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	Raingauge,Rainfall Monitoring,Raingauges
		Global Water's RG333 Auto-Drain Raingauge is a durable weather instrument for monitoring total rainfall.
		The raingauges are appropriate for a variety of applications, including stormwater runoff monitoring, rainfall monitoring studies, and soil moisture studies.
		Raingauges can be pole mounted using thier included mounting hardware.
	www.globalw.com /products/rg333.html (104 words)

	Spatial Interpolation and Mapping of Rainfall (SIMAR) Volume 3: Data Merging for Rainfall Map Production
		Because the national raingauge network is rapidly becoming too sparse to meet existing and anticipated management requirements, a new rainfall monitoring/information system, incorporating the optimal use of remote sensing, has become necessary to satisfy the needs of South Africa.
		Using the dense Liebenbergsvlei raingauge network as a basis for comparison, the mean reflectivity in the vertical column was found to be a more appropriate input to the Z-R relationship than the customarily-used maximum reflectivity in the vertical column.
		Combining the precision of raingauge data with the coverage of satellite data and the detail of radar data was, in effect, an important objective of this research.
	www.fwr.org /wrcsa/1153104.htm (4411 words)

	Annex II: Rainfall measurement*
		Raingauges are made of non-corrosive metal, fibreglass or plastic.
		Where the raingauge placement and particularly the siting are very different from local practice, a side by side comparison between the two raingauges may be needed.
		Raingauges should be checked for leakage; dust and leaves should be removed from the collector.
	www.fao.org /docrep/T7202E/t7202e09.htm (787 words)

	Vantage Pro FAQ Answers Section 2 [Prodata Weather Systems] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Fourth, it is important to clean the raingauge at least every few months and if you're seeing suspiciously low or slow readings, then do check the cleanliness of the gauge as a first step.
		Note that the raingauge has limited acuracy for small amounts of rainfall and there is absolutely no point in using isolated short showers of rain to monitor accuracy.
		The required volume may be easily calculated as follows: The effective internal diameter of the Davis VP raingauge aperture is ~165mm, giving an area of 21382mm^2.
	www.weatherstations.co.uk /vp_faqt2.stm (1460 words)

	ACROSS Project - End of 1st Year Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In particular the collection, collation and analysis of raingauge data for suitable and available stations in the study area were addressed, in order to produce maps of average rainfall for months, seasons, years, plus maps, graphs and statistics for rainfall variability and departures from the norm.
		As for the raingauge information, it was agreed by the consortium that daily time series would be collected at a suitable number of raingauge stations within the study area, for selected countries, and in particular from those stations located along the coast or very near to the sea.
		Raingauge data are therefore stored in the ACROSS archive as hourly/daily time series associated with a given location in space which is definitively characterised by two geographical coordinates, in a linear latitude/longitude reference system, and one elevation value.
	www.diam.unige.it /~idromet/avi080/1sty_rep.html (2455 words)

	Armagh Observatory Meteorology Data Bank Instruments
		The round raingauge was on the North lawn.
		The anemometer and the square raingauge were situated on the roof of the main building and the thermometers were placed in a metal box attached to the north window of the East Tower.
		In this photogragh taken in 1947, we see the sunshine tower on the extreme left, and the Stevenson screen, the 8-inch raingauge and two tubes for the soil temperatures in the center of the picture.
	climate.arm.ac.uk /photos/metstations.html (948 words)

	rain
		The daily average of the raingauges R within the catchment is calculated.
		A contingency table is constructed of recent raingauge data not included in the calibration, with the rainfall estimates for the pixels containing these raingauges.
		Raingauge data is compared with satellite estimates calibrated from the period 1985-1990.
	www.met.rdg.ac.uk /~swsgrime/artemis/ch3/rainest/rain.html (3096 words)

