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Topic: Radiological weapon

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Iran and weapons of mass destruction

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Nuclear weapon design

Dirty bomb

Israel and weapons of mass destruction

Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention

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History of nuclear weapons

	Station Information - Radiological weapon
		A radiological weapon is any weapon that is designed to spread radioactivity, either to kill, or to deny the use of an area (a modern version of salting the earth) and consists of an device (such as a nuclear or conventional explosive) which spreads radioactive material.
		Radiological weapons are widely considered to be militarily useless for a state-sponsored army and are not believed to have been deployed by any military forces.
		Means of radiological warfare that do not rely on any specific weapon, but rather on spreading radiation poisoning via a food chain or water table, seem to be more effective in some ways, but to share problems with chemical warfare.
	www.stationinformation.com /encyclopedia/r/ra/radiological_weapon.html (417 words)

	Radiological weapon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A radiological weapon (or radiological dispersion device, RDD) is any weapon that is designed to spread radioactive contamination, either to kill, or to deny the use of an area (a modern version of salting the earth) and consists of a device (such as a nuclear or conventional explosive) which spreads radioactive material.
		Means of radiological warfare that do not rely on any specific weapon, but rather on spreading radioactive contamination via a food chain or water table, seem to be more effective in some ways, but share many of the same problems as chemical warfare.
		They do not require materials used to make a nuclear weapon, and common materials such as caesium-137, used in radiological medical equipment, or Cobalt-60 (both of which have been stolen from nuclear or medical storage in various incidents and are still described as missing) could be used.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Radiological_weapon (569 words)

	Nuclear weapon - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Weapons which have a fusion stage are also referred to as hydrogen bombs or H-bombs because their fusion fuel is often a form of hydrogen, or thermonuclear weapons because fusion reactions require extremely high temperatures for a chain reaction to occur.
		The distinction between these two types of weapon is blurred by the fact that they are combined in nearly all complex modern weapons: a smaller fission bomb is first used to reach the necessary conditions of high temperature and pressure to allow fusion to occur.
		Early weapons were so big and heavy that they could only be carried by bombers such as the B-52 and V bombers, but by the mid-1950s smaller weapons had been developed that could be carried and deployed by fighter-bombers.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /nuclear_weapon.htm (5053 words)

	International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Radiological weapons, with the controversial exception of depleted uranium weapons used by the US in the 1991 Gulf war and again in the1999 Balkans war, have not been deployed or used in conflict for both practical and ethical reasons.
		Even a small radiological weapon could contaminate a large urban area, would increase the cancer danger to the affected population, and would have a psychological impact far exceeding the one we have witnessed during the recent anthrax scares.
		The consequences of a radiological weapon using plutonium in amounts that are potentially available for a terrorist attack, IPPNW found, are primarily increased long-term cancer incidence, particularly lung, bone, and liver cancer.
	www.ippnw.org /NukeTerrorism02.html (2091 words)

	NTI: Radiological Terrorism Tutorial: Terrorists and Radiological Terrorism
		Radiological terrorism is a more attractive option than chemical, biological, or nuclear terrorism because of the relative ease with which a radiological weapon can be made and used.
		Radiological terrorism, on the other hand, involves using a radioactive source by itself, packaging radioactive material with a conventional bomb, and exploding it in a public area or attacking an already existing nuclear facility.
		Given the relative ease with which a radiological weapon can be made and used, terrorist groups that lack a high level of technical and scientific expertise might find this type of radiological terrorism to be an attractive option.
	www.nti.org /h_learnmore/radtutorial/chapter04_01.html (848 words)

	[No title]
		Weapon components composed of fissionable or fusionable materials that contribute substantially to nuclear energy released during detonation.
		The Military Service having custody of the nuclear weapon or radiological materials at the time of the accident is responsible for reimbursing, upon request, the Combatant Command providing the RTF and, upon request, other Federal Agencies with a direct or supporting role in the response effort.
		Be responsible for coordinating all Federal off-site monitoring and assessment activities during a response to a radiological emergency, including response to nuclear weapons accident, to assist the LFA, State(s), and local authorities, in accordance with the provisions of the FRERP, reference (b).
	www.dtic.mil /whs/directives/corres/text/p31508m.txt (14695 words)

