraphic dating assumes that the lower layers in any particular profile are older than the upper layers in that profile (“the law of superposition”) and that an object cannot be older than the materials of which it is composed.
		Thermoluminescence, used in dating archaeological material such as pottery, is based on the luminescence produced when a solid is heated; that is, electrons freed during radioactive decay and trapped in the crystal lattice are released by heating, resulting in luminescence.
	www.bartleby.com /65/da/dating.html (2088 words)

	Radioactive Dating \| World of Biology
		In 1947, a radioactive dating method for determining the age of organic materials, was developed by Willard Frank Libby, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1960 for his radiocarbon research.
		Radioactive dating is also used to study the effects of pollution on an environment.
		Radioactive dating has proved to be an invaluable tool and has been used in many scientific fields, including geology, archeology, paleoclimatology, atmospheric science, oceanography, hydrology, and biomedicine.
	www.bookrags.com /research/radioactive-dating-wob (894 words)

	Evolution and the Fossil Record by John Pojeta, Jr. and Dale A. Springer
		Radioactive elements can serve as natural clocks, because the rate of emission or decay is measurable and because it is not affected by external factors.
		Radioactive isotopes are useful in dating geological materials, because they convert or decay at a constant, and therefore measurable, rate.
		An unstable radioactive isotope, which is the 'parent' of one chemical element, naturally decays to form a stable nonradioactive isotope, or 'daughter,' of another element by emitting particles such as protons from the nucleus.
	www.agiweb.org /news/evolution/datingfossilrecord.html (804 words)

	Radiometric dating Summary
		Radioactive dating is a technique which allows for accurate determination of the age of materials.
		A mass spectrometer was used for one of the most famous radioactive dating experiments, the dating of the Shroud of Turin, the supposed burial cloth of Jesus, which was determined to have been made during the 1300s and not during the time of Christ.
		Radioactive potassium-40 is common in micas, feldspars, and hornblendes, though the blocking temperature is fairly low in these materials, about 125°C (mica) to 450°C (hornblende).
	www.bookrags.com /Radiometric_dating (4883 words)

	Radioactive Dating
		While the fundamental concepts used for these two kinds of dating are the same, the actual radioactive methods are very different and are subject to different factors which might affect their accuracy.
		We noted earlier that dates are reported with a "+-" factor to indicate the limitations of the laboratory equipment used to measure amounts of radioactive elements.
		Thus, radioactive dating depends on an assumption that the earth is old.
	www.malone.edu /erodd/n160rdat.htm (2030 words)

	Radioactive Decay
		Radiocarbon dating depends on the assumption that the relative abundance of the radioactive carbon isotope in the atmosphere has been constant throughout earth's history.
		Since radioactive carbon is constantly being produced in the upper atmosphere by interaction of non-radioactive gases with sunlight, and we have no reason to believe that the rate of production has changed over earth's history, the assumption that the relative abundance in the atmosphere has not changed is is probably good.
		Radioactive carbon dating has been checked against other methods, such as comparing the spacings in the growth rings of trees, where possible, and found to be correct.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/phy99/phy99x43.htm (790 words)

	Chapter 6 INACCURATE DATING METHODS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It is based on the formation of radioactive elements of carbon, in the atmosphere by cosmic radiation, and their subsequent decay to the stable carbon isotope.
		Radioactive minerals would be partially through their cycle of half-lives on the very first day.
		In this way, the apparent age of the radioactive iron was changed by about 3 percent while the clock of the previously inactive iron was returned to its original radioactive mass.
	evolution-facts.org /Ev-Crunch/c06a.htm (4444 words)

	Radioactive Dating
		Radiometric dating is a means of determining the "age" of a mineral specimen by determining the relative amounts present of certain radioactive elements.
		Because of radioactivity, the fraction of rubidium-87 decreases from an initial value of 100% at the time of formation of the mineral, and approaches zero with increasing number of half lives.
		Creationists also attack radioactive dating with the argument that half-lives were different in the past than they are at present.
	www.fsteiger.com /radioact.html (2235 words)

	Geoscience - The Earth - What is the Earth? - Dating the Earth
		Radioactive dating is a method of dating rocks and minerals using radioactive isotopes.
		Radioactive decay is a natural process and comes from the atomic nucleus becoming unstable and releasing bits and pieces.
		Because the radioactive decay occurs at a known rate, the density of fission tracks for the amount of uranium within a mineral grain can be used to determine its age.
	www.amonline.net.au /geoscience/earth/dating.htm (2226 words)

