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	Articles - Ralph Asher Alpher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Ralph Asher Alpher (born 1921) is a U.S. cosmologist.
		Alpher and Robert Hermann won the Henry Draper Medal in 1993.
		Ralph Alpher and George Gamow jointly created the Alpher-Bethe-Gamow theory.
	www.bleema.com /articles/Ralph_Alpher (54 words)

	NPR : Back to the Beginning with Singh's 'Big Bang'
		Alpher estimated that there should be roughly one helium nucleus for every ten hydrogen nuclei at the end of the Big Bang nucleosynthesis phase, which is exactly what astronomers observed in the modern universe.
		Alpher had not yet seriously attempted to model the formation of other elements, but even predicting the formation of hydrogen and helium in the observed proportions was in itself a highly significant achievement.
		Alpher had done more than his fair share of the work, and now it seemed that he was going to receive only a tiny fraction of the credit.
	www.npr.org /templates/story/story.php?storyId=4505414&sourceCode=RSS (1022 words)

	photo c
		Ralph and his co-workers couldn't convince observational astronomers to look for this radiation, and it wasn't detected until 1964 - by accident.
		Ralph has given us something that will be remembered as long as civilization exists - the key to the birth of the material Universe.
		Ralph Alpher is one of the reasons I became involved with astronomy.
	www.dudleyobservatory.org /History/history_alpher.htm (327 words)

	Alpher, Ralph Asher: 1921-
		Alpher was a hearty defender and staunch enforcer of the Boy Scout code of honor as a young boy, which he carries into his life today.
		Alpher's father had immigrated to the United States and was a home builder in Washington, D.C. Since this was the time of the Great Depression and people were unable to purchase the homes his father built, Alpher would not have the money necessary to purchase a train ticket to travel to Boston.
		Alpher says the conversation kept returning to the subject of religion and finally Alpher told the alumnus that he was Jewish.
	www.light-science.com /alpher.html (1565 words)

	Telegraph \| Connected
		This result was Alpher's PhD thesis, so the young student had the honour of presenting it at his public doctoral defence in the spring of 1948.
		Alpher's name was also omitted from the front-page newspaper stories that appeared all over the world.
		Meanwhile, Ralph Alpher enjoys his retirement, content in the knowledge that his research 50 years ago pointed towards the Big Bang echo, the best proof that there was a Big Bang.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /connected/main.jhtml?xml=/connected/2004/09/22/ecnsing22.xml&sSheet=/connected/2004/09/22/ixconnrite.html (2311 words)

	Press Releases
		Fifty-six years ago, as a young doctoral student, Alpher wrote the first mathematical model for the creation of the universe and predicted the discovery of cosmic background radiation that proves the Big Bang theory.
		Gunderson said that just talking to Alpher helped her to understand his character: "It was mainly the directness of his voice," she recalls.
		Alpher, who retired as research professor at Union and administrator of Dudley Observatory, is a regular visitor at Union's physics department, where his former colleagues recently gave him a birthday party.
	www.union.edu /N/DS/s.php?s=4368 (631 words)

	Discover: The Last Big Bang Man Left Standing - physicist Ralph Alpher devised Big Bang Theory of universe
		Alpher's immigrant father is a home builder in Washington, D.C., at a time when no one can afford to buy a house.
		Alpher doesn't even have train fare to Boston.
		Alpher and Gamow focused on the point when the universe had cooled to a state consisting of radiation and matter, ylem, Greek for the primordial stuff of life.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1511/is_7_20/ai_55030837 (1476 words)

	CNN Transcript - World Today: Big Bang's Forgotten Man Wonders Why History Passed Him By - October 9, 2000
		Ralph Alpher is considered the father of the Big Bang theory.
		In 1948, a 26-year old doctoral student named Ralph Alpher created a stir with the theory that the basic building blocks of the universe were formed in the first five minutes after the Big Bang.
		ALPHER: I hesitate to call it glory, but yes, it is. It's the fact that you've contributed to the sum of knowledge and that people who do the same kind of work that you do appreciate that you've done this.
	transcripts.cnn.com /TRANSCRIPTS/0010/09/wt.03.html (553 words)

	Ralph Appelbaum - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Ralph Appelbaum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Ralph Appelbaum - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Ralph Appelbaum.
		Ralph Appelbaum is a museum designer and planner, based in New York, with offices in London and Beijing.
		His firm, Ralph Appelbaum Associates, which he founded in 1978 is the largest interpretive museum design firm in the world.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Ralph-Appelbaum.html (129 words)

	Cosmic Microwave Background prediction - Bad Astronomy and Universe Today Forum
		There is little doubt that Alpher, Gamow and Herman were the principal technical architects of big bang cosmology, but the idea is usually credited to the Belgian Jesuit priest Georges Lemaitre and his "Primeval Atom" (although the idea might be traced as far back as 1922 and the Russian mathematician Alexander Friedmann).
		Below is the short Nature article by Alpher and Herman from 1948 where they correct Gamow's earlier temperature prediction and first give their 5 K figure.
		Alpher and Herman made no such concession in their paper, and so were necessarily talking about strictly thermal (Planckian) radiation.
	www.bautforum.com /showthread.php?t=28085 (2574 words)