	[No title]
		The flag rank RTF commander should be selected from the Service with nuclear weapon or radiological material custody responsibility at the time of the accident and from the installation or force in whose area of responsibility the accident occurred.
		Radiological accidents shall be immediately reported directly to the NMCC using the most expeditious means available in accordance with CJCSI 3150.03 (reference (p)).
		An unexpected event involving nuclear weapons, nuclear components, or a nuclear weapon transport or launch vehicle when a nuclear weapon is mated, loaded, or on board, that does not fall into the nuclear weapon accident category but that: E2.1.4.1.
	www.dtic.mil /whs/directives/corres/text/d31508p.txt (1591 words)

	Osama bin Laden and nuclear weapons
		Since design and construction of a weapon is not prohibitively difficult, the nuclear states have all pursued strict controls on fissile material as the best way to keep terrorists (and non-aligned states) from a nuclear capability.
		Radiological weapons require no particular technological sophistication; their use would more likely result in widespread panic and limited casualties versus mass casualties.
		Media discussion of radiological weapons has been accurate in generally acknowledging that the psychological impact would likely be greater that the health impact.
	www.johnstonsarchive.net /nuclear/osamanuk.html (1727 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Nuclear weapon [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A nuclear weapon is a weapon that derives its energy from nuclear reactions and has enormous destructive power — a single nuclear weapon is capable of destroying a city.
		Though it would not be a nuclear weapon in the traditional sense of using fission or fusion reactions, there has been some speculation as to the use of antimatter as the source for a weapon of some sort.
		Most of the air-defense weapons were out of service by the end of the 1960s, and nuclear depth bombs were taken out of service by 1990.
	encyclozine.com /Atom_bombs (4686 words)

	Document Reveals 1987 Bomb Test by Iraq
		Radiation or radiological weapons, sometimes known as "dirty nukes," are the poor cousins of nuclear arms.
		The reactor used in making the prototype radiological weapon was itself bombed during the gulf war in 1991, and inspectors tried to keep Iraq from resuming its nuclear efforts for years afterward.
		Iraq's testing of its radiological weapon was done in 1987 as it waged a war of attrition against Iran and considered the radiation bomb as a way to cripple enemy forces.
	www.iraqwatch.org /wmd/radbomb.htm (1195 words)

	Talk:Radiological weapon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Why are Radiological weapon and dirty bomb separate articles?
		If a consolidation of content is warrented, I'm not sure which title should be where the article is and which is where the redirect should go.
		Some thoughts: "dirty bomb" is more widely known and used but is also more ambiguous than "radiological weapon" in my opinion.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Radiological_weapon (231 words)

	Nuclear Weapon - Radiological Weapon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		An air burst is an explosion in which a weapon is detonated in air at an altitude below 30 km but at sufficient height that the fireball does not contact the surface of the earth.
		A surface burst is an explosion in which a weapon is detonated on or slightly above the surface of the earth so that the fireball actually touches the land or water surface.
		A high altitude burst is one in which the weapon is exploded at such an altitude (above 30 km) that initial soft x-rays generated by the detonation dissipate energy as heat in a much larger volume of air molecules.
	www.be-prepared.info /nuclear-weapon.html (989 words)

	Government Wraps Up Search For Radiological Weapon Sources
		One continuing concern, however, is the worrisome number of radiological sources located at a primate research facility in the northern Abkhazia region of the country, which is seeking independence and has been largely inaccessible to Georgian and international authorities during the past decade.
		Still, President Eduard Shevardnadze's government says Georgia's highly publicized experience in locating and securing orphaned radiological materials should be seen as a test case for other former Soviet republics and nations across the globe as they come to grips with growing threats of catastrophic terrorism and the proliferation of radiological materials.
		The hundreds of radiological sources that have been recovered in Georgia with IAEA technical assistance and $125,000 of U.S. seed money -- now kept in various storage facilities whose locations cannot be reported due to security concerns -- must be kept secure for years to come, Tavartkiladze said.
	www.unwire.org /unwire/20021024/29807_story.asp (1465 words)

