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Topic: Rally for Congolese Democracy

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Banyamulenge

Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo

Rally for Congolese Democracy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The core of the RCD was composed of former AFDL members, including many Banyamulenge who already tended to ally themselves with Rwanda against the anti-Tutsi forces in the region. In early August 1998, the newly formed RCD, led by its president Wamba dia Wamba, took the town of Goma and began a campaign against Kinshasa, marking the beginning of the Second Congo War. Rwanda became the primary supporter of the RCD, thereby tranferring the tension between Uganda and Rwanda into proxy rebel forces. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy

MSN Encarta - Democratic Republic of the Congo This rebel army became known as the Congolese Rally for Democracy (Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie, or RCD). Kabila was successful in rallying military support from a number of regional allies, including Zimbabwe, Angola, Namibia, Chad, and Sudan, and kept both rebel armies from threatening the capital. The DRC government sought to strip the eastern Banyamulenge Tutsi of Congolese citizenship, and the Banyamulenge rose up in armed revolt with the help of Rwandan soldiers expelled by Kabila. encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761561261_6/Congo.html

Congo, Democratic Republic of the. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 Peace talks began tentatively in Oct., 2001, and in 2002 agreements were signed successively with one of the rebel groups, Rwanda, and Uganda, although no agreement was reached with the largest rebel force, the Rwandan-backed Congolese Rally for Democracy–Goma. Congolese nationalists, notably Joseph Kasavubu (who headed ABAKO, a party based among the Kongo people) and Patrice Lumumba (who led the leftist Mouvement National Congolais), became increasingly strident. They were impressed greatly by the visit in late 1958 of French president Charles de Gaulle to neighboring Middle Congo (now the Republic of the Congo), where he offered Africans the opportunity to vote in a referendum for continued association with France or for full independence. www.bartleby.com /65/co/Congo-Kin.html

Divided army puts Congo peace accord at risk of collapse - The Washington Times: World Briefings - June 10, 2004 The RCD, Congolese say, turned to violence again because of its failure to convert from a rebel army into a political party, which it now claims to be. The RCD's long-standing ties to Rwanda has made it perhaps the most hated faction in Congo, and few Congolese give it much of a chance in free elections. As the violence in Bukavu escalated last week, European, American and South African officials who helped broker the peace scrambled to persuade Congolese factions to reaffirm the deal they signed. www.washtimes.com /world/20040609-104124-6502r.htm

For Congolese, Just Another Disaster (washingtonpost.com) Though Kabila's government is widely unpopular, the rebel group that controls Goma, the Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD), does not stack up much better and is just as indifferent to providing public services. Stores have reopened, street vendors have resurfaced and the stone-faced women who roam the streets in head scarves exchanging Congolese francs for foreign currency have reappeared. Hundreds more returned to what was left of their homes, and traffic officers clad in bright yellow uniforms directed trucks and vans plowing through roads cleared by bulldozers in the past two days. www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A34809-2002Jan24

military news about Congo A subsequent report said the battles have been fought between a "unit" of Mai-Mai militia (tribal militia forces) and Congolese troops that were once part of the Congolese Rally for Democracy rebel group. The report called the former Congolese Rally for Democracy (CRD) troops a "brigade." The firefights have occurred in an area of real concern to Rwanda. Congolese army units outside of the capital lack an effective command structure. www.strategypage.com /fyeo/qndguide?target=congo.htm&base

Rassemblement congolais pour la democratie (RCD) Congolese Rally for Democracy (RCD) leaders Adolphe Onusumba and Olivier Kamitatu signed on behalf of Congolese Liberation Movement (MLC) leader Jean-Pierre Bemba, who did not attend, aides said because he was suffering from lumbago. The RCD (Congolese Rally for Democracy) was initially a front made up of three political tendencies: Mobutist conservative resistance, anti-Kabila AFDL resistance and democratic resistance. It is split into two factions, with RCD-Kisangani [Congolese Rally for Democracy-Liberation Movement - RCD-ML] led by the movement’s former president Ernest Wamba dia Wamba, and the mainstream RCD-Goma initially led by the new president Emile Ilunga. www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/para/rcd.htm

