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Topic: Radionuclide

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	Radionuclide Summary
		A radionuclide is an atom with an unstable nucleus.
		The radionuclide undergoes radioactive decay by emitting a gamma ray(s) and/or subatomic particles.
		Environmentally, radionuclides are used to trace and analyse pollutants, to study the movement of surface water, and to measure water runoffs from rain and snow, as well as the flow rates of streams and rivers.
	www.bookrags.com /Radionuclide (4465 words)

	Radionuclide (Isotope) Scan - Patient UK
		A radionuclide scan is a way of imaging parts of the body by using a small dose of a radioactive chemical.
		A radionuclide (sometimes called a radioisotope or isotope) is a chemical which emits a type of radioactivity called gamma rays.
		A radionuclide is used which collects in areas where there is a lot of bone activity (where bone cells are breaking down or repairing parts of the bone).
	www.patient.co.uk /showdoc/27000283 (1084 words)

	Radionuclide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A radionuclide is an atom with an unstable nucleus.
		Secondary radionuclides are radiogenic isotopes derived from the decay of primordial radionuclides.
		Environmentally, radionuclides are used to trace and analyze pollutants, to study the movement of surface water, and to measure water runoffs from rain and snow, as well as the flow rates of streams and rivers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Radionuclide (906 words)

	Thyroid Radionuclide Scan Information on Healthline
		In a radionuclide scan, a radioactive tracer that is selectively absorbed by the thyroid is administered either orally or intravenously.
		The radionuclides that are used in thyroid scans are two isotopes of iodine, I-131 and I-123, and an isotope of technetium known as 99m Tc.
		If the patient is breast feeding, she may be advised to interrupt nursing, depending upon the radionuclide used and the dose administered for the test.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/thyroid-radionuclide-scan (1025 words)

	Radionuclide Venography of the Upper Extremity in Patients with Indwelling Venous Catheters
		The potential advantages of radionuclide venography versus contrast venography are low volume and low flow injection, no need to access a large peripheral vein, no adverse side effects, low radiation exposure (130 mrads) (2), rapidity of execution and no patient preparation.
		The radionuclide venography is performed by injecting both arms and the central venous catheter(s) with approximately 5 mCi of technetium pertechnetate followed by a normal saline flush.
		The radionuclide venogram is a reliable non invasive procedure for early diagnosis of venous thrombosis associated with indwelling central venous catheters.
	www.med.harvard.edu /JPNM/TF93_94/Feb15/WriteUpFeb15.html (892 words)

	SCOPE 50 - Radioecology after Chernobyl, Chapter5, Radionuclide Aquatic Pathways
		Radionuclides are present in the living and non-living components of each aquatic environment, both natural radionuclides of primordial and cosmogenic origin, and artificial radionuclides from nuclear and non-nuclear industrial wastes, accidental releases and nuclear weapons fallout (see sources in Chapter 1).
		Radionuclide species in solution may depend on the ionic composition and ionic strength of the water, the presence of organic ligands, the redox state (Eh) and acidity (pH); an important contrast in nuclide behaviour is thus observed between aerobic and anaerobic waters.
		The radionuclide flux to the sediment surface and, hence, the radionuclide inventory in the deposits depends on both the activity concentration, which is a function of grain size, and the mean sedimentation rate.
	www.icsu-scope.org /downloadpubs/scope50/chapter05.html (16080 words)

	Radionuclide Scanning (Nuclear Medicine Scanning)
		Radionuclide scanning, also called nuclear medicine scanning, is a test that produces pictures (scans) of internal body parts using small amounts of radioactive material.
		In addition to showing the structure of an organ, radionuclide scanning allows the doctor to see how the organ is functioning.
		Radionuclide scanning uses small amounts of low-level radioactive chemicals, which are given as an injection or by mouth (swallowed).
	www.clevelandclinic.org /health/health-info/docs/3000/3026.asp?index=10751 (527 words)

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		The primary intent is to demonstrate how the half-life of a radionuclide can be used in practical ways to "fingerprint" radioactive materials, to "date" organic materials, to estimate the age of the earth, and to optimize the medical benefits of radionuclide usage.
		Remember that a radionuclide represents an element with a particular combination of protons and neutrons (nucleons) in the nucleus of the atom.
		Radionuclides such as Tc-99m, with a half-life of six (6) hours, are routinely used in bone scans because the medical objective is successfully reached while the amount of radioactivity diminishes rapidly.
	www.iem-inc.com /prhlfr.html (3457 words)

	Gallbladder radionuclide scan - Evanston Northwestern Healthcare
		Gallbladder radionuclide scan is a test that uses a gamma emitting tracer (radioactive material) to check gallbladder function, or look for an infected gallbladder or obstructed bile ducts.
		First, the tracer (a radioactive chemical that will collect primarily in the liver and then is excreted with bile into the gallbladder) is injected into a vein (usually at the bend in the arm).
		If, after a certain amount of time, the gallbladder can't be seen, the doctor may give you a small injection of morphine, which can help to move the radionuclide into the gallbladder.
	www.enh.org /healthandwellness/encyclopedia/ency/article/003826.asp (560 words)