	Radiological weapon: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Radiological weapon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Radiological weapon: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Radiological weapon
		Iraq is reported to have tested a radiological weapon in 1987 for use against Iran.
		Anything from dynamite to compressed air could be used to create an aerosol of the material, or it could be dumped from the air.
	www.encyclopedian.com /ra/Radiological-weapon.html (361 words)

	United Press International - Science(p) - A 'dirty bomb' is an unsure threat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A radiological weapon uses conventional explosives to spread radioactive contamination among a civilian populace.
		There is no need for terrorists to design a radiological weapon for a specific target, said Jaime Yassif, a research associate with the Federation of American Scientists in Washington.
		Three isotopes -- americium, cobalt-60 and cesium-137 -- are particularly well-suited to a radiological weapon because of their availability and the amount of time it takes for their radioactivity to subside, according to an FAS report.
	www.upi.com /view.cfm?StoryID=10062002-025945-7550r (931 words)

	FAS Public Interest Report
		While radiological attacks would result in some deaths, they would not result in the hundreds of thousands of fatalities that could be caused by a crude nuclear weapon.
		The impact would be much greater if the radiological device in question released the enormous amounts of radioactive material found in a single nuclear reactor fuel rod, but it would be quite difficult and dangerous for anyone to attempt to obtain and ship such a rod without death or detection.
		Radiological attacks would not result in the hundreds of thousands of fatalities that could be caused by a crude nuclear weapon, though they could contaminate large urban areas.
	www.fas.org /faspir/2002/v55n2/dirtybomb.htm (3036 words)

	Washingtonpost.com: Live Online
		In particular he probably has low grade forms of chemical weapons, he may or may not have biological agents, it is highly unlikely he has nuclear weapons, but he may have materials to construct a dirty or radiological bomb.
		Secondly, if a radiological weapon is used it will be up to Americans to define the real consequences of their use.
		Following the use of a radiological weapon, if the American public and the media overreact and submit to hysteria then this will only increase the chance that these weapons will be used again in the future.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/liveonline/01/politics/walsh120501.htm (2042 words)

	NTI: Global Security Newswire
		The chances of terrorists conducting a successful attack on a nuclear power plant, detonating a more sophisticated radiological weapon or a crude nuclear weapon within the next 10 years range from 1 to 10 percent, he said (see GSN, Oct. 30).
		Even though a crude plutonium-based weapon might achieve an explosive yield of only a few hundred tons or a few kilotons — which would be a failure by U.S. standards — that could be sufficient for terrorist aims, Albright said.
		Several documents have shown that al-Qaeda was successful on theoretical and experimental levels in developing such weapons and that the organization was teaching its operatives how to enter a country and develop high explosives from scratch, he said.
	www.nti.org /d_newswire/issues/thisweek/2002_11_18_othr.html (1416 words)

	FCIC: A Citizen Guide To Disaster Preparedness
		These radiological weapons are a combination of conventional explosives and radioactive material designed to scatter dangerous and sub-lethal amounts of radioactive material over a general area.
		Such radiological weapons appeal to terrorists because they require very little technical knowledge to build and deploy compared to that of a nuclear device.
		Contamination from a radiological dispersion device could affect a wide area, depending on the amount of conventional explosives used, the quantity of radioactive material and atmospheric conditions.
	www.pueblo.gsa.gov /cic_text/family/disaster-guide/nuclear.htm (1929 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| The Guardian \| US fears 'dirty bomb' attack
		The United States became decidedly nervous again yesterday as the administration's third post-September 11 terrorist alert coincided with a report that al-Qaida might be able to detonate a "dirty bomb" - an unsophisticated radiological weapon.
		Radiological weapons represent a primitive form of nuclear technology that was largely abandoned in the early days of the atomic age because the major powers thought it too unsophisticated to be much use.
		The Post report claimed that the US vice-president, Dick Cheney, recently withdrew from a meeting with visiting foreign officials because of fears that they might be carrying a radiological weapon which could be detonated as part of a suicide mission.
	www.guardian.co.uk /international/story/0,3604,612107,00.html (414 words)

