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	Crookes Radiometer New Zealand Physics Teachers' Resource Bank
		A Crookes’ radiometer does not have a high enough vacuum or a sufficiently sensitive vane system to respond to the difference in radiation pressure.
		Near the edges of the vane, the expansion of the warmer gas is obliquely, rather than directly, away from it, so the pressure difference persists on a narrow strip around the edge.
		The width of the strip is about the average distance between molecular collisions, the mean free path, which, for a radiometer bulb pressure of typically 15 Pa, is about 0.5 mm.
	www.vuw.ac.nz /scps-demos/demos/Photons_Atoms_Nuclei/Radiometer/Radiometer.htm (521 words)

	Radiometer: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		Radiometers that function by an increase in the temperature of the device, such as Herschel's thermometer, are called thermal detectors.
		The use of a radiometer, and its less expensive counterparts...color chips were also scanned with the radiometer to determine the efficacy of the spectroradiometric...for the sherds.
		Radiometers that function by an increase in the temperature of the...detectors are based on the photoelectric cell.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/radiometer.jsp?l=R&p=1 (1326 words)

	RSLab \| Projects \| Passive-active mm Wave Radiometer for Mine Detection
		The noise generator and the radiometer are uniaxially anchored on the scanning device to ensure the survey of a terrain sector in front of movement of the land carrier along an azimuth.
		The relative positions of the generator and radiometer antennas were selected in such a way that a minimum level of the direct signal from the noise generator to the radiometer was achieved.
		It is because of coherent summation of the signals reflected from the observation object and the direct transmission of the signal from the illumination noise generator to the radiometer's receiving antenna.
	www.rslab.ru /?lang=english&dir=project&item=radiometer (1352 words)

	A ground-based or airborne scanning radiometer with precision all-weather calibration. patent invention
		In addition, such radiometers may be sensitive to environmental radiation at a number of frequencies within a number of bands in each of the optical, infrared, or microwave ranges.
		The emission standards thus remain in a protected environment, the radiometer is provided with an unobstructed view of the environment, and same attenuating and scattering characteristics of the beam forming system are present during both environmental measurement and calibration.
		If the radiometer module is a fixed-beam unit and more than one thermal emission standard is used it will be required to have at least some motional capability so as to be able to view all of the thermal standards within the calibration enclosure.
	www.freshpatents.com /A-ground-based-or-airborne-scanning-radiometer-with-precision-all-weather-calibration--dt20060928ptan20060214843.php (3107 words)

	AN4: Millimeter-Wave Radiometers
		Millimeter wave radiometers are a special class of instruments or equipment based on broadband passive receivers for measurement of physical temperature, molecular absorption or emissivity of an object, environment or a scene under study.
		The primary function of the millimeter wave radiometer subsystem is to measure either temperature or spectral characteristics of an object or the medium under observation.
		Millimeter wave radiometers almost invariably involve the use of a suitable antenna at the input port to allow measurements or characterization of a specific area or object covered by the antenna beam (spot).
	www.quinstar.com /an04_millimeter_wave_radiometers.html (511 words)

	blood gas analyzers - Radiometer A/S - home
		Radiometer helps you optimize your blood gas testing by using a total approach: Red System
		Radiometer has just launched a glucose sensor to the ABL80 FLEX, a portable blood gas analyzer that emphasizes speed and simplicity at the point-of-care.
		Radiometer products and services are sold in more than 100 countries through local sales distributors
	www.radiometer.com (113 words)

	Ultraviolet radiometer - Patent 4885471
		The ultraviolet radiometer of claim 4 wherein said detecting means is disposed behind the converting means, opposite from the side on which the UV radiation is incident.
		The ultraviolet radiometer of claim 9 further including an optical attenuator means disposed between said optical fibers and said detecting means for increasing the dynamic range of the signal passing through the optical fibers.
		The ultraviolet radiometer of claim 4 wherein the first end of said optical fibers is adjacent the rear surface of said converting means, opposite from the surface on which the UV radiation is incident.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4885471.html (4845 words)

	Radiometer
		The vanes in the Radiometer are alternately dark and light in color.
		The radiometer is a light bulb shaped device containing an object that looks like a weather vane (wings arranged in a circle like spokes of a wheel).
		The original radiometer was invented by Sir William Crookes in the mid-nineteenth century.
	www.naturesodyssey.com /radiometer-p-3886.html (456 words)

	Interactive Lecture Demonstration 16
		A radiometer is a pinwheel with paddles that are painted either fl or white.
		When light shines on the radiometer, the pinwheel rotates due to the force of the light hitting the paddles.
		The goal of this problem is to determine the force of sunlight on the radiometer.
	courses.ncssm.edu /physics/ILD/radiometer.htm (1080 words)

	The Classic Radiometer - Demonstrates the intensity of radiant energy
		The radiometer is a light-bulb shaped glass device with a little weather vane in the middle of it.
		Originally developed in the mid-nineteenth century by Sir William Crookes, the radiometer was developed to measure the intensity of radiant solar energy.
		When you place the radiometer in the "house", you will see the difference in how fast the radiometer is spinning in the different "houses".
	store.sundancesolar.com /solrad.html (314 words)