	Nuclear medicine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The radionuclide introduced into the body is often chemically bound to a complex that acts characteristically within the body; this is commonly known as a tracer.
		Refined radionuclides for use in nuclear medicine are derived from fission or fusion processes in nuclear reactors or cyclotrons, or take advantage of natural decay processes in dedicated generators, i.e.
		Since each nuclear medicine radionuclide has a unique gamma-ray emission energy spectrum, and since the energy of a gamma-ray is detected in a gamma-camera by the brightness of the scintillation associated with an event, gamma-cameras employ energy 'windows' to gate or limit the imaging process to gamma-ray events of particular energies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_medicine (1286 words)

	Stanford Hospital And Clinics - Stanford University Medical Center - Radionuclide Angiogram, Resting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This means that a tiny amount of a radioactive substance, called a radionuclide (radiopharmaceutical or radioactive tracer), is used during the procedure to assist in the examination of the tissue under study.
		A radionuclide (usually technetium) will be injected into an arm vein to “tag” the blood cells so their progress through the heart can be traced with a scanner.
		The amount of the radionuclide injected into your vein for the procedure is small enough that there is no need for precautions against radioactive exposure.
	www.stanfordhospital.com /healthLib/greystone/heartCenter/heartProcedures/radionuclideAngiogramResting.html (1432 words)

	Radionuclide: Miscellaneous
		At low radionuclide concentrations, solid wastes can be disposed of in a municipal landfill or a physical barrier.
		In deriving the IRALFs from the post-accident radiation dose limits established by radiation protection authorities, the Consultation agreed that the levels should provide broad margins of safety and be applied as widely as possible to minimize unnecessary interruptions to international trade to help protect the welfare of otherwise affected agricultural and/or fisheries communities.
		It is possible that pain relief is caused by a cytotoxic effect on normal bone cells, thereby inhibiting the release of pain mediators.
	www.lycos.com /info/radionuclide--miscellaneous.html?page=4 (644 words)

	UCSF - Radiology - Dual-Modality Imaging with SPECT/CT
		The CT and radionuclide data are acquired with the patient in the same position to facilitate image correlation between the CT and SPECT or PET data.
		CT and radionuclide scans are acquired by translating the patient from one detector to the other while the patient remains on the patient table.
		This allows the CT and radionuclide images to be acquired with a consistent scanner geometry and body habitus, and with minimal delay between the two acquisitions.
	www.radiology.ucsf.edu /research/05Dual-Modality_Imaging.shtml (1530 words)

	Radionuclide Migration in Geologic Heterogeneous Media - GEOTRAP
		The fourth GEOTRAP workshop, "Confidence in Models of Radionuclide Transport for Site-specific Performance Assessments" was held in June 1999.
		The third GEOTRAP workshop, "Characterisation of Water-Conducting Features and their Representation in Models of Radionuclide Migration" investigated how water-conducting features can determine the rate of radionuclide release from the near-field to the far-field, the rate at which radionuclides can migrate with flowing groundwater, and the degree of retention in the geosphere.
		It provided an overview of on-going and planned work in the study of radionuclide transport phenomena and the characterisation of relevant properties of the geologic media.
	www.nea.fr /html/rwm/geotrap.html (534 words)

	IMS Radionuclide Network
		These will allow the identification of atmospheric explosions, as well as underground or underwater explosions that are close enough to the surface to vent gases and / or particulate debris into the atmosphere.
		The radionuclide network also provides information to aid in the detection, location and characterization of events detected by stations of the seismic, infrasound or hydroacoustic networks, either individually or in combination.
		In Canada, responsibility for operating particulate and noble gas radionuclide stations lies with the Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Protection Branch, of Health Canada.
	can-ndc.nrcan.gc.ca /rn_radionuclide_e.php (136 words)

	Radionuclide Ventriculography and Diastolic Function
		The radionuclide ventriculogram (99k bytes) showed a normal ejection fraction of 72%%, but a low peak diastolic filling rate of 2.06 EDV/seconds.
		The radionuclide ventriculogram not only provides an accurate assessment of the systolic ejection fraction but also measures left ventricular filling variables.
		Radionuclide ventriculography is an accurate non invasive tool to evaluate diastolic filling variables.
	brighamrad.harvard.edu /Cases/jpnm/hcache/1019/full.html (1118 words)

	Radionuclide Synovectomy - Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		With radionuclide synovectomies, a physician injects a radioactive substance directly into the joint.
		Therefore, a radionuclide synovectomy is usually a better choice for a patient with inhibitors.
		In advanced cases, the synovium may be too thick for radionuclide synovectomy to be effective.
	www.choa.org /default.aspx?id=2368 (155 words)