	Exact Dating (More or Less)
		The radioactive dating controversy of a fossil known as Skull KNM-ER 1470 is well-documented.
		C dating isn't of much interest to evolutionists because it only works for things that were once alive, and therefore doesn't work for rocks.
		Radioactive methods cannot determine the age of rocks because there is a fundamental flaw in the method.
	www.ridgenet.net /~do_while/sage/v1i5f.htm (1447 words)

	USGS Geology in the Parks
		Radioactive elements are unstable; they breakdown spontaneously into more stable atoms over time, a process known as radioactive decay.
		Radioactive decay occurs at a constant rate, specific to each radioactive isotope.
		Radiometric dating has been used to determine the ages of the Earth, Moon, meteorites, ages of fossils, including early man, timing of glaciations, ages of mineral deposits, recurrence rates of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, the history of reversals of Earth's magnetic field, and many of other geological events and processes.
	wrgis.wr.usgs.gov /docs/parks/gtime/radiom.html (325 words)

	Bad Dating Techniques?
		SCIENTISTS say their key tool for dating ancient artefacts might be wrong by 10,000 years, which could push back the timing of key events in history and improve understanding of climate change.
		Radiocarbon dating, which depends on the steady decay of carbon-14, is less reliable if an artefact is older than 16,000 years.
		The reason is that carbon dating measures radioactive carbon and there may have been much more of it in the distant past than previously thought.
	s8int.com /baddating.html (1461 words)

	Radioactive Dating
		The technique of comparing the abundance ratio of a radioactive isotope to a reference isotope to determine the age of a material is called radioactive dating.
		C, a radioactive form of carbon, is produced in the upper atmosphere by neutrons striking
		C is radioactive, and beta-decays with a half-life of 5,730 years.
	www.lbl.gov /abc/wallchart/chapters/13/4.html (403 words)

	Radioactive Lab
		Radioactive dating requires the use of a decay curve.
		After the activity students can visit the Virtual Dating web site which allows them to use the mouse to obtain values from the decay curve in answering questions about the amount of radioactive element remaining in a substance.
		The process of obtaining radioactive dates from samples is also shown.
	www.usoe.k12.ut.us /curr/science/sciber00/8th/earth/sciber/radioact.htm (450 words)

	k07 Pioneer radioactive dating methods
		This deduction is based on the assumption that some of the denser and more compact of the radioactive minerals are able to retain indefinitely a large proportion of the helium imprisoned in their mass.—Rutherford, 1906.
		Alpha particles, which exit the nuclei of radioactive element like bullets, damage the structure of the mica to the average distance that they travel before being brought to a stop by collisions with its atoms.
		Using analyses of 43 uranium minerals from all parts of the world he found that when these were ranked by their stratigraphic age, the amount of lead to uranium present is relatively greater in the older.
	geowords.com /histbooknetscape/k07.htm (1115 words)

	How accurate are Carbon-14 and other radioactive dating methods? - ChristianAnswers.Net (via CobWeb/3.1 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		C date was not due to contamination and that the "date" was valid, within the standard (long ages) understanding of this dating system.
		Tree ring dating (dendrochronology) has been used in an attempt to extend the calibration of the calibration of carbon-14 dating earlier than historical records allow, but this depends on temporal placement of fragments of wood (from long dead trees) using carbon-14 dating, assuming straight-line extrapolation backwards.
		The concentration of a parent radioactive isotope, such as rubidium-87, is graphed against the concentration of a daughter isotope, such as strontium-87, for all the samples.
	www.christiananswers.net.cob-web.org:8888 /q-aig/aig-c007.html (7528 words)

	Radioactive ‘dating’ failure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The potassium-argon (K–Ar) dating method is often used to date volcanic rocks (and by extension, nearby fossils).
		That is, it assumes that no argon derived by radioactive decay was present initially, but after the lava cooled and solidified, the argon from radioactive decay was unable to escape and started to accumulate.
		A discussion of isochron ‘dating’, along with the associated problems of false (pseudo) isochrons, is outside the scope of this paper, but see Austin, S.A. (ed.), Grand Canyon: Monument to Catastrophe, Institute for Creation Research, Santee, California, pp.
	www.answersingenesis.org /creation/v22/i1/dating.asp (1995 words)

