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	Raman Spectroscopy Tutorial
		The difference in energy between the incident photon and the Raman scattered photon is equal to the energy of a vibration of the scattering molecule.
		The Raman effect arises when a photon is incident on a molecule and interacts with the electric dipole of the molecule.
		Raman scatter is partially polarized, even for molecules in a gas or liquid, where the individual molecules are randomly oriented.
	www.kosi.com /raman/resources/tutorial (2108 words)

	Raman spectroscopy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Raman spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique used in condensed matter physics and chemistry to study vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system.
		Spontaneous Raman scattering is typically very weak, and as a result the main difficulty of Raman spectroscopy is separating the weak inelastically scattered light from the intense Rayleigh scattered laser light.
		Raman won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for this discovery, accomplished using filtered sunlight as a monochromatic source of photons, a colored filter as a monochromator, and a human eye as detector.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Raman_spectroscopy (928 words)

	Raman scattering - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Raman scattering or the Raman effect is the inelastic scattering of a photon which creates or annihilates an optical phonon.
		The Raman effect corresponds, in perturbation theory, to the absorption and subsequent emission of a photon via an intermediate electron state, having a virtual energy level (see also: Feynman diagram).
		In contradistinction with the fluorescence effect, the Raman effect is therefore not a resonant effect.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Raman_effect (1130 words)

	AllRefer.com - Raman effect (Physics) - Encyclopedia
		Raman effect[rA´mun] Pronunciation Key, appearance of additional lines in the spectrum of monochromatic light that has been scattered by a transparent material medium.
		This Raman spectrum is characteristic of the transmitting substance.
		Raman spectrometry is a useful technique in physical and chemical research, particularly for the characterization of materials.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/R/Ramaneff.html (233 words)

	The Raman Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The reappearance of the track when the yellow filter is transferred to a place between it and the observer's eye is proof of the existence of a modified scattered radiation.
		That the effect is a true scattering, and secondly by its polarisation, which is in many cases quire strong and comparable with the polarisation of the ordinary scattering.
		Nevertheless, when the vapour is of sufficient density, for example with ether or amylene, the modified scattering is readily demonstrable.
	www.uky.edu /~holler/raman.html (318 words)

	Raman effect -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Raman scattering can occur with a change in vibrational, rotational or electronic energy of a molecule.
		In 1934, Raman became the director of the newly established (additional info and facts about Indian Institute of Science) Indian Institute of Science in (An industrial city in south central India (west of Chennai)) Bangalore, where two years later he continued as a professor of physics.
		In 1947, he was appointed as the first National Professor by the new government of Independent (A republic in the Asian subcontinent in southern Asia; second most populous country in the world; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947) India.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/ra/raman_effect.htm (483 words)

	Raman Spectroscopy
		Raman Spectroscopy is based on the Raman effect, which is the inelastic scattering of photons by molecules.
		The effect was discovered by the Indian physicist, C. Raman in 1928.
		For highly symmetric polyatomic molecules possessing a center of inversion (such as benzene) it is observed that bands that are active in the IR spectrum are not active in the Raman spectrum (and vice-versa).
	carbon.cudenver.edu /public/chemistry/classes/chem4538/raman.htm (2082 words)

	lokpriya!
		Raman joined the Indian Finance Department in 1907; though the duties of his office took most of his time, Raman found opportunities for carrying on experimental research in the laboratory of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science at Calcutta.
		The Raman Effect is being used as an extremely refine tool to study the solid, liquid and gasses in modern laboratories across the world.
		The fillip that Raman gave to India's recovery and upsurge of science is immeasurable.
	www.lokpriya.com /personalities/scientists/cvraman.html (281 words)

	Raman effect
		Raman scattering is perhaps most easily understandable if the incident light is considered as consisting of particles, or photons (with energy proportional to frequency), that strike the molecules of the sample.
		The Raman effect is feeble; for a liquid compound the intensity of the affected light may be only 1/100,000 of that incident beam.
		The pattern of the Raman lines is characteristic of the particular molecular species, and its intensity is proportional to the number of scattering molecules in the path of the light.
	www.britannica.com /nobel/micro/493_33.html (365 words)

	FAQs
		Classical concept of Raman scattering: When a beam of light interacts with a material, part of it is transmitted, part it is reflected, and part of it is scattered.
		The scattered radiation produced by the Raman effect contains information about the energies of molecular vibrations and rotations, and these depend on the particular atoms or ions that comprise the molecule, the chemical bonds connect them, the symmetry of their molecule structure, and the physico-chemical environment where they reside.
		A Raman photon is emitted if a molecule then undergoes a transition to a higher vibrational energy state than its original state (Stokes-Raman), or to a lower energy vibrational state (Anti-Stokes Raman).
	epsc.wustl.edu /haskin-group/Raman/faqs.htm (574 words)

