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Topic: Radioactive isotopes

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Isotopic tracer

Radioactivity

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	United Nuclear- Radioactive Isotopes
		Radioactive material is sealed in the plastic/epoxy to prevent leakage and contamination.
		This Cs-137/Ba-137m Isotope Generator is used to conduct experiments to demonstrate the properties of radioactive decay.
		The parent isotope Cs-137 with a half-life of 30.1 years beta decays (94.6%) to the metastable state of Ba-137m.
	www.unitednuclear.com /isotopes.htm (461 words)

	SAHRA - Isotopes
		Radioactive isotopes are nuclides (isotope-specific atoms) that have unstable nuclei that decay, emitting alpha, beta, and sometimes gamma rays.
		Such isotopes eventually reach stability in the form of nonradioactive isotopes of other chemical elements, their "radiogenic daughters." Decay of a radionuclide to a stable radiogenic daughter is a function of time measured in units of half-lives.
		Radiogenic isotopes are typically stable daughter isotopes produced from radioactive decay.
	www.sahra.arizona.edu /programs/isotopes/types/radioactive.html (639 words)

	radioactive isotope. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Radioactive phosphorus is used to treat abnormal cell proliferation, e.g., polycythemia (increase in red cells) and leukemia (increase in white cells).
		In research, radioactive isotopes as tracer agents make it possible to follow the action and reaction of organic and inorganic substances within the body, many of which could not be studied by any other means.
		In industry, radioactive isotopes are used for a number of purposes, including measuring the thickness of metal or plastic sheets by the amount of radiation they can stop, testing for corrosion or wear, and monitoring various processes.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ra/radioaiso.html (333 words)

	SAFE USE OF RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
		Radioactive substances used in industry may be in the form of metals, powders or aqueous solutions of dissolved salts.
		Radioactivity and radioactive properties of nuclides are determined by changes within/to the nucleus only, and are independent of the chemical and physical states of the isotope.
		In the case of internally deposited alpha-emitting isotopes however, the shielding effect of dead skin is absent, and the energy of the alpha radiation is dissipated in living tissue.
	www.angelfire.com /nb/hazsub/safrad.html (3559 words)

	Evolution and the Fossil Record by John Pojeta, Jr. and Dale A. Springer
		Radioactive isotopes are useful in dating geological materials, because they convert or decay at a constant, and therefore measurable, rate.
		An unstable radioactive isotope, which is the 'parent' of one chemical element, naturally decays to form a stable nonradioactive isotope, or 'daughter,' of another element by emitting particles such as protons from the nucleus.
		The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the length of time it takes for exactly one-half of the parent atoms to decay to daughter atoms.
	www.agiweb.org /news/evolution/datingfossilrecord.html (804 words)

	Removal of heavy metals and heavy metal radioactive isotopes from liquids - Patent 4902665
		In accordance with the principles of the present invention, the heavy metal or radioactive heavy metal-containing liquid is contacted with a water-insoluble carboxylated cellulose heavy metal interactant, such as a metal absorbing transition metal oxide mixture to separate the heavy metals and radioactive heavy metals from the liquid as a low volume solid sludge.
		While the ultimate form for disposing of the radioactive isotope-laden insoluble carboxylated cellulose-heavy metal interactant, e.g., carboxymethylcellulose-transition metal oxide mixture must be determined by the appropriate applicable regulations, it is envisioned that the spent radioactive isotope-laden carboxylated cellulose-heavy metal interactant mixture may be air-dried, containerized and shipped for direct burial.
		In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, radioactive isotopes of heavy metals are removed from natural waters, wastewaters and other liquids by sequentially contacting the contaminated liquid with aluminum carboxymethylcellulose and a heavy metal interacent, e.g., absorbent, adsorbent, ion-exchange material or reactant, such as a transition metal oxide.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4902665.html (5286 words)

	Radioisotopes: Frequently Asked Questions
		Medical radioactive isotopes can also be directed to cancerous cells by a carrier that has an attraction to a certain part of the body.
		The medical radioactive isotope Iodine has been used for thyroid treatment for years because the isotope itself is naturally attracted to the thyroid.
		Demand for medical radioactive isotopes are projected to grow in the range of 8% to 20% per year for the next 20 years.
	www.radiochemistry.org /nuclearmedicine/radioisotopes/02_faq.shtml (938 words)

	Radioisotopes in Medicine
		Once a radioactive form of one of these substances enters the body, it is incorporated into the normal biological processes and excreted in the usual ways.
		It is an isotope of the artificially-produced element technetium and it has almost ideal characteristics for a nuclear medicine scan.
		The isotopes of an element have the same number of protons in their atoms (atomic number) but different masses due to different numbers of neutrons.
	www.uic.com.au /nip26.htm (4258 words)

