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Topic: Ralph Merkle puzzle cryptographic system

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Asymmetric key algorithm

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	Ralph Nader - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Ralph Nader (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke Of, Marquess of Monthermer Montagu
		Ralph Neville, 1st Earl Of, 4th Baron Neville of Raby Westmorland
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Ralph+Nader (457 words)

	Asymmetric key algorithm - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		With a symmetric key system, Alice first puts the secret message in a box, and then locks the box using a padlock to which she has a key.
		The critical advantage in an asymmetric key system is that Bob and Alice never need send a copy of their keys to each other.
		These were the Ralph Merkle puzzle cryptographic system and the Diffie-Hellman system.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Asymmetric_key_algorithm (1263 words)

	Weber: Interview with Whitfield Diffie on the Development of Public Key Cryptography - 2002
		So Merkle submitted a proposal which is a paper about his key exchange system and Hoffman didn't understand it and Hoffman made him rewrite it and he still didn't understand it.
		Merkle had the first thing which is really any sort of a solution to the problem: the Merkle-puzzle system.
		Ralph Merkle was working for me at BNR [Bell Northern Research] in 1980 or '79 and I didn't understand that we could, he left because we didn't get along very well, I don't mean we had any fights or anything, but we thought about things somewhat differently, I was clearly, in retrospect, far too conservative.
	www.itas.fzk.de /mahp/weber/diffie.htm (7755 words)

	EFF:
		That is, the security of the system depends on two critical assumptions: (1) factoring is required to break the system, and (2) factoring is `inherently computationally intractable', or, alternatively, `factoring is hard' and `any approach that can be used to break the system is at least as hard as factoring'.
		For example, a system called a `Knapsack cipher' was in vogue in the literature for years until it was demonstrated that the instances typically generated could be efficiently broken, and the whole area of research fell out of favor.
		For a source of bits to be cryptographically random, it must be computationally impossible to predict what the Nth random bit will be given complete knowledge of the algorithm or hardware generating the stream and the sequence of 0th through N-1st bits, for all N up to the lifetime of the source.
	www.eff.org /Privacy/Crypto?f=crypto.faq.txt (13950 words)

	Weber: Secure Communications over Insecure Channels (1974) - 2002
		For illustration of the innovative environment Merkle was in, see the picture of a nuclear powered ramjet his father was working on in California.
		These puzzles are transmitted to B. B selects one of these puzzles at random, and solves it.
		It would thus appear that a necessary precursor to a cryptographically secure communications channel between A and B, is the making of prior arrangements, or the communication of information over some very special communications channel which is known to be secure already.
	www.itas.fzk.de /mahp/weber/merkle.htm (5980 words)

	An Overview Of Cryptography
		Although I have categorized PKC as a two-key system, that has been merely for convenience; the real criteria for a PKC scheme is that it allows two parties to exchange a secret even though the communication with the shared secret might be overheard.
		Some sources, though, credit Ralph Merkle with first describing a system that allows two parties to share a secret although it was not a two-key system, per se.
		Merkle apparently took a computer science course at UC Berkeley in 1974 and described his method, but had difficulty making people understand it; frustrated, he dropped the course.
	www.datastronghold.com /archive/t1511.html (7633 words)

	[No title]
		The Vigenère system won a lasting reputation for security — it was known as le chiffre indéchiffrable — so much so that until almost the twentieth century, some armchair cryptographers believed that a certain streamlined version of the system was the sine qua non of cryptosystems.
		Just as the invention of the telegraph upped the cryptographic ante by moving messages thousands of miles in the open, presenting a ripe opportunity for eavesdroppers of every stripe, the computer age would be moving billions of messages previously committed to paper into the realm of bits.
		There would be unlimited users who needed a system for privacy; obviously, such a system would have to be distributed so widely that potential crackers would have no trouble getting their hands on it and would have plenty of opportunity to practice attacking it.
	www.dvara.net /HK/StephenLevy-Crypto.txt (20746 words)

	Extropianism FAQ at MROB (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		One of the extropian principles is the idea of spontaneous order, which is seen in systems as diverse as ecosystems, artificial neural networks, agoric computer systems, the human brain, biological evolution, and market economic systems.
		Ralph has also pointed out that the proper experimental design to test for the clinical effectiveness of cryonics is to freeze a sample of n patients, wait 150 years, and see how many of them can be revived with the technology available at that time (using their unfrozen contemporaries as the control group).
		David Chaum, an American cryptographer living in the Netherlands, put forward a scheme by which a depositor of a "digital bank" could withdraw funds in the form of a long number, cryptographically sealed by the bank and representing a fixed amount of money.
	home.earthlink.net /~mrob/pub/extro_faq.html (7868 words)

	Public Key Cryptography (PKC), RSA, PKI
		The development of cheap digital hardware has freed it from the design limitations of mechanical computing and brought the cost of high grade cryptographic devices down to where they ca be used in such commercial applications as remote cash dispensers and computer terminals.
		In turn, such applications create a need for new types of cryptographic systems which minimize the necessity of secure key distribution channels and supply the equivalent of a written signature.
		The first researchers to discover and publish the concepts of PKC were Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman from Stanford University, and Ralph Merkle from the University of California at Berkeley.
	www.livinginternet.com /i/is_crypt_pkc_inv.htm (1504 words)

