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Topic: Railways Act 1921

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Midland Railway
		The Midland Railway (MR) was a railway company in the United Kingdom, which existed from 1844 to 1922 when it became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway.
		Eventually the Midland (head office in Derby) owned a large network of railway lines centred on the East Midlands, and the main lines connecting the East Midlands to Birmingham and Bristol, and another to Manchester.
		In the end, they were the only railway of the time to own or share lines in all of England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Midland-Railway (617 words)

	[No title]
		This railway was formed by the merger of the London and Birmingham, Grand Junction, and Manchester and Birmingham Railways.
		This railway originated in 1834 as the London and Southampton and was renamed as the London & South Western Railway in 1839.
		This railway was formed in 1846 by the merger of the London and Croydon Railway (which opened in 1839), and the London and Brighton Railway.
	ukhrail.uel.ac.uk /glossary/gl-l.html (1093 words)

	Brockville & Westport - The Beginning
		It was given the power to negotiate with the Grand Trunk Railway for a right-of-way into Brockville and to enter into leasing or operating arrangements with the Brockville and Ottawa Railway.
		The railway was seen as a bridge route between the two bodies of water.
		Earlier railway construction in the 1850's was very dependent on the contributions of the counties, townships and municipalities that the railway line would run through.
	www.railwaybob.com /BandW/BandWPage01.htm (841 words)

	The Railways Archive :: Railways Act 1921
		The so-called 'grouping' Act was enacted by the Government to stem the losses being made by a large portion of the 120 railway companies, move the railways away from internal competition, and retain some of the benefits which the country had derived from a government-controlled railway during the Great War.
		The Act also codified standard charging rates with the establishment of the Railway Rates Tribunal.
		Please note that this Act is presented in its original form as passed.
	www.railwaysarchive.co.uk /docSummary.php?docID=65 (327 words)

	The Oswestry Light Railway Order 1995
		—(1) The Board may lease the railway or any part thereof to the Society together with the rights, powers and privileges vested in the Board and relating to the railway on such terms and conditions as may be agreed between the Board and the Society.
		—(1) The railway shall be operated on a nominal gauge of 1.435 metres (4 feet 8 inches) and the motive power shall be steam, diesel, diesel-electric, internal combustion, electric battery, or such other motive power as the Secretary of State may approve.
		No part of the railway shall be used for the conveyance of passengers without the prior written permission of the Secretary of State.
	www.opsi.gov.uk /si/si1995/Uksi_19952142_en_1.htm (1410 words)

	The Chappel and Wakes Colne Light Railway Order 1994
		(2) In its application to the railways the said section 22 of the Regulation of Railways Act 1868 shall be read, construed and have effect as if the words "and travels more than 20 miles without stopping" were omitted.
		The railways shall be operated on a nominal gauge of 1.435 metres (4 feet 8 1/2 inches) and the motive power shall be steam, diesel, diesel-electric, internal combustion, electric battery, or such other motive power as the Secretary of State may approve:
		No part of the railways shall be used for the conveyance of passengers without prior written permission of the Secretary of State and the Museum shall comply with the conditions (if any) which the Secretary of State may from time to time prescribe for the safety of the public using the railways.
	www.opsi.gov.uk /si/si1994/Uksi_19940084_en_1.htm (919 words)

	Canada in the Making - Primary Sources
		An act to amend the Chinese Immigration Act, 1887
		An act to amend the Chinese Immigration Act, 1892
		Acts of the legislatures of the provinces now comprised in the Dominion, and of Canada, 1887 (Contains at least 35 documents related to the construction of various Canadian railways; see indexes)
	www.canadiana.org /citm/primary/primary_e.html (526 words)

	Teaching Zone
		The first laws for the safety of the railways were enacted under the Regulation of Railways Act 1840 to be followed by a succession of Acts covering passenger safety and comfort.
		Railway Mania reached its peak between 1846 and 1850 with the opening of some 6,500km (4,000 miles) of railway lines but amalgamations of small lines had already begun.
		British Railways or BR was divided into six regions for operational purposes and had to face all the problems of running a system damaged during the war.
	www.teachingzone.org /history.htm (3716 words)