	FFS! » Blog Archive » Dating isotopes (and other radioactive relationships) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Surely radioactive decay is not elicited by death or by rock crystallization, but should/would occur in the same proportionate way in the isotope everywhere, irrespective of the size of the isotope pool.
		The origins of the radioactive isotopes used for dating rocks are even less well understood than in the use of C14, so although as I have already observed, the results from different radio-active isotopes are reported to have yielded consistent results, that method remains open to question.
		Radioactive magma isotopes outside rock crystalline matrices also decay, but somehow the magma pool of isotopes is seemingly close-to homeostatically adjusted - and is assumed to be more or less constant in time - through some unknown, or at least incompletely understood, process(es).
	fightingforscience.com /2006/09/18/dating-isotopes-and-other-radioactive-relationships (1992 words)

	radioactive isotope - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		radioactive isotope or radioisotope, natural or artificially created isotope of a chemical element having an unstable nucleus that decays, emitting alpha, beta, or gamma rays until stability is reached.
		For a time it was thought that these materials were all members of the actinide series ; however, exacting radiochemical research has demonstrated that certain of the light elements also have naturally occurring isotopes that are radioactive.
		Introduction to isotope hydrology; stable and radioactive isotopes of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-radioaiso.html (656 words)

	Solar System Fluff
		In a radioactive decay, the original radioactive isotope is called a parent isotope and the resulting isotope after the decay is called a daughter isotope.
		Radioactive isotopes will decay in a regular exponential way such that one-half of a given amount of parent material will decay to form daughter material in a time period called a half-life.
		Multiply the amount of the non-daughter isotope (isotope B) in the radioactive rock by the ratio of the previous step: (isotope B) × R = initial amount of daughter isotope A that was not the result of decay.
	www.astronomynotes.com /solfluf/s4.htm (1667 words)

	Radioactive Isotopes and X-rays
		Isotopes (i'so-topz) are two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons.
		Isotopes can be denoted using the symbol of the element preceded by the mass number (number of protons and neutrons) of the isotope.
		Radioactive isotopes are commonly used by clinicians and researchers because sensitive measuring devices can detect the radioactive rays emitted from isotopes, even when they are present in very small amounts.
	www.mhhe.com /biosci/ap/vdgconcepts/student/olc/h-reading7.html (803 words)

	USGS -- Isotope Tracers -- Resources -- Isotope Geochemistry
		Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same numbers of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons.
		The so-called stable isotopes are nuclei that do not appear to decay to other isotopes on geologic timescales, but may themselves be produced by the decay of radioactive isotopes.
		As a consequence of fractionation processes, waters and solutes often develop unique isotopic compositions (ratios of heavy to light isotopes) that may be indicative of their source or of the processes that formed them.
	wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov /isoig/res/funda.html (1607 words)

	Geologic Time: Radiometric Time Scale
		Radioactive decay is a spontaneous process in which an isotope (the parent) loses particles from its nucleus to form an isotope of a new element (the daughter).
		Potassium is found in most rock-forming minerals, the half-life of its radioactive isotope potassium-40 is such that measurable quantities of argon (daughter) have accumulated in potassium-bearing minerals of nearly all ages, and the amounts of potassium and argon isotopes can be measured accurately, even in very small quantities.
		These isotopes decay within the rocks according to their half-life rates, and by selecting the appropriate minerals (those that contain potassium, for instance) and measuring the relative amounts of parent and daughter isotopes in them, the date at which the rock crystallized can be determined.
	pubs.usgs.gov /gip/geotime/radiometric.html (1295 words)

	Age of the Earth as indicated by Missing Isotopes
		The following is a table of all 29 known radioactive isotopes that have a half-life of one million years or more, and that are not being continually produced by natural nuclear reactions.
		For each isotope, the table shows whether it is one of the ones found on Earth.
		Radioactives with half-lives shorter than one million years are also produced: for example, Carbon 14 with a half life of 5730 years.
	www.accuracyingenesis.com /missing.html (971 words)

	Tritium Exit Signs: Facts about Tritium - Nuclear - Non-electrical - Self Luminous Exit Sign Products
		Unstable isotopes are referred to as radioactive isotopes.
		In radioactive isotopes, the nucleus, or center, decays to form a different nucleus and a nuclear particle.
		In the highly improbable event that all of the multiple tubes should fracture, the effect is still less than half of that received from naturally occurring radioactive sources during a year, and is similar to the difference between living at sea level and moving to an elevation of 5,000 feet.
	www.theexitstore.com /exit_sign_info/facts-about-tritium-signs.htm (959 words)

	Table of Radioactive Isotopes:047184909X:Edgardo Browne; Richard B. Firestone (Edited by Virginia S. Shirley, Univ. of ...
		Table of Radioactive Isotopes By the Isotopes Project, Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley.
		The Table of Radioactive Isotopes is a comprehensive and critical evaluation of the nuclear and atomic properties of radioactive isotopes.
		Following the scheme are tables for every isotope, the first of which gives the isotope’s atomic number, mass number, element symbol, half-life, decay modes and branchings, mass excess, specific activity, means of production, and natural isotopic abundance.
	www.ecampus.com /book/047184909X (349 words)