VOA News - Fighting Subsides as Delegation Tours Eastern Congo Moise Mbusa Katimika, who lives in Goma, on the Congo-Rwanda border, says allegiances here are split: many people support President Kabila and the Congolese army; many support the dissident soldiers, made up of former rebels for the Rwanda-backed Congolese Rally for Democracy, or RCD. As it turned out, as government troops poured into eastern Congo, dissident soldiers from the former rebel group Rally for Congolese Democracy started attacking them. Another Congolese war is a grisly prospect, considering the last one lasted five years, drew in at least six African countries and killed nearly four million Congolese. www.voanews.com /english/2004-12-20-voa21.cfm

africast.com - News List The Mai-Mai, a loose coalition of fighters that has received backing from the government over the years, recently took control of Uvira, defeating rebels from a rival movement, the Rally for Congolese Democracy. The food agency has distributed emergency food rations in recent days to 9,500 Congolese refugees in Burundi, most of whom are from the eastern town of Uvira, which recently changed hands in a battle between various Congolese factions. The deal called on Rwanda to pull out its troops if the Congolese government in Kinshasa cracked down on members of Interahamwe, militia groups that have staged periodic attacks on Rwanda from across the Congolese border. www.africast.com /article.php?newsID=42729&strRegion=Southern

Leadership, Organization and the Congolese Rally for Democracy It is this element of elevating political negotiations over internal and external forces of militarism, that signifies continued growth, beyond the limitations and contradictions of the ADFL-led anti-Mobutu movement, in the process of structurally transforming the modes of politics and dynamics of power in Congolese Society. Some observers have raised concerns about the "incompatibility or contradiction" of the CDM's use of armed struggle as a tactical component of the process of democratic change, while also attempting to serve as a catalyst for transforming the dynamics of political power to include the unarmed majority of Congolese people. Given that the battle for political structural transformation begins after the guns are silenced, any forces which demonstrate political inclusiveness in concrete terms today, will be the best servants of the interests of all members of the Congolese society tomorrow. www.congorcd.org /commentary/leaders.htm

ReliefWeb: Vital breakthrough for Congo Adolphe Onusumba, the president of the Rwandan-backed faction of the rebel Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD), stayed until Wednesday, causing a stir before he left by demand-ing that Kabila step down in favour of a transitional government before elections. Congolese Foreign Minister Leonard She Okitundu told reporters on Tuesday that elections would not be possible in Congo for at least three years because a census, referendum and constitution are needed first, and these will "take time" to achieve. They are a vital component of Congo's 1999 Lusaka peace agreement and a significant achievement for Masire, who has worked doggedly to arrange them since his appointment as facilitator in 1999 in the face of constant obstruction, provocation and delay from all sides. www.reliefweb.int /w/rwb.nsf/480fa8736b88bbc3c12564f6004c8ad5/9f4b626235d3ec8ac1256ab2004477ec?OpenDocument

Congo Tries to Unite Enemies - Global Policy Forum - UN Security Council Months after the war's end, cease-fires have been struck in the east between tribal Mai Mai fighters, who were supported by the former government, and brigades of the Rally for Congolese Democracy-Goma (RCD-Goma), backed throughout the war by Rwanda, finally bringing a halt to some atrocities on the ground. This is what they have been fighting for." One Western military analyst, also based in Kinshasa, says that ex-rebel soldiers are not being given the incentives essential to bring them into the national fold. In July, the five-year war that has left more than 3 million dead, fought over control of Congo's abundant natural resources, officially ended with the swearing in of an interim government. www.globalpolicy.org /security/issues/congo/2003/1125enemies.htm

CNN.com - Congo lays blame for Kabila killing - May 23, 2001 An official report said Rwanda, Uganda and the Rally for Congolese Democracy rebels masterminded the shooting on January 16 by one of Kabila's bodyguards. The Democratic Republic of Congo has informed the Rwandan and Ugandan governments of the report but both countries have denied any involvement in the assassination, said Congo government spokesman Binkarubi Kikaya. The report is based on interrogation of witnesses and evidence collected by a commission -- appointed by Kabila's son Joseph when he succeeded his father -- and agencies of the Congolese government, said Kikaya. archives.cnn.com /2001/WORLD/africa/05/23/congo.kabila

World's Armed Conflicts: The D.R. of Congo In Summer 1998 another rebel grouping, the Congolese Rally for Democracy, joined the Banyamulenges in their fight against President Kabila. Uganda : needs regional security and faces rebel attacks from within Congolese territory by the rebel Allied Democratic Forces. It took until the beginning of May 1999 before the army responded the CRF attacks militarily. www.jmk.su.se /global99/conflicts/africa/congo.htm