	Dáil Éireann - Volume 26 - 10 October, 1928 - PRIVATE DEPUTIES BUSINESS. WORKING OF THE RAILWAYS (EXISTING OFFICERS ...
		The Railways Act, 1924, which provided for the amalgamation in one group of the whole of the railways completely within the Free State, was enacted ostensibly in the interests of the community.
		The Act of 1924 secured a smooth passage as far as the Labour Party was concerned, although not looked upon as by any means ideal, owing to the fact that it at least recognised the universally-accepted principle of compensation for disturbance as a result of legislation.
		The result is that either the railway company or the Minister or his Department is shielding the railway company and the directors for their gross mismanagement in giving thousands of pounds compensation to directors and other officials for whom work could have been found while they are dismissing men of 28 and 22 years' service.
	www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie /D/0026/D.0026.192810100035.html (9522 words)

	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Railway profitability suffered during the great depression of the 1930s, capital spending was postponed and maintenance cut back.
		A small number of independent light railways and industrial railways, which did not contribute significant mileage to the system, were not included in British Railways; nor were the London Underground and the Glasgow Underground, which were already public concerns, the Liverpool Overhead Railway, and non-railway-owned tramways.
		The final nail in the coffin of BR was the Transport Act 2000 which abolished the British Railways Board and dispersed its remaining responsibilities.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=British_Railways (2619 words)

	THE CARRIERS ACT 1865 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Railway, 3 Bom., 109) it was held that the effect of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, was to relieve common carriers from the absolute liability as an insurer and they were held responsible only for the amount of care which the Act requires of all bailees alike.
		The Act was amended by Act X of 1899 and Act XIII of 1921 and adopted by A. The words `negligence or' were omitted and the words within brackets at the end of the Section 8 were added by Act XIII of 1921.
		For the unlawful acts of the servants committed during the course of their employment, the carriers' liability depends upon whether on the facts the act done, albeit unauthorised and unlawful, is done in the course of the empolyment, that question is itself a question of fact.
	www.infreight.com /carriers_act_1865.asp (11961 words)

	Southern Railway - UK Railways
		The major constituents of the Southern Railway were the London and South Western Railway, the London, Brighton, and South Coast Railway and the combined systems of the South Eastern Railway and the London, Chatham and Dover Railway, called the South Eastern and Chatham Railway.
		In the area south and east of London the Southern Railway was a virtual monopoly, while its lines to the south-west were largely in competition with the Great Western Railway.
		This is partly because the area covered by the railway encompassed the most populated areas of the nation and much of the commutable zone around London.
	ukrailways.wikia.com /wiki/SR (357 words)

	[No title]
		Railways registered under the Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 are to be found in BT 41.
		Other records created by the Railway Inspectorate of the Board of Trade and the Ministry of Transport are held in series MT 114 and MT 29, with index in MT 30.
		Railway records may also be found in local record offices, specialist museums, university collections and in the hands of local preservation societies and enthusiasts.
	www.nationalarchives.gov.uk /catalogue/leaflets/ri2176.htm (2060 words)

	[No title]
		Early History: The first railway lines were introduced in Britain in the early seventeenth century to carry coal from the pits to the river wharves.
		This situation has to end and in 1921 the Railways Act is passed, forcing most railway companies to amalgamate into four large companies which divide the country between them.
		Southern Railway (SR): The main comapnies that amalgamate to form the SR are the London and South Western Railway, the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, and the South Eastern and Chatham Railway.
	www.warwick.ac.uk /~lysic/1920s/uk_railways.htm (1002 words)