	Astrophysics: Alpher, Marr and Philip
		Ralph Alpher is an internationally acclaimed theoretical cosmologist.
		Alpher also serves as administrator of Dudley Observatory which is part of Union University.
		Her current investigations test how nuclear physics properties and dynamical effects shape the abundances of the heavy elements at the completion of the r process, with the goals of (a) learning more about what conditions are required for the r process, and (b) refining what nuclear physics parameters require more study.
	www.union.edu /PUBLIC/PHYDEPT/astro.htm (488 words)

	The Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography: Alpher, Ralph Asher (1921- )@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		US scientist who carried out the first quantitative work on nucleosynthesis and was the first to predict the existence of primordial background radiation.
		Alpher, the youngest of four children and the son of a building contractor, was born in Washington, DC, in 1921.
		His initial interest in science was stimulated by his English teacher, Matilde Eiker, who was also an amateur astronomer, and by his chemistry teacher, Sarah Branch.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:99915658&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (206 words)

	More Information
		Lauren Gunderson's "Background" is a dramatization of the story of cosmologist Ralph Alpher and the origins of the universe.
		(Alpher's) continuing work with Robert Herman refined ideas on the synthesis of the elements, ultimately explaining where over 99% of the visible Universe came from.
		Ralph's work was listed in the American Physical Society News under the Top Ten Astronomical Triumphs of the Millenium.
	web.gc.cuny.edu /ashp/nml/artsci/one_act_dramas.htm (357 words)

	ABC Online Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		I think it was mainly the work of Bethe & Gamow, but about the same time Alpher contributed his crucial prediction of the microwave background radiation, which was of course later discovered.
		The paper is George Gamow's and Ralph Alpher's work, Hans Bethe was invited to co-author so as to make the Alpher, Bethe, Gamow combinaiton.
		Alpher - however, was very sad that when the CMB was discovered, no one remembered his paper.
	www2b.abc.net.au /science/k2/stn/archives/archive24/newposts/132/topic132904.shtm (351 words)

	Astrophysics & Space Science :: Genesis of the Big Bang
		And, when I was ten, this very humble scientist, considered by many one of the great scientists of the 20th century, had his predictions of the cosmic flbody background radiation confirmed by accident by two physicists working for the then Bell Labs in New Jersey.
		Nonetheless, he is recognized as a coauthor, and Ralph A. Alpher would say deservedly so.
		Ralph Alpher was certainly always available to tell his story, but this book became the crowning achievement.
	books.graica.com /Books-ProfessionalTechnical-ProfessionalScience-Astronomy1-AstrophysicsSpaceScience1/0195111826.html (1058 words)

	Ralph Asher Alpher - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Ralph Asher Alpher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Ralph Asher Alpher - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Ralph Asher Alpher.
		Here you will find more informations about Ralph Asher Alpher.
		The orginal Ralph Asher Alpher article can be editet
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Ralph-Asher-Alpher.html (112 words)

	The Hutchinson Encyclopedia: Alpher, Ralph Asher (1921- )@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The Hutchinson Encyclopedia: Alpher, Ralph Asher (1921- ;)@ HighBeam Research
		US scientist who carried out the first quantitative work on nucleosynthesis and in 1948 was the first to predict the existence of primordial background radiation, which is now regarded as one of the major pieces of evidence for the validity of the Big Bang model of the universe.
		Alpher was born in Washington, DC, and educated there as a night-school student.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:100112914&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (180 words)

	Early Detectives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		In the 1940s physicists George Gamow, Ralph Alpher, and Robert Herman developed a theory about how chemical elements formed during what is now called the big bang.
		They concluded that some of those elements, along with faint traces of heat from that event, should still be detectable.
		To celebrate their collaboration, Gamow whimsically dubbed the substance from which the Universe formed "Ylem" ("EYE-lem," an ancient term for "the primordial substance") and relabeled this Cointreau liqueur bottle in its honor.
	www.nasm.si.edu /galleries/gal111/universe/etu/html/digital_age/big_bang/bb_early.html (97 words)

	Ralph Asher Alpher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		E-mail for 50 pages of errata and corrections to the first and only edition of "Genesis of the Big Bang" by Ralph A. Alpher and Robert C. Herman, 2002.
		A CD set of an extensive interview with Drs.
		Alpher and Herman on Big Bang cosmology and physics will soon be available (Fall, 2004).
	members.aol.com /alpherr/myhomepage/profile.html (53 words)

	Talk:Cosmic microwave background radiation - Wikpedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		I thought the CMB was predicted long before George Gamow, Ralph Alpher, and Robert Hermann in the 1940s, as follows:
		1948: Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman re-estimate Gamow's estimate at 5K.
		1949: Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman re-re-estimate Gamow's estimate at 28K.
	www.bostoncoop.net /~tpryor/wiki/index.php?title=Talk:Cosmic_microwave_background_radiation (478 words)