BBC NEWS World Africa DR Congo's road to peace An interim government will be set up run by President Joseph Kabila but with four vice presidents appointed from the Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD) and Movement for the Liberation of Congo (MLC) rebels, the government and civilian opposition groups. An initial series of peace bids involving the government and the rebels of the Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD) and the Movement for the Liberation of Congo (MLC) brought little progress. The victims of the free for all fighting were the Congolese people, who died in their thousands or became refugees in their own land. news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/africa/2296687.stm

africa.iafrica.com c2cnews Congo rebel group reject suspension Senior members of the former rebel Congolese Rally for Democracy (RCD) have rejected the decision made by party chairman Azarias Ruberwa on Monday to suspend the group's participation in the transitional government in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Earlier Ruberwa told reporters at the RCD's stronghold in eastern town of Goma that "the position we're taking is that of the suspension of the RCD's part in the exercise and activities of the transition" to democracy. The later party text, sent out in response to Ruberwa's declaration, called on all national and regional and security officials to "continue to serve the Congolese nation in the institutions in which they are deployed". africa.iafrica.com /c2cnews/343283.htm

Human Rights Watch World Report 2002: Africa: Burundi Burundian authorities detained or forced back to the Congo several dozen Congolese, some of whom had recognized refugee status in the country, apparently at the request of the Rally for Congolese Democracy (RDC), the Rwandan-backed rebel authorities in eastern Congo. The U.N. High Commission for Refugees also suffered funding cuts, hampering provision of its services, including protection, for refugees just at a time when increasing numbers of Rwandans and Congolese sought their assistance and when planning was needed for the hundreds of thousands of refugees who may return home if the war ends. The Congolese government supported them in return for help fighting a rebel movement against it backed by neighboring Rwanda. www.hrw.org /wr2k2/africa2.html

WHAT KIND OF CONGOLESE ARE LEADERS OF THE CONGOLESE RALLY FOR DEMOCRACY Today, it is the Congolese military authorities who arrested certain officers for complicity with When it is known that Rcd has the defense of the Country at the presidential space as well as at the governmental level, without forgetting the commandment of ground forces, people can wonder whether yes or no the Congo is not trapped from inside. It is the same when we talked about the presence of the Rwandan troops on the Congolese territory. www.groupelavenir.net /anglais/av_whatkind.htm

Kisangani The Rally for Congolese Democracy, the Goma-based rebel group, has raised the flag of Congo over the town, and joined the new transition government. For the merchants of Kisangani, though, the presence of Rwanda, Uganda and their rebel allies, the Goma-based Rally for Congolese Democracy, had far worse consequences. The retailers might be grumbling, but poor Congolese were getting 40 percent more salt for the same price as merchants lowered prices in anticipation of a glut after the boats arrived. www.readcarter.com /Dispatches/Kisangani.htm

:: BlackElectorate.com :: Professor Wamba Dia Wamba, Chairperson of the Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD), is just such a person. After the Lumumba government was dismantled, instead of putting emphasis on the needs of the majority of the Congolese population, now, the emphasis was on the strategic interests of the foreign powers in the context of the Cold War. In order to understand what has been taking place in the Congo today and even over the last 40 years in that country, it is necessary to speak to someone who is on the ground and interacting with the Congolese people on a daily basis. www.blackelectorate.com /print_article.asp?ID=57

Congo War Both rebel groups, the Rally for Congolese Democracy [RCD-Goma], and the Movement for the Liberation of Congo [MLC], were upset over the government's plans to name the heads of the army, navy, and air force, and to retain control of six of Congo's 10 regions. By the end of 1998, the Government had lost control of more than one-third of the country's territory to a rebel organization, the Congolese Rally for Democracy (RCD), dominated by members of the Tutsi ethnic minority. Congolese Tutsis as well as the Governments of Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda, all relied on the Rwandan military presence for protection against hostile armed groups operating from the eastern part of the country. www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/war/congo.htm

ReliefWeb: The Kampala understanding between the Congolese Rally for Democracy-Liberation Movement and the Union of Congolese Patriots (S/2002/1297) On instructions of my Government, I have the honour to transmit to you herewith a statement by the Government of Uganda, entitled "The Kampala Understanding between the Congolese Rally for Democracy-Liberation Movement (RCD-ML) and the Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC)" (see annex). ReliefWeb: The Kampala understanding between the Congolese Rally for Democracy-Liberation Movement and the Union of Congolese Patriots (S/2002/1297) The Kampala understanding between the Congolese Rally for Democracy-Liberation Movement and the Union of Congolese Patriots wwww.reliefweb.int /w/rwb.nsf/s/E59F70AFDE49EDB9C1256C7F00582D64

Attacks on the Press - 2002 Kennedy, head of Radio Muungano, was arrested by rebels from the Congolese Rally for Democracy for announcing on the air that the rebel’s chief was not at peace talks being held in Sun City, South Africa. In 2002, most press abuses were perpetrated by the Kabila government and the two factions of the rebel Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD), which controls the DRC’s northeast. Zajtman says he was intending to research the story of Patrick Masunzu, a former RCD commander who has recently led an insurgency against the RCD command. www.cpj.org /attacks02/africa02/drc.html