	Railways Act 1921 . London, Brighton and South Coast Railway . Midland Main Line . Southern Railway (UK) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The parallel railways of the East Midlands, and the “war” between the South Eastern Railway and the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway at Hastings were particular examples of the wastage caused by such local competition.
		Complete nationalisation had been considered, and this 1921 Act is sometimes considered as a precursor to that, but was rejected: nationalisation was subsequently carried out after World War II under the Transport Act 1947.
		, the so-called Grouping Act was enacted by the Government to stem the losses being made by a large section of the one hundred and twenty railway companies, move the railways away from internal competition, and retain some of the benefits which the country had derived from a government-controlled railway during the Great War 1914-1918.
	www.uk.kunsimuna.net /Railways_Act_1921_UK_862688_go (370 words)

	News \| TimesDaily.com \| TimesDaily \| Florence, AL (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Railway profitability suffered during the great depression of the 1930s, capital spending was postponed and maintenance cut back.
		A small number of independent light railways and industrial railways, which did not contribute significant mileage to the system, were not included in British Railways; nor were the London Underground and the Glasgow Underground, which were already public concerns, the Liverpool Overhead Railway, and non-railway-owned tramways.
		The final nail in the coffin of BR was the Transport Act 2000 which abolished the British Railways Board and dispersed its remaining responsibilities.
	www.timesdaily.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=British_Rail (2554 words)

	Governor Ben W. Olcott Governor's Special Message, 1921
		For an act making it unlawful to cut down, injure, destroy or in any manner remove trees, standing along or upon a state highway or public road without the permission of the State Highway Commission, and providing a penalty for a violation thereof.
		This act is not indeed, nor is it to be constructed as limiting the power and duties vested by law in the Public Service Commission of the State of Oregon, and in event of any conflict of jurisdiction, that of such Public Service Commission shall prevail.
		For an act entitled “An act making it unlawful to cut down, injure or destroy trees along a state road or highway without the permission of the State Highway Engineer, his officers or employees, and declare-the same to be a misdemeanor.
	arcweb.sos.state.or.us /governors/olcott/scenic1921.html (1225 words)

	Pigou, The Economics of Welfare, Part II, Chapter 21: Library of Economics and Liberty
		An Act of the same general character was passed in Australia in 1921, though under that Act discretion is allowed to the Executive to refrain from action if it so chooses.
		For example, the Railway Act of 1844 provided that, if dividends exceeded 10 per cent on the paid-up capital after twenty-one years from the sanctioning of the lines, the Lords of the Treasury might revise tolls, fares, etc., on the condition that they guaranteed a 10 per cent dividend for the next twenty-one years.
		No doubt, where, as in railway service, the technical inconvenience of constantly changing prices would be very great, it may, on the whole, be best not to follow this guidance for short-period movements; but such cases are probably rare.
	www.econlib.org /library/NPDBooks/Pigou/pgEW32.html (11084 words)

	Cumbria Railways - The Bolton Loop Maryport and Carlisle Railway (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cumbria Railways - The Bolton Loop Maryport and Carlisle Railway
		Maryport and Carlisle Railway - The Bolton Loop
		After the railway was built new pits were sunk firstly at Allhallows in 1874 and then at Brayton Knowe near Baggrow in 1902.
	www.cumbria-railways.co.uk /bolton_loop.html (517 words)

	Railways in Britian and the United States, 1930-1940: Studies in economic and business history Journal of Transport ...
		Channon makes good use of Peter Wardley's listing of the largest British companies, which is dominated by the railway industry, to point out that in the early twentieth century three British railway companies were larger (in employment terms) than all the US railroads with the exception of the Pennsylvania.
		For example, there is the promotion of the Great Western Railway by Bristol capitalists, a substantial chapter that is as much a contribution to the economic and social history of Bristol as a piece of mere `railway history'.
		Unlike the Great Western, which may be taken to be representative of a large British railway company, the Penn was not typical of America's larger railroads; indeed, in many ways, and especially organisationally, it was exceptional, and it would be dangerous to infer too much from such a case.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3884/is_200209/ai_n9085819 (1033 words)