	Lasting effect
		Raman spectroscopy is now applied in the study of thin films and coatings, micro-electronic integrated circuits, pigments in art works, and biological tissues and in the identification of narcotics and plastic explosives.
		Raman spectroscopy is preferred for reasons such as it is non-destructive of samples, it makes higher temperature studies possible and readily achieves the examining of low-wave-number regions.
		X-ray Raman effect is used to study the molecular structure, viscosity and polymer lattice structure of chemical substances.
	www.flonnet.com /fl2205/stories/20050311000908600.htm (2343 words)

	VP News Dream 2047 Feb 2002 Issue (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Krishnan assisted Raman in these investigations and found that the phenomenon could be observed in several organic vapours, and even succeeded in visually determining the state of polarization of the modified radiations from them.
		That the effect is a true scattering, and secondly by its polarization, which is in many cases quite strong and comparable with the polarisation of the ordinary scattering.
		In the Raman effect it is frequency shifts in the scattered spectrum that are determined by the nature of the scatterer rather than the frequencies themselves.
	www.vigyanprasar.com /dream/feb2002/article2.htm (4541 words)

	The Raman effect : Tyagaraja’s songs rap to a new beat
		Raman is an Aussie Tamil from Chennai, born and now living in London, who is becoming famous for the unthinkable- singing 300-year-old Telugu and Sanskrit songs to a rap beat and rather good reviews.
		Raman 27, was always a likely candidate for a career as a half-and-half, neither Australian nor British nor solely Indian or Tamil.
		Even so, Raman's 'Salt Rain', with its half-and-half eponymous song, sung partly in Tamil and English, is credited with doing something far more important than merely enthusing apart of the Western world in its search for new kicks.
	www.chembur.com /carnatic/page26.html (505 words)

	\| International School of Photonics \| ISP Archives \| ISP Article Collection \|
		Raman Effect is a phenomenon which is known after a person which influences maximum number of diverse fields like physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, archeology, geology, agriculture, forensic science, communication engineering, computing, laser technology etc.In fact there doesn't exist not much areas which are not influenced by Raman Effect.
		Raman was arranging conducted tour for students to the infinite landscape of Physics.
		Raman effect is an important tool to study the geometrical symmetry of crystals and molecules.
	www.photonics.cusat.edu /Article5.html (3113 words)

	Sir CV Raman: The man and his effect by Biplab Pal
		Raman and Krishnan saw this phenomenon as well, but due to the lack of knowledge of quantum scattering, they turn their suspicion on impurity of the incident blue beam.
		Raman examined the plate containing the spectrum and exclaimed with joy, "There it is, you see!" He immediately got a projector and made the weak spectral lines clearly visible on the white screen.
		Raman drew Nagendranath aside and explained his new problem; he was trying to find a theory of earthquakes taking into account the actual shape of the earth and the wave-like nature of the quakes.
	www.mukto-mona.com /Articles/biplab_pal/cv_raman.htm (9938 words)

	JCE Online: Biographical Snapshots: Snapshot
		Chandrasekhara Venkata (C. V.) Raman won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him." Raman was the first Asian to win a Nobel Prize.
		Raman was born on November 7, 1888 near Trichinopoly, India.
		In 1917 Raman accepted the Palit Chair in Physics at Calcutta University--even though it meant a drastic cut in salary, he was able to pursue his research interests full-time.
	jchemed.chem.wisc.edu /JCEWWW/Features/eChemists/Bios/Raman.html (548 words)

	The Raman effect
		Raman had meanwhile returned, holding the scroll, and stood beside a flboard on which was scribbled in chalk the diagram of a galaxy and other mathematical calculations.
		Raman had the knack of explaining the most abstruse scientific phenomena in a language that ordinary people could understand.
		After receiving the Nobel Prize, Raman is reported to have visited his native village where his aunt asked him: "What is all this commotion about the big prize you have received?" He explained to her, in his characteristic lucid style, his discovery.
	www.frontlineonnet.com /fl1910/19100660.htm (2641 words)

	Wiley::The Raman Effect: A Unified Treatment of the Theory of Raman Scattering by Molecules
		The Raman Effect: A Unified Treatment of the Theory of Raman Scattering by Molecules
		The author was formerly Professor of Structural Chemistry and Director of the Molecular Spectroscopy unit in the University of Bradford.
		He is distinguished for his original scientific work in a number of areas of Raman spectroscopy.
	www.wiley.com /WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471490288.html (313 words)