	December 1st, 2000
		Since the raingauge network can be of as few as 100 raingauges or as much as 500 raingauges, the cost estimates are made as per unit cost too.
		In both cases the raingauge location would have to be right on the train station or the airstrip.
		For example, even IMTA raingauges which record date and time of each 0.25 mm event will produce text messages for a 50 mm storm only in the neighbourhood of 4,000 characters, which for the data transmission rate of 9600 bps would take less than 5 seconds.
	www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov /products/precip/monsoon/raingauge.html (1350 words)

	[No title]
		While the raw raingauge datasets are undergoing continuous development and improvement, there are nevertheless many problems with the resulting precipitation analysis despite the QC steps already in place; these problems are due to a combination of instrument error, bad raingauge reports that remain undetected and errors in the analysis scheme.
		The second source of raingauge data is a compilation of daily observations by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC, 1994) obtained from state universities, state cooperatives and the NWS (hereafter NCDC Cooperative Dataset).
		The third source of raingauge data was used to compile the multi-year (1948-present) gridded hourly precipitation dataset (hereafter HPD) of Higgins et al.
	www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov /research_papers/ncep_cpc_atlas/7/atlas_7.html (6216 words)

	Space-Time Modelling of Rainfall using the String of Beads Model: Integration of Radar and Raingauge Data
		As will be seen in the sequel, difficulty was encountered with the more recent radar data and its correspondence with the historical raingauge data (the model's primary calibration source) so the continuous data were not relevant at this stage.
		The new version of the model has the particularly useful property that it can be calibrated on historical daily raingauge data, even in the absence of a radar in the area, although this would be an added advantage.
		The daily raingauges (if there is a reasonably good network covering more than 40 years) characterize the inter-annual and intra-annual variability of the rainfall.
	www.fwr.org /wrcsa/1010102.htm (1609 words)

	BADC: help on HYREX Common Infrastructure data
		The University of Newcastle employed both the dense raingauge data and network radar data for developing and evaluating a stochastic space-time rainfall forecasting system; they also used catchment flow data to develop a rainfall-runoff model for the catchment in order to convert forecasts of rain to flow.
		Within each line there is one 2km grid square containing a super-dense sub-network of 8 raingauges arranged in a square-within-a-diamond configuration, with one sub-network in a lowland area and the other in an upland area.
		The raingauges are identified by four-letter abbreviations; details and locations of the raingauge sites may be found in the instrument directory drn.
	badc.nerc.ac.uk /data/hyrex/comhelp.html (2032 words)

	Analyses using raingauge data
		It is important that the class of stochastic rainfall models to be considered in Section 3 has the ability to reproduce the empirically verifiable properties of the data, at least over spatial and temporal scales of interest.
		In addition to examining the effect of elevation on the rainfall behaviour, the possible presence of other geographical effects has been investigated by regressing the monthly summary statistics on the grid co-ordinates of the gauges.
		For all pairs of raingauges within each transect, the probability of both sites being wet and the cross correlation of the rainfall intensity at zero time lag were calculated, using hourly data.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /stats/research/Resrprts/rr176/node4.html (685 words)

	Patent 4520667: Nonmechanical digital raingauge
		The net effect then, of these three forces or characteristics acting upon the water accumulating in the funnel orifice combination, being that the water will discharge in the form of a droplet and be in equal and consistent volumes.
		Further, the raingauge comprises an electrical probe matrix designed to sense the discharge of an equal volume of water, and an electronic counter circuit that communicates with said probe matrix by utilizing extremely low current signals, yet without the need for a signal amplifier.
		And two, the fact that the two independent conductor layers are positioned vertically, the force of gravity will prohibit the water droplets from maintaining contact between the two conductor layers.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4520667.html (3762 words)