	AB 140 Assembly Bill - INTRODUCED
		The Legislature hereby finds and declares that the threat of terrorism involving weapons of mass destruction, including, but not limited to, chemical, biological, nuclear, or radiological agents, is a significant public safety concern.
		The Legislature also finds it necessary to sanction the possession, manufacture, use, or threatened use of chemical, biological, nuclear, or radiological weapons, as well as the intentional use or threatened use of industrial or commercial chemicals as weapons against persons or animals.
		(3) Any person who maliciously uses a weapon of mass destruction against animals or to knowingly cause harm to the environment shall be punished by a fine of one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000), imprisonment in the state prison for 4, 8, or 12 years, or both.
	ssl.csg.org /dockets/20cycle/2000b/20bscbills/0520B01caab140ter.html (1112 words)

	Radiological Weapon Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Looking For radiological weapon - Find radiological weapon and more at Lycos Search.
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	www.karr.net /encyclopedia/Radiological_weapon (714 words)

	Iraqi Letter Denying the Radiological Weapon Story in the NYT
		United States officials seized on this false report, and on 1 May 2001 a spokesman for the Department of State expressed the concern of his Government at the possibility of Iraq acquiring radiological weapons.
		He made use of this false report as a prelude to promoting his Government’s policy of urging that the embargo against the people of Iraq should be strengthened and that the aggression against it should be continued.
		Indeed, the article itself reports that non-American nuclear experts are saying that Iraq has neither programmes to develop radiological weapons nor the reactors needed to make radioactive materials for them.
	www.iraqwatch.org /government/Iraq/Iraq-lttr-RW.htm (961 words)

	Emergency Preparedness: Tab 8: Frequently Asked Questions
		Chemicals such as sarin and mustard gas are easier to turn into weapons than biological agents, and nuclear weapons are extremely difficult to construct and deliver to a target.
		A radiological weapon is a conventional explosive such as dynamite packaged with radioactive material that scatters when the bomb goes off.
		A Federal officials know that al Qaeda has been experimenting with biological, chemical and radiological weapons but won't predict what type of weapon might be used in an attack.
	www.usdoj.gov /jmd/ps/epm/tab8.htm (1991 words)

	Colorado Bureau of Investigation
		Authorized users shall include clinical, environmental, veterinary, agricultural, public health, or radiological laboratories and entities otherwise licensed to possess radiological materials.
		(4) Any person who knowingly uses or causes to be used or gives, mails, sends, or causes to be sent an explosive or incendiary device or a chemical, biological, or radiological weapon or materials in the commission of or in an attempt to commit a felony commits a class 2 felony.
		(5.5) Any person who removes or causes to be removed or carries away any chemical, biological, or radiological weapon from the premises where said chemical, biological, or radiological weapon is kept by the lawful user, vendor, transporter, or manufacturer thereof, without the consent or direction of the lawful possessor, commits a class 3 felony.
	cdpsweb.state.co.us /cbi/ccw/Statutes/18-12-109.asp (1254 words)

	CNN.com - 'High risk' of WMD attack in decade - Jun 22, 2005
		Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) are designed to kill large number of people, using either nuclear, biological, chemical or radiological means.
		The survey found that the most significant risk of a WMD attack was from a radiological weapon, or a so-called "dirty bomb," in which radioactive material is put into a conventional explosive device.
		However, when the risks were combined to determine the probably of an attack with any form of WMD, the survey put the chances as high as 50 percent over the next five years, with the probability increasing to as high as 70 percent over the next decade.
	www.cnn.com /2005/US/06/21/wmd.threat/index.html (664 words)

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