	Cryptography/Asymmetric Ciphers - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks
		In cryptography, an asymmetric key algorithm uses a pair of different, though related, cryptographic keys to encrypt and decrypt.
		Firstly, Alice asks Bob to send his open padlock to her through regular mail, keeping his key to himself.
		In many quality crypto systems, both algorithm types are used.
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/Cryptography:Asymmetric_Ciphers (1171 words)

	An Overview of Cryptography
		Thus, the three parameters of such a system — system strength, secret key strength, and public key strength — must be matched.
		LEAF was one part of the key escrow system and allowed for decryption of ciphertext messages that had been legally intercepted by law enforcement agencies.
		The system checked to see if the decrypted value of the block was "interesting," which they defined as bytes containing one of the alphanumeric characters, space, or some punctuation.
	www.garykessler.net /library/crypto.html (17241 words)

	This module is organized as a series of questions and answers revolving around the use of encryption to ensure privacy ...
		Diffie was concerned that if law enforcement officers served the system manager with a subpoena, the subpoenaed passwords and user files would go to law enforcement — the system manager had absolutely no incentive to risk a contempt citation for noncompliance with a subpoena.
		In a public key cryptographic system each user has two keys: one, a "public" key that is widely published and easily available through some type of distribution infrastructure, and two, a "private" key that is never revealed.
		While the articulation of such a system in layman's English or in general mathematical terms may be useful, the devil is, at least for cryptographers, often in the algorithmic details.
	www.cyberspacelaw.org /aoki/index.html (17856 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		For centuries cryptography was the domain of the military, but an increasing reliance on computer data banks for anything from medical histories to credit records has changed that.
		In short, Diffie, Hellman and Merkle envisaged an encryption mechanism in which even if the encryption method were known, decryption would be difficult and take years.
		Davida and others agrue that national security is imperiled more by the lack of secure encryption systems in the commercial environment than it is by the knowledge garnered by foreign powers from the publication of cryptography research.
	www.textfiles.com /law/primes.txt (2907 words)

	History of Cryptography
		This cryptographic door opened by Churchill was taken of its hinges in the same year by the official war history of the British Royal Navy and the exploits of Room 40.
		The Enigma is referred to as an OFF LINE cypher system which was designed to provide high-grade cyphertext from the input of plaintext and the reverse.
		The development of this system was as much about Zimmermann’s distrust of the US Federal Government and its ability to intercept electronic communication as the development of a commercial cryptographic product.
	www.cypher.com.au /crypto_history.htm (3941 words)

	Cryptography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		While the Playfair does disguise the behavior of individual letters, even better would be a system that operated on letters in groups of three letter (or four or five or...).
		The first step in using Hill's system is to assign numerical values to the 26 letters of the alphabet.
		Since that pretty much makes the device cryptographically pointless, the inventors proposed that a plaintext message first be converted to a preliminary ciphertext according to so system left unspecified, but they probably had something like a Playfair in mind.
	www.threaded.com /cryptography8.htm (13300 words)

	Amazon.com: Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the Government Saving Privacy in the Digital Age: Books: Steven ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Although he writes, "Behind every great cryptographer, it seems, there is a driving pathology," his respect for the mathematicians and programmers who spearheaded public key encryption as the solution to Information Age privacy invasion shines throughout.
		Widely available systems only began to emerge after a range of free thinkers, including such crypto legends as Whit Diffie and Marty Hellman, began to devote their considerable mind power to the issue.
		Historical cryptographic systems recounted in David Kahn's tome "The Codebreakers" are now passe, not just because computers do it faster, but also due to relatively recent mathematical discoveries.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0140244328?v=glance (3065 words)

	Timeline Computer
		They were used to help the defense system create sophisticated weapons systems and the oil industry to construct geologic models for predicting mineral deposits.
		That way, the system could easily be adapted to new hardware without having to rewrite or even revise the complex heart of the software.
		It was designed to lodge itself into a corner of the system and infect any floppies put into the system, and to eventually mangle the hard drive.
	www.timelines.ws /subjects/Computer.HTML (14099 words)

	Message (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The airbag system would ask "Are you sure?" before deploying.
		Occasionally, for no reason whatsoever, your car would lock you out and refuse to let you in until you simultaneously lifted the door handle, turned the key and grabbed hold of the radio antenna.
		The airbag system would ask = "Are you=20 sure?" before deploying.
	lists.stetson.edu /pipermail/acm-l/2002-May.txt (14396 words)

	Cryptology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Center for Secure Information Systems, George Mason University (USA).
		Information Systems Audit and Control Research, CalPoly Pomona (USA).
		The Puzzle Palace: A report on America's Most Secret Agency.
	andercheran.aiind.upv.es /toni/cripto/index_en.html (927 words)

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