ABC News: U.N.: Rwanda Threatens New Violence Rwanda fought both its wars in Congo through Congolese proxy rebel groups, including the Rwandan-backed former Rally for Congolese Democracy, which is now a political party with offices in Kinshasa. U.N. special representative William Swing "received a call from a Rwandan official informing him there would be an attack very soon … by the Rwandan army on Congolese territory," said Patricia Tome, a spokeswoman for the U.N. mission in Congo. Tensions rose between Rwanda and Congo over the summer, when Rwanda accused Congo of massing troops for a cross-border attack and Congo accused Rwanda of supporting renegade army commanders who briefly captured Bukavu. abcnews.go.com /International/wireStory?id=279628

Washingtonpost.com: Rwanda and Uganda, as well as Kabila and his allies, signed the agreement July 10, but the divided Congolese Rally for Democracy did not. Differences over how to conduct the current war led to divisions in the principal rebel group, the Rally for Congolese Democracy, which splintered into two factions--one backed by Rwanda, the other by Uganda. NAIROBI, Aug. 16—Rifts between the countries backing Congo's fractious rebel groups split wide open today as the armies of ostensible allies Rwanda and Uganda fought a pitched battle for control of a Congolese city they had held jointly for a year. www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/inatl/longterm/congo/stories/congo081799.htm

Analysis: New Turmoil in Cote d'Ivoire Creates New Risks for West Africa During early August 2002, Rwandan government authorities and representatives of a Congolese rebel group backed by Rwanda, the Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD-Goma), visited Gihembe and Kiziba camps to meet with refugee leaders. Congolese refugees who were forced to repatriate and have since returned to Rwanda are experiencing difficulties resettling in Gihembe because they have lost possessions and housing in the forced repatriation and subsequent journey back to Rwanda. Congolese refugees living in Gihembe camp were systematically directed by the Pr_fet of Byumba to dismantle their homes and, in several incidents, physically forced onto buses. www.refugees.org /news/press_releases/2002/121302.cfm

VOA News - Congolese Tutsis Feel Targeted by Government Troops The ethnic tension that spilled over into violence this week is only the latest in a series of clashes between Congolese troops and dissident soldiers from the Rally for Congolese Democracy (RDC), a former rebel group backed by Rwanda. But many Congolese reject the Tutsis as countrymen, saying the Tutsis are, for the most part, Rwandan, with Rwandan family ties, Rwandan businesses, Rwandan bank accounts, with sons and daughters who go to Rwandan schools and universities. Mahuza says it is likely that Congolese Tutsis and Hutus, which has been a lethal ethnic pairing in Rwanda, might find themselves fighting side by side in Congo to defend themselves against Congolese troops and Rwandan Hutu extremists. www.voanews.com /english/2004-12-21-voa44.cfm

Congo For The Very First Time They are processing my press accreditation for working in territories controlled by the Rally for Congolese Democracy, a corrupt rebel movement backed by Rwanda whose “Minister of Information,” Jean-Pierre Lola Kisanga, had just greeted me a few minutes earlier. Congolese music was playing and plenty of Congolese hips were swinging. In one of the few buildings that is not dilapidated, just to the west of the hardened black lava flow that destroyed much of the rich area of town last January, I am sitting in a room with three Congolese guys. www.readcarter.com /Dispatches/Congo_For_The_Very_First_Time.htm

Straight Goods - Canada's independent, reader supported on-line source of news you can use Kahuzi-Biega Park lies within the territory of the Rwandan-backed Congolese Rally for Democracy (RCD), which takes in $1 million per month in coltan revenues. Unfortunately, the region is controlled by foreign-backed Congolese rebel groups which use coltan revenues to finance their operations. The area around Okapi Reserve is controlled by Ugandan-backed rebels of the Congolese Liberation Front (CLF). www.straightgoods.com /Pearson/010611.shtml

Crosswalk.com - Humanitarian Disaster Feared Over Army Mutiny in Congo A particular worry about the new fighting is the fact that the rebellious soldiers are members of a former rebel group, the Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD), who are now supposed to be part of the country's regular army. The RCD was a significant force during the five-year Congolese war that ended in 2002. About 180,000 people in the country's eastern regions, mostly women and children, have already been displaced, and looting is widespread, according to the U.S.-based Human Rights Watch. www.crosswalk.com /news/1303004.html

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