	Cosmic Microwave Background
		The high temperature associated with the early universe would give rise to a thermal radiation field, which has a unique distribution of intensity with wavelength (known as Planck's radiation law), that is a function only of the temperature.
		As the universe expanded, the temperature would have dropped, each photon being redshifted by the cosmological expansion to longer wavelength, as the American physicist Richard C. Tolman had already shown in 1934.
		Interest in these calculations waned among most astronomers when it became apparent that the lion's share of the synthesis of elements heavier than helium must have occurred inside stars rather than in a hot big bang.
	abyss.uoregon.edu /~js/glossary/cosmic_microwave_background.html (851 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Gamow and Teller were both proponents of the expanding-universe theory that had been advanced by Friedmann, Edwin Hubble, and Georges LeMaître.
		Gamow, however, modified these theories and named his version the "big bang." He and Ralph Alpher published this theory in a paper called "The Origin of Chemical Elements" (1948).
		This paper, attempting to explain the distribution of chemical elements throughout the universe, posits a primeval thermonuclear explosion, the big bang that began the universe.
	www.phy.bg.ac.yu /web_projects/giants/gamow.html (636 words)

	The Ralph Page
		Ralph Ell and the Hardcore Troubadors - Rock Band (download their MP3s!)
		Ralph Aulenta - Insanity and trivia punctuated with occasional insight.
		Ralph Wallace - Ridgefield, CT Superintendant of Schools
	www.ralphb.net /allralph.html (388 words)

	Alpher, Ralph Asher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Later he carried out research at Johns Hopkins University and, 1955-86, at the Central Electric Research Laboratory.
		In 1948 Alpher and cosmologist George Gamow published the results of their work on nucleosynthesis in the early universe.
		They included the name of physicist Hans Bethe as a co-author of this paper, so that their new theory became popularly known as the alpha-beta-gamma theory
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/A/Alpher/1.html (123 words)

	Genesis of the Big Bang:0195111826:Alpher, Ralph; Herman, Robert; Alpher, Ralph A.:eCampus.com
		Edition: 1st - Author(s): Alpher, Ralph; Herman, Robert; Alpher, Ralph A. Format: Hardcover
		The authors of this volume have been intimately connected with the conception of the Big Bang model since 1947.
		They present a picture of what is now believed to be the state of knowledge about the evolution of the expanding universe and delineate the story of the development of the Big Bang model.
	www.ecampus.com /bk_detail.asp?isbn=0195111826 (176 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		In the 1948 paper that marks the beginning of big-bang nucleosynthesis (BBN), Gamow, his student Ralph Alpher, and Hans Bethe proposed that the periodic table was built up by neutron capture minutes after the big bang.
		Critical physics corrections made by Chushiro Hayashi, Enrico Fermi and Anthony Turkevich led to the seminal 1953 paper of Alpher, Robert Herman and James Follin that described correctly the big-bang synthesis of large amounts of
		BBN required a hot beginning, and in 1949 Alpher and Herman predicted a 5 K temperature for the relic radiation now known as the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB).
	xweb.nrl.navy.mil /gamma/dap-aps/astro/bbn/bbn2.htm (136 words)

	AIP International Catalog of Sources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Oral history interview with Ralph Alpher and a joint interview with Robert Herman, 1983 August 11 and 12.
		Oral History Interview may be read by any researcher with an approved access application on file.
		Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and L. Henrich, neglect of Alpher and Herman work by astronomical community; General Electric projects: supersonic flow, re-entry physics, the Talaria project; the Penzias/Wilson observations; honors, marriage.
	www.aip.org /history/catalog/3014.html (174 words)

	Physics Today November 2003- Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Robert Herman, George Gamow, and Ralph Alpher (left to right) with their bottle of YLEM, a fanciful primordial form of matter they concocted.
		Alpher and Herman surreptitiously created this montage and sneaked it into a box of slides Gamow had prepared for a talk.
		When it appeared on the screen, Gamow, after a moment of shock, was very pleased.
	www.physicstoday.org /vol-56/iss-11/captions/p38cap6.html (75 words)

	Citations: The origin of chemical elements - Alpher, Bethe, Gamow (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Alpher, H. Bethe & G. Gamow, The origin of chemical elements, Phys.
		The prominent Austrian astrophysicist Edwin E. Salpeter is included in the large group of Bethe s co authors and collaborators [ 118] Bethe is one of the protagonists of a most peculiar joint publication [
		The third author is George Gamow, the Ukranian born nuclear physicist and cosmologist who also made contributions to modern genetic theory; the first author is Ralph Alpher, one of his....
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/1526553/0 (290 words)

	CNN NEWSROOM Guide for October 11, 2000 -- Text-Only Version
		Ralph Alpher is "the forgotten man" behind the big bang theory.
		Challenge your students to cite other noteworthy scientific contributions that might have merited nomination for a Nobel Prize throughout its history.
		Has Ralph Alpher ever been awarded a Nobel Prize?
	learning.turner.com /newsroom/archive/1000/NR101100.html (1230 words)

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