	Exploratorium: Science Snacks: Radioactive Decay Model
		In this model, the removal of a penny or a cube corresponds to the decay of a radioactive nucleus.
		The smaller the chance of decay, the longer the half-life (time for half of the sample to decay) of the particular radioactive isotope.
		For radon 217, the chance of decay is large: Its half-life is 1/1,000 of a second.
	www.exploratorium.edu /snacks/radioactive_decay.html (619 words)

	Radioactive Dating (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Because the radioactive half-life of a given radioisotope is not affected by temperature, physical or chemical state, or any other influence of the environment outside the nucleus save direct particle interactions with the nucleus, then radioactive samples continue to decay at a predictable rate.
		If determinations or reasonable estimates of the original composition of a radioactive sample can be made, then the amounts of the radioisotopes present can provide a measurement of the time elapsed.
		One such method is called carbon dating, which is limited to the dating of organic (once living) materials.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/nuclear/raddat.html (146 words)

	Radioactive Age Estimation - ChristianAnswers.Net
		By the way, it is important to understand that most rock strata "dates" were actually assigned long before the first use of radioactive age estimating methods in 1911.
		Another explanation in some isolated cases of dating conclusions may be a 'tracking phenomenon.' By this is meant, a tendency of reported scientific measurements to cluster about an incorrect value.
		A unique study in regard to evidence of changing radioactive decay rates is being made by Robert Gentry (formerly associated with Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Atomic Energy Commission).
	christiananswers.net /q-eden/edn-radioactive.html (2817 words)

	Radioactive dating (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The radiocarbon dating method was developed in the 1940's by Willard F. Libby and a team of scientists at the University of Chicago.
		All of the dating methods rely on the fundamental principles of radioactive decay, but the specific materials that can be dated and the exact procedures for calculating a date are very different from one method to the next.
		Understanding the isochron diagram is the key to determining the age of a rock using the Rb-Sr method.
	earthsci.org /fossils/geotime/radate/radate.html (952 words)

	Radiometric dating: Radioactive Carbon, Potassium Argon, Uranium Lead (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Since evolution-believing scientists believe that the earth is much older than any historical record, they rely upon mineral compositions, and radioactive measurements to attempt to date an object.
		This dating method is used primarily on igneous rocks and is used to date objects thought to be quite old.
		A volcanic or dacite rock is analyzed and a ratio of K-40 and Ar-40 is measured.
	www.eadshome.com /RadiometricDating.htm (1318 words)

	Clocks In Rocks -- Page 1 of 17 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A relative age simply states whether one rock formation is older or younger than another formation.
		Numerical dating, the focus of this exercise, takes advantage of the "clocks in rocks" - radioactive isotopes ("parents") that spontaneously decay to form new isotopes ("daughters") while releasing energy.
		For example, decay of the parent isotope Rb-87 (Rubidium) produces a stable daughter isotope, Sr-87 (Strontium), while releasing a beta particle (an electron from the nucleus).
	www.sciencecourseware.org /VirtualDating/files/1.0_ClocksInRocks.html (175 words)

	Radioactive Dating Explained - Part 2
		Evolutionists generally don’t use carbon 14 dating because they believe most rocks of interest were formed millions of years ago, and were never alive.
		The date calculation is no more accurate than the initial guess of how much Lead 206 was in the rock when it was formed.
		Rubidium-strontium dates all agree that the rocks are about 1.3 billion years old, which would make them pre-Cambrian rocks, not modern Quaternary rocks (which they obviously are).
	www.scienceagainstevolution.org /v4i11f.htm (3387 words)

	Radioactive Dating Explained
		C dating on the oldest rings, they didn’t get the same age as they got from the number of rings.
		C) dates are widely used for dating oceanic events and as tracers of ocean circulation, essential components for understanding ocean-climate interactions.
		C date isn’t what it is supposed to be, one can adjust it for any imaginable reason--as long as one doesn’t imagine a global flood.
	www.ridgenet.net /~do_while/sage/v4i10f.htm (2533 words)

	Radioactive dating (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This section of the course looks at the techniques available for dating materials using the decay of radioactive elements as a probe of the age of the sample.
		Radiocarbon dating can be used to accurately date a whole range of organic samples, while on a longer timescale, the ages of rocks can be estimated from their isotopic composition.
		There is also an excellent summary of the applications radiocarbon dating has been put to.
	www.astro.soton.ac.uk /~ajb/dating.html (100 words)

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