	Isotopes
		Unstable isotopes are atoms that disintegrate at predictable and measureble rates to form other isotopes by emitting a nuclear electron or a helium nucleus and radiation.
		While radioactive isotopes are very cool, I am looking for a little more stability in my life and am therefore interested in stable isotopes for my current research.
		Because the concentration of these heavy isotopes in the ocean is a function of temperature, the environment has been keeping a record of sea surface temperature for millions of years by the constant piling up of dead organic matter on the ocean floor (sedimentation).
	www.geog.ucsb.edu /~williams/Isotopes.htm (685 words)

	Chap 20 - Applications of Radioactive Isotopes
		The greatest advances in the use of radioactive isotopes have been in the diagnosis of disease.
		Radioactive isotopes are used for diagnosis in two ways.
		This radioactive molybdenum, adsorbed on alumina, is placed in the generator and sent to the hospital.
	chemistry.binghamton.edu /ilc/labs/radiochem/sims/RadMedApp.html (820 words)

	k04 Radioactive and stable Isotopes
		In describing radioactive decay, the radioactive isotope that decays is called the parent, and the isotope(s) that it changes into is called its daughter isotope(s).
		The duration (length) of time it takes for a single parent isotope to change to a daughter isotope is unknowable in the same way that whether a flipped coin will come down heads or tails is unknowable.
		Some parent isotopes change directly, others change via a succession of radioactive daughter isotopes and reaction paths, to a stable daughter isotope(s).
	geowords.com /histbooknetscape/k04.htm (429 words)

	Science NetLinks: Isotopes of Pennies
		To demonstrate that isotopes of an element have different masses; that isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons; and that atomic mass is the weighted average of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element.
		The most important features of isotopes (with respect to general scientific literacy) are their nearly identical chemical behavior and their different nuclear stabilities.
		Naturally occurring chemical elements are usually mixtures of isotopes, and so their atomic masses are weighted averages of the masses of the isotopes in the mixture.
	www.sciencenetlinks.com /lessons.cfm?DocID=176 (1225 words)

	Iodine \| Radiation Protection Program \| US EPA (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Some isotopes of iodine, such as I-123 and I-124 are used in medical imaging and treatment, but are generally not a problem in the environment because they have very short half-lives.
		Both iodine-129 and iodine-131 are produced by the fission of uranium atoms during operation of nuclear reactors and by plutonium (or uranium) in the detonation of nuclear weapons.
		Radioactive iodine is usually emitted as a gas, but may contaminate liquids or solid materials as well.
	www.epa.gov /radiation/radionuclides/iodine.htm (1791 words)

	Review of Isotopes and Radioactive Decay, Answers (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In order to understand the use of radioactive decay as a geological clock, some basic background in isotopes and radioactive decay is required.
		An isotope consists of a collection of atoms which have both the same atomic number and atomic mass (in other words they have the same number of both neutrons and protons).
		The half life of an isotope is the length of time it takes for half of the parent isotope to decay.
	www3.cerritos.edu /earth-science/tutor/Chemistry/radioactive_decay_review_answers.htm (616 words)

	Exploring the Table of Isotopes
		Welcome to the Periodic Table of the Isotopes.
		Choose an element to learn more about its isotopes.
		Click here for an animated glossary of nuclear terms you may encounter as you tour the isotopes.
	ie.lbl.gov /education/isotopes.htm (50 words)

	Treatment of Hyperthyroidism: Drugs, Iodine, and Surgery as Treatments for Hyperthyroid Problems.
		By giving a radioactive form of iodine gives off a poisonous type of radiation, the thyroid cells which absorb it will be damaged or killed.
		The problem here, is that the amount of radioactive iodine given kills too many of the thyroid cells so that the remaining thyroid does not produce enough hormone, a condition called hypothyroidism.
		A potential down side of the surgical approach is that there is a small risk of injury to structures near the thyroid gland in the neck including the nerve to the voice box (the recurrent laryngeal nerve).
	www.endocrineweb.com /hyper4.html (1065 words)

	An Absolute Method for Measuring the Activity of Radioactive Isotopes
		RADIOACTIVE isotopes are, at the present time, being used in a wide variety of scientific investigations.
		If the isotope is deposited on a thin foil, mounted in a vacuum to eliminate gas ionization, and an electric field is applied to prevent slow secondary electrons from escaping, then the current flowing from the foil should be a direct measure of the total activity.
		A preliminary investigation of the method has been completed, and the present communication gives a brief account of the results so far obtained, with particular reference to the effects caused by secondary emission and by ionization of the residual gas.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v166/n4223/abs/166601a0.html (250 words)

	Radioactive Decay
		Isotopes of an element are atoms that all have the same atomic number (or number of protons in the nucleus) but have different atomic masses (hence different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus).
		Those that decay are called radioactive (or parent) isotopes; those that are generated by decay are called radiogenic (or daughter) isotopes.
		Radioactive elements can be used to understand numerical age of geological materials on time scales as long as (and even longer than) the age of the Earth.
	serc.carleton.edu /quantskills/methods/quantlit/RadDecay.html (1344 words)

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