	Demonstration Equipment
		To observe the movement of the vanes in a radiometer due molecular movement caused by different light types.
		A radiometer consists of a set of vanes, each white, or light in color, on one side and flened on the other.
		The first radiometer was constructed to settle the controversy regarding whether light exerts a force.
	www.csun.edu /scied/2-chem/radiometer_allfiles/index.htm (346 words)

	Prototype Mailbox Radiometer
		Upgrades have been done to the radiometer to keep it up to current technology as possible.
		It was the prototype for the Radiometrics WVR-1100 model with a operating frequency of 23.8 GHz and 31.6 GHz.
		It has a transformer that can be tapped at standard voltages in the range from 90 to 130 or 180 to 260 volts AC at 50 to 400 Hz.
	www.etl.noaa.gov /technology/radiometers/prototype_mailbox_radiometer.html (191 words)

	Radiometer (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A radiometer consists of a partially evacuated flask containing a four bladed vane (see figure 1).
		An instructive addition to this demo is to set up the radiometer and IR source so that the source points towards the audience.
		Radiometers are available in a lot of places, including Cenco (77640).
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~scidemos/LightOptics/Radiometer/Radiometer.html (251 words)

	NOAASIS - NOAA Satellite Information System for NOAA Meteorological / Weather Satellites
		This scanning radiometer uses 6 detectors that collect different bands of radiation wavelengths as shown below.
		The first AVHRR was a 4-channel radiometer, first carried on TIROS-N (launched October 1978).
		This was subsequently improved to a 5-channel instrument (AVHRR/2) that was initially carried on NOAA-7 (launched June 1981).
	noaasis.noaa.gov /NOAASIS/ml/avhrr.html (249 words)

	CAWC Corporate Members: Radiometer
		Radiometer recognizes that blood is a precious resource.
		Radiometer is a world leader in the development, manufacture and distribution of technologically advanced diagnostic testing systems for acute care.
		As one of the most respected names in acute care testing, Radiometer is committed to leading the way with innovative products and solutions that make testing easier and more reliable.
	www.cawc.net /open/corporate/radiometer.html (209 words)

	D.3.40 Crookes radiometer (camera)
		When the radiometer is lit or heated the vanes rotate with the fl side away from the source.
		The radiometer is sensitive, even the cold water will work to spin it in the opposite direction.
		If you run the radiometer with sunlight it does not stop, because it never comes to equilibrum with the temperature of the incident light, that is the temperature of the Sun's surface.
	demo.pa.msu.edu /showdemo.asp?DID=DID251 (386 words)

	The Radiometer
		The history of the Crookes Radiometer and some experiments that may be performed with a modified commercial unit.
		A radiometer consists of a set of vanes, each shiny on one side and flened on the other, that is mounted in an evacuated vessel.
		While the radiometer is not a very good gauge in itself, Dushman in “The Scientific Foundations of Vacuum Technique” noted the use of the radiometer to determine when the vacuum in an incandescent lamp had reached the required level for sealing-off.
	www.belljar.net /radio.htm (691 words)

	United Nuclear - The Classic Radiometer
		The Radiometer was originally developed in the mid-nineteenth century by Sir William Crookes and was used to measure the intensity of sunlight.
		Inside the Radiometer there are four vanes, each has one flened side and one silvered side.
		The Radiometer is 5" high and 3" in diameter.
	www.unitednuclear.com /radiometer.htm (256 words)

	radiometer experiment (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Could you please explain if the movement of the blades in a radiometer is due to the light or the heat produced by the light.
		When a gas molecule comes into contact with one of the vanes, it rebounds more strongly from a fl face than from a bright face (because it gains more energy from a warmer face than a cooler face); as a result of many such rebounds, the vanes rotate, with the bright faces leading.
		It is true that light striking an object does give some momentum to that object, but the amount is extremely tiny; furthermore, if the radiometer's movement were due to this "light pressure", the vanes would spin with the fl faces, not the bright faces, leading.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/phy99/phy99182.htm (223 words)

	The Atoms Family - Dracula's Library - Radiometer
		Notice how the sails on the radiometers spin after the light is shining on them.
		A radiometer consists of a set of vanes, each shiny on one side and flened on the other.
		These radiometers demonstrate the particle-like nature of light: when the photons of light strike the surface of the radiometer they transfer their energy and cause the sails to spin.
	www.miamisci.org /af/sln/dracula/radiometer.html (192 words)

	Solar Radiometer Powered By Radiant and Convection Energy
		The radiometer is a light-bulb shaped apparatus, clear glass with a weather-vane shaped apparatus inside.
		Close inspection of the apparatus reveals that the vanes, four in number, are white on one side and fl on the other.
		The inside of the solar radiometer is nearly a perfect vacuum, which means almost all the air has been removed.
	www.plumcreekmarketing.com /articles/15radiometer.html (354 words)

	NPCO Radiometer
		Radiometer is a Hughs built triple switched Hatch Radiometer.
		This system has the option to add a 90 GHz radiometer that was build by Millitech and/or an IR radiometer to it.
		The system needs a clear view horizon to horizon perpendicular to the long axis of the container so that tip curve calibration of the instrument can be done.
	www.etl.noaa.gov /technology/radiometers/npco_radiometer.html (194 words)