	Radionuclide Carcinogenicity Slope Factors (EPA's Radiation Protection Programs: Risk Assessment)
		EPA, other federal agencies, states and contractors who are responsible for the identification, characterization and remediation of sites contaminated with radioactive materials use radionuclide slope factors in risk assesments to calculate potential risks to the general public.
		EPA's Office of Radiation and Indoor Air (ORIA) calculates radionuclide slope factors to assist risk assessors with risk-related evaluations and decision-making at various stages of the remediation process.
		This update of the HEAST for radionuclides incorporates all new values, based on Federal Guidance Report No. 13 (1), which was developed by EPA's Office of Radiation and Indoor Air (ORIA).
	www.epa.gov /radiation/heast (470 words)

	FDA/CFSAN - Supporting Document for Guidance Levels for Radionuclides in Domestic and Imported Foods
		Furthermore, an incident resulting in release of radionuclides from one of the nuclear facilities addressed in the 1998 FDA document would likely result in the release of the same radionuclides regardless of whether the cause of the release was accidental or intentional.
		The radionuclides in the Cs group are deposited throughout the body and are beta-particle and gamma-ray emitters.
		The radionuclides Ru-103 and Ru-106 are chemically identical, are deposited throughout the body, and are beta-particle and gamma-ray emitters.
	www.cfsan.fda.gov /~dms/nucleve2.html (4803 words)

	Is echocardiography a valid tool to screen for left ventricular systolic dysfunction in chronic survivors of acute ...
		Do radionuclide and echocardiographic techniques give a universal cut off value for left ventricular ejection fraction that can be used to select patients for treatment with ACE inhibitors after myocardial infarction.
		The reproducibility of radionuclide angiographic measurements of left ventricular function in normal subjects at rest and during exercise.
		Comparison of different echocardiographic methods with radionuclide imaging for measuring left ventricular ejection fraction during acute myocardial infarction treated by thrombolytic therapy.
	www.heartjnl.com /cgi/content/full/90/12/1422 (3078 words)

	Radionuclide: Radioactive Materials
		Radionuclide scanning is an invaluable tool for the early diagnosis of many conditions, especially those affecting function rather than the structure of organs.
		The series of transformations that a given radionuclide will undergo, as well as the kind of radiation it throws off, are characteristic of the radionuclide.
		All of these stations will be equipped with some type of particulate collection system that involves the collection of atmospheric dust on filter paper.
	www.lycos.com /info/radionuclide--radioactive-materials.html (337 words)

	CRR - Radionuclide Migration Programme (RMP) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The overall aim of the project was to examine the retardation of radionuclides in this shear zone.
		These models were then tested by carefully adding safety-relevant radionuclides to the shear zone and observing their in situ retardation behaviour.
		Diffusion of radionuclides occurs when the radionuclides move from the main flow path into the pore spaces in the granodiorite around the flow path (the flow path being the open area of the shear zone - see above).
	www.grimsel.com /crr/crr_intro_rmp.htm (275 words)

	How to Conduct Radionuclide Testing for Well Completion Interim Approval - Texas Commission on Environmental Quality - ...
		If you are drilling a well in one of the counties listed in Table 1, you must conduct radionuclide testing for interim approval.
		You must calculate radionuclide compliance for gross alpha and Combined radium-226 and radium-228 from analytical results if the laboratory does not.
		At this time, public water systems are not required to use a laboratory certified by TCEQ for public drinking water for the well completion interim approval.
	www.tceq.state.tx.us /permitting/water_supply/pdw/chemicals/radionuclides/pdw_rad.html (644 words)

	Radionuclide therapy with chemotherapy effective in treating prostate cancer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Radionuclide therapy with chemotherapy effective in treating prostate cancer
		A new treatment for prostate cancer may provide a distinct advantage over other conventional protocols and induce actual regression of the disease - not just relief from bone pain or a limited control of the disease, according to a study by Italian researchers released at Society of Nuclear Medicine's 53rd Annual Meeting in San Diego.
		More than 234,000 men in the United States will be diagnosed with prostate cancer this year, and more than 27,000 will die of the disease, which is the second leading cause of cancer death in men.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=18386 (512 words)

	ICS-4000e radionuclide identification systems are used for submersible and remote monitoring applications
		The ICS-4000e Radionuclide Identifier is a hand held gamma-ray spectrometer that combines a multichannel analyzer with an external high resolution Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) detector.
		Dual Analysis Capability — The ICS-4000e is both a radionuclide identifier and a MicroR and Survey Meter.
		The ICS-4000r radionuclide identifier provides the same analytical capabilities, but is designed for remote operation via a PC.
	www.xrfcorp.com /products/ics-4000r.html (477 words)

	Long-Term Efficacy of Radionuclide Therapy in Patients with Disseminated Neuroendocrine Tumors Uncontrolled by ...
		Long-Term Efficacy of Radionuclide Therapy in Patients with Disseminated Neuroendocrine Tumors Uncontrolled by Conventional Therapy -- Nguyen et al.
		to a decrease in the efficacy of radionuclide therapy.
		of radionuclide therapy in patients with less-advanced tumors.
	jnm.snmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/45/10/1660 (3733 words)

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