	Talyllyn Railway - History
		Powers to construct a railway from Tywyn to Abergynolwyn, plus a short connecting line at Tywyn which was never built, were obtained in 1865 when Parliament passed the Talyllyn Railway Act.
		The railway was still operating almost entirely with the original equipment supplied in 1864-66, and locomotives, track and carriages were in a perilous state.
		The railway had for many years been exempted from those provisions of the Regulation of Railways Act 1889 which required the provision of continuous automatic brakes, but in recent years air brakes have been fitted to the carriages and air compressors to the locos.
	www.talyllyn.co.uk /history.html (2866 words)

	Railways in Britain and the United States 1830-1940 \| Book Reviews \| EH.Net
		When a different railway, the Midland, constructed a new line to London in the 1860s, this decision was based neither on traditional business models of profit maximization nor on the systemized chain of command represented by organizational charts.
		What is fascinating, however, is the depiction of the acculturation process that ensued when members of Britain's landed aristocracy first viewed railway directorships as a socially acceptable form of contact with the hurly burly world of commerce and industry, then used their railroad experience and connections to infiltrate corporate boardrooms in other industries.
		Channon correctly points out that the 1921 Railways Act in Britain represented far more comprehensive state regulation of private enterprise than did the 1920 Transportation Act in the United States, yet does not provide an American regulatory counterpoint to the British experience.
	eh.net /bookreviews/library/0432 (1120 words)

	Tearing up the Tracks. Public transport in the UK pulled to pieces to make way for death, pollution, stress..... and ...
		When the railways stop returning a profit, the fact that the transport market is regulated in favour of the car is ignored and there is deep indignation that railways are not returning a profit.
		The attitude towards the railway at that time was remarkably different from today, it is wrong to look at the railway then with the eyes of today.
		The second myth is that railways sought equality only with road haulage, but they were also concerned about the privileged, protected and subsidised position of coastwise shipping, which was allowed by Statute to object to competing rail charges, whilst railways had no similar rights with regard to shipping or road haulage.
	members.tripod.com /copy_bilderberg/railways.htm (5681 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Railways Act 1993 is the legislation introduced by John Major's Conservative government and passed in circumstances of high drama on 5 November 1993.
		The legislation also created a new regulatory regime for the railways, with the establishment of the Rail Regulator (dealing with the monopoly and dominant elements of the industry, principally Railtrack (now Network Rail)) and the Director of Passenger Rail Franchising whose role was to sell passenger rail franchises to the private sector.
		The Director of Passenger Rail Franchising was abolished and replaced in 2001 by the Strategic Rail Authority and then, when the SRA was abolished in 2006, the franchising functions were taken over by the Secretary of State for Transport.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Railways_Act_1993 (382 words)

	Plymouth, Southern Railway (SR)
		London and South Western Railway with the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, the London, Chatham and Dover Railway, and the South Eastern Railway as a result of the Railways Act 1921.
		After the end of the War, on January 13th 1947, the Halt at Albert Road was closed and on March 2nd the signal box at Ford Station, with its siding, was also closed and dismantled.
		The Southern Railway ceased to exist from Midnight on December 31st 1947, following which its system became the Southern Region of British Railways, under the terms set out in the Transport Act of August 6th 1947.
	www.plymouthdata.info /RAIL-Southern.htm (752 words)

	1300.1 - New South Wales Year Book, 1998
		In 1824, NSW was proclaimed a crown colony; the first act of Parliament, the Currency Act, was passed; and the Supreme Court of Criminal Jurisdiction was established.
		The Imperial Act was passed which made all the laws and statutes in force in England applicable to NSW.
		In 1911 the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) was ceded to the Commonwealth by NSW.
	www.abs.gov.au /Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/A890E87A9AB97424CA2569DE0025C18B?Open (3592 words)

	National Archives of Australia - The Collection - Transport - Rail (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Other railways passed to the Commissioner were the Oodnadatta Railway and the Federal Territory Railway, which was renamed the Australian Capital Territory Railway.
		The Oodnadatta Railway was worked by the South Australian Railways Commissioner on behalf of the Commonwealth until 1926.
		The report was considered at a Premiers conference in November 1921 and the Commissioners recommendation of a uniform 4' 8 1/2" gauge was accepted.
	www.naa.gov.au /the_collection/transport/rail.html (677 words)

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