	Online Technical Manual (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The raingauge should be fixed on a masonry or concrete foundation 60 ´ 60 ´ 60 cm sunk into the ground.
		It is extremely important to note that the correct type of measuring jar appropriate to the type of raingauge funnel in use should be used for measuring the amount of rainfall, to avoid errors in the results.
		Ensure that the collector of the raingauge does not get choked with dirt and that the receiving bottle and additional cylinder, if any, are always clean.
	www.icrisat.org /gt3/oneds/WeatherMonitor.htm (3712 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, The New Year's Eve Flood on Oahu, Hawaii: December 31, 1987 - January 1, 1988 (1991)
		The highest measured 24-hour totals were 22.89 inches at Maunawili (state raingauge no. 787.1), 22.0 inches at Pali Golf Course (state raingauge no. 788.1), 21 inches at Waimanalo Stream USGS raingauge (state no. 794.3), and 20.20 inches at Mokulama (state raingauge no. 784) in Waimanalo.
		The recording raingauge that received the highest rainfall intensity was at Maunawili, which is adjacent to the Maunawili standard gauge (Figure 6).
		The same is true of the raingauge at the Hawaii Kai Golf Course, which is located 1 mile southeast of the eastern edge of the Koolau crest.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309044332/html/18.html (3665 words)

	Rainfall Data Modelling Portal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Here you can put your raingauge on the map, and produce elegant graphs and simple summary statistics which you can display on your own web site.
		View a geographical map showing the locations of sites at which raingauge data are available.
		Create a raingauge record for your site (if you have not already done so!) and then upload/add/edit your collected data.
	www.rdmp.org (325 words)

	SEPA Vacancies \| Raingauge Observers
		Raingauge observers are individuals who are prepared to have a raingauge on their property and read it, preferably every day all year round.
		The daily raingauges may also act as quality control for neighbouring tipping bucket raingauges which measure rainfall intensities and provide essential real-time data for SEPA’s flood warning role.
		The daily raingauge will be supplied by SEPA, and is of standard design (width-12.7cm, height-49cm, 30cm of which will be above ground).
	www.sepa.org.uk /vacancies/raingauge.htm (424 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Concurrently, a standard form is completed using the chart from the headquarters raingauge which records precipitation and time of event.
		The form, and raingauge chart, and bucket are then shipped to the Central Analytical Laboratory.
		An example of the form and the weighing raingauge and event recorder chart are shown in Fig.
	climate.konza.ksu.edu /textfiles/ANA01.html (503 words)

	Radar paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Presented here are the scatterplots, representing the comparison of the time-integrated radar cumulative rainfall estimations to the cumulative raingauge data.
		Linear regression of the data proved spurious as only twelve data points were available for comparison...had we time-specific raingauge data, better statistical analysis could be performed.
		As may be seen, the standard Z-R relationship performed reasonably well for stations with lower cumulative rainfall, but at higher rainfall amounts, performed increasingly worse.
	olympic.atmos.colostate.edu /AT741/2000/group1/page5.html (195 words)

	Lysimeter, use and construction
		Dr Dobson used two well-tarnished tin vessels of 12 in (30 cm) diameter; one of which was to serve the purposes of a raingauge and the other an evaporating vessel.
		A criticism of this is that the result is dependant on the catch of rainfall by the raingauge which, usually at standard height above ground, may not be that received by the lysimeter at ground level.
		First, the method depends on an accurate rainfall measurement and what is measured in the raingauge may not be that which reaches the lysimeter.
	www.llansadwrn-wx.co.uk /evap/lysim.html (3412 words)

	Radar measurement and rainfall runoff simulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The data for the project were obtained from the Essen DWD radar, additionally to the flow measurements and the raingauge data that were provided by the Emschergenossenschaft as well as the calibrated rainfall runoff model.
		The measured flow volume (by 20%) and the peak flow (by 16%) were both better represented by a radar based rainfall runoff simulation than with a raingauge network based simulation.
		The required effort for the preparation of the radar data is higher than when using raingauge data.
	www.einfalt.de /e_rad_boye.html (243 words)