	Radiometer Probe measures brightness of 0.5 mm spot., International Light, Inc.
		The IL1400A Radiometer/Photometer is a hand-held instrument that can be equipped with a miniature fiber optic PIN Probe for measuring brightness and determining high spatial resolution in small regions down to 0.5 mm.
		Suitable for measuring small or hard-to-reach color LCDs and organic LEDs, this combination radiometer and probe can be supplied with a variety of filters for performing NIST traceable measurements from the UV to near IR.
		Designed for ease-of-use, the IL1400A Radiometer/Photometer is self-programmable when the PIN Probe is plugged in and it automatically displays measurement results in units such as fL and w/cm².
	news.thomasnet.com /fullstory/21480 (664 words)

	Radiometer (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This explanation is a simplification of the processes occuring in the radiometer.
		The interactions causing the vanes to move occur near the edges of the vanes, on the order of the mean free path away from the edges.
		A fascinating discussion of the mechanisms driving the radiometer's motion and the history of their discovery can be found in "The Radiometer and How it Does Not Work" by Arther E. Woodruff in The Physics Teacher 6, 358-363 (1968).
	www.physics.isu.edu /physdemos/thermo/radiomtr.html (232 words)

	Radiometer - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Radiometer, instrument for detecting and measuring the intensity of radiant thermal energy, particularly infrared radiation.
		NASA launched COBE in 1989, 15 years after Smoot had begun work on the project.
		Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer: global "greenness" image
	encarta.msn.com /Radiometer.html (106 words)

	ASTER: Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
		ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) is an imaging instrument flying on Terra, a satellite launched in December 1999 as part of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS).
		ASTER is a cooperative effort between NASA, Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) and Japan's Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center (ERSDAC).
		Earth-Sun System, whose goal is to observe, understand, and model the Earth system to discover how it is changing, to better predict change, and to understand the consequences for life on Earth.
	asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov (148 words)

	Science Museum London - Treasures (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The radiometer was devised by William Crookes in 1875, while investigating physical effects in a high vacuum.
		Crookes was led to this work by anomalies he had noticed while weighing samples in a vacuum, during experiments to determine the atomic weight of the element thallium.
		Right: An original double radiometer (on the right) and an original Maltese Cross tube, a well-known experimental cathode-ray tube devised by Crookes.
	www.sciencemuseum.org.uk /on-line/treasure/objects/1920-410.asp (144 words)

	How does a light-mill work?
		In 1873, while investigating infrared radiation and the element thallium, the eminent Victorian experimenter Sir William Crookes developed a special kind of radiometer, an instrument for measuring radiant energy of heat and light.
		When this was realised other explanations for the radiometer effect were sought and some of the ones that people came up with are still mistakenly quoted as the correct one.
		To explain the radiometer, therefore, one must focus attention not on the faces of the vanes, but on their edges.
	math.ucr.edu /home/baez/physics/General/LightMill/light-mill.html (1520 words)

	Radiometer Analytical, manufacturer of electrochemical instrumentation for laboratories
		Radiometer Analytical, manufacturer of electrochemical instrumentation for laboratories
		A new dimension in titration with wireless burette stand communication!
		Download or ask for our FREE Electrode Catalogue
	www.radiometer-analytical.com (34 words)

	Radiometer Photometers provide research-grade precision., Optronic Laboratories, In
		A. Utilizing digital signal processing, Model OL 730D is capable of measurements over all or part of UV/VIS/IR spectrum and has photon counter for extremely low light level measurements.
		Optronic Laboratories OL Series 730 Radiometer/ Photometers provide research-grade precision and accuracy at a fraction of the cost of comparable stand-alone systems.
		Apr 16, 2003 - Radiometer Probe measures brightness of 0.5 mm spot.
	news.thomasnet.com /fullstory/461599/rss/2697 (596 words)

	Radiometer
		Consequently, the fl surface becomes hotter then a metallic one if both are exposed to the same light.
		The radiometer has four panels mounted on a pin-tip so that it can spin freely.
		When the radiometer is illuminated with non-fluorescent light, the fl side of its panels absorb the light, heating the air and giving it a higher pressure.
	apwww.stmarys.ca /demos/content/thermodynamics/radiometer/radiometer.html (342 words)

	Radiometer Selects HealthStream to Develop and Deliver Blood Gas Education Programs through New Customer Education ...
		Radiometer will distribute the accredited and product-focused courses through HealthStream's HospitalDirect, an innovative software tool set that provides a gateway to HealthStream's 1,100-hospital network, the nation's single largest network of hospitals sharing a common, online learning platform.
		"Radiometer recognizes that continuing education and regular competency assessments are key to preventing errors and assuring the highest quality patient care," said Anthony Colello, Radiometer's manager of training.
		Radiometer's blood gas testing solutions meet the needs of both the traditional central laboratory and the increasing number of point-of-care sites in today's hospital environment.
	www.prnewswire.com /cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/12-02-2005/0004226651&EDATE= (796 words)

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