	SPACE.com -- Life's Chemical Fingerprints -- Astrobiology Tech
		A prototype of the Mars Microbeam Raman Spectrometer.
		Scientists believe Raman spectroscopy is more likely to find minerals indicating conditions conducive to life than it is to find unambiguous evidence of life itself, past or present.
		A planetary Raman spectrometer would press a probe against a sample, or perhaps plunge a fiber optic cable into the soil, then fire the laser repeatedly as the probe scanned the sample.
	www.space.com /searchforlife/raman_010425.html (1486 words)

	Raman Microscopy (F. Agulló-Rueda, ICMM-CSIC)
		In Raman microscopy the sample is illuminated with monochromatic light (a laser) and the light scattered by the material is analyzed by a conventional optical microscope coupled to a Raman spectrometer or a very sophisticated filter.
		Raman spectroscopy became a useful technique with the introduction of lasers as a convenient monochromatic light source.
		A short biography of C. Raman, discoverer of the Raman effect.
	www.icmm.csic.es /Fagullo/ramicr_e.htm (338 words)

	[No title]
		The Raman effect can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude by exciting into or near to an absorption band.
		“Effects of HU binding on the equilibrium cyclization of mismatched, curved and normal DNA”.
		"UV Resonance Raman and Circular Dichroism Studies of a DNA Duplex Containing An A3T3 Tract: Evidence for a Premelting Transition and 3-Centered H-bonds," I. Mukerji and A. Williams Biochemistry (2002) Vol.
	www.wesleyan.edu /mbb/faculty/imukerji (1074 words)

	Raman Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Raman spent a long time in the study of the scattered light..
		The spectral lines in the scattered light were known as 'Raman Lines'.
		The Raman Effect confirmed that light was made up of particles known as 'photons'.
	www.freeindia.org /biographies/greatscientists/drcvraman/page12.htm (311 words)

	Silicon Laser Is Realized - December, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Raman effect has been exploited in fiber lasers for many years, but several kilometers of fiber are required to make a useful device because glass fiber has an amorphous structure with a random atomic arrangement, weakening the Raman effect.
		Crystalline silicon, however, has a well-ordered atomic arrangement, so the Raman effect is up to a million times stronger in a confined silicon waveguide, making it ideal for creating a laser only millimeters in size.
		The Raman effect, Homewood explained, is a purely optical-to-optical transition.
	www.photonics.com /spectra/tech/XQ/ASP/techid.1674/QX/read.htm (715 words)

	PCWorld.com - Intel Engineers Use Light Waves to Carry Data
		This effect is amplified as the technician allows a second light source to reflect back and forth across the chamber, producing a stronger data beam at the other end of the fiber.
		The Raman effect is extremely pronounced in silicon, though it isn't in fiber materials, Paniccia said.
		Intel has been working with the Raman effect and silicon photonics for over a year, but it has now figured out how to bypass a key roadblock that was sapping the strength of the laser beam.
	www.pcworld.com /news/article/0,aid,119707,00.asp (710 words)

	Raman effect
		Raman spectroscopy in coatings research and analysis: Part II.
		Depth profiling with confocal Raman microscopy, Part II: Part II of this two-part series continues the discussion on the interpretation of confocal Raman data, including how depth resolution is degraded when focusing deep within a sample and how intensity variations can occur when focusing near a sample's surface.(Cover Story) (Spectroscopy)
		Depth profiling with confocal Raman microscopy, Part I: Raman microscopy is one of the techniques of choice for investigating heterogeneous systems on the micrometer scale.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/sci/A0841050.html (339 words)

	World-Wide Interest in Raman Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		During the first twelve years after its discovery, about 1800 research papers were published on various aspects of it and about 2500 chemical compounds were studied.Raman Effect was highly praised as one of the greatest discoveries of the third decade of this century.
		After the 'lasers' (devices that produce intense beams of light, their name coming from the initial letters of 'Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) came into use in the 1960's, it became easier to get monochromatic light of very high intensity for experiments.
		This brought back scientific interest in Raman Effect, and the interest remains alive to this day.
	www.freeindia.org /biographies/greatscientists/drcvraman/page13.htm (122 words)

	The Raman Effect: A Large-Scale Lecture Demonstration
		This article describes a lecture demonstration of the Raman effect.
		It presents a method for using a simple arrangement of optical components to project Raman lines from liquid samples.
		The Raman lines are visible as different colors of light projected on a screen several meters away.
	chemeducator.org /bibs/0006003/630164gw.htm (90 words)

	96% Discount on Raman Effect - New & Used Books
		96% Discount on Raman Effect - New & Used Books
		All Categories > Science > Optics > Raman Effect
		Raman Amplifiers for Telecommunications 2: Sub-Systems and Systems
	www.fetchbook.info /fwd_topics/id_1572942.html (321 words)

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