	Water Science and Technology 37:11 (1998) 155-162 - B. Maul-Kotter and Th. Einfalt - Correction and preparation of ...
		Continuous raingauge measurements are an important input variable for detailed rainfall-runoff simulation.
		In North Rhine-Westphalia, more than 150 continuous raingauges are used for local hydrological design through the use of site specific rainfall runoff models.
		Requiring gap-free data, the State Environmental Agency developed methods to use a combination of daily measurements and neighbouring continuous measurements for filling periods of lacking data in a given raindata series.
	www.iwaponline.com /wst/03711/wst037110155.htm (159 words)

	WP10 - OPTIMAL USE OF RADAR, NWP AND RAINGAUGE DATA IN PRECIPITATION FORECASTS FOR IMPROVING FLOOD FORECASTS IN URBAN ...
		To develop a robust methodology for the incorporating gauges and radar rainfall estimates in NWP forecasts in order to improve flood predictions in urban catchments.
		While an improving of the integration of radar and raingauge data is a key objective of the existing MUSIC (EVK1-CT-2000-00058) research this proposed project will concentrate on integrating these with NWP models for forecasting precipitation; thus an overall improvement of flood prediction capability is expected, especially for the longer warning lead times required by end-users.
		The focus of this wp is the assessment of this crucial aspect of the proposal.
	carpediem.am.ub.es /workplan/wp10.html (576 words)

	The ARG100 aerodynamic raingauge
		The ARG100 aerodynamic raingauge is the flagship product of Environmental Measuremnets and has been a market leader for over 15 years.
		The ARG100 raingauge has a unique aerodynamic shape which, when allied to its reduced evaporation loss properties, results in an increased rainfall catch of approximately 5% compared to traditionally-shaped cylindrical gauges.
		As a result of these unique features the ARG100 is also marketed by a number of UK and overseas meteorological equipment manufacturers.
	www.edie.net /products/view_entry.asp?ID=818 (99 words)

	Documentation for Chilbolton drop-counting raingauge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The dataset described here is from a drop-counting raingauge on the Chilbolton 500 m Test Range.
		Because of the need to take instruments offline for maintenance, the data are not all from exactly the same raingauge, although the raingauges used were all of the same type.
		If Chilbolton raingauge data is used in any publication or report then acknowledgement must be given to the Radiocommunications Research Unit at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory for providing the data.
	www.met.rdg.ac.uk /radar/doc/raingauge.html (238 words)

	SALLJEX-NSSL HOMEPAGE
		This manual is designed for the raingauge network instalation during SALLJEX.
		This manual is designed for raingauge operation during the SALLJEX field phase.
		It's an excel file, which considers the angles and distance between the theodolites.
	www.nssl.noaa.gov /projects/pacs/salljex/web/S05.html (103 words)

	New SBS series aerodynamic aluminium raingauge
		Environmental Measurements of Sunderland have just launched a new aerodynamic raingauge which has been designed in accordance with the planned British Standard for tipping bucket raingauges.
		The unique design of the SBS raingauge increases rainfall catch and measurement accuracy by minimising outsplash and reduced evaporation losses.
		The funnel of the gauge is made from powder coated spun aluminium while the base is made in LM6 marine grade aluminium.
	www.edie.net /products/view_entry.asp?ID=795 (131 words)

	Raingauge data - summary statistics
		The following tables show examples of summary statistics gathered on a routine basis from the HYREX raingauge network, for the months of June and December 1994.
		Statistics are shown for each reliable gauge at 1, 6 and 24 hour levels of temporal aggregation.
		Table 6: Assessment of model fit for single-site models fitted to hourly raingauge data from gauge 19, for December 1994.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /Stats/research/Resrprts/rr176/node29.html (663 words)

	9.2 The New 20-year Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Merged Satellite and Raingauge Monthly Analysis ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This Version 2 of the community generated data set is a result of combining the procedures and data sets as described by Huffman et al (1997) and Xie and Arkin (1997).
		Information from raingauges is blended into the analyses over land.
		In the 1986-present period TOVS-based precipitation estimates (Susskind) are adjusted to GPCP fields and used in polar regions to produce globally-complete results.
	ams.confex.com /ams/annual2000/techprogram/paper_6704.htm (505 words)

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