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Topic: Ramon Castilla

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	[No title]
		Castilla, whom many called “The Nelson of the Pacific”, knew that Peru’s strategic situation in the center of South America, facing the Pacific Ocean, with almost two thousand miles of coastline to protect, made it necessary to have a well organized naval force.
		But not for Castilla, who once elected President, decided to create a fleet powerful enough for the country to be respected by the great powers and their sometimes, abusive military officers.
		Under Castilla, Peru maintained naval supremacy in the South Pacific, a status that was reinforced between 1864 and 1865 with the purchase of the corvettes Union and America and the powerful ironclads Huascar and Independence.
	members.lycos.co.uk /Juan39/First_Years.html (1679 words)

	Rulers of Spain, 718-1153
		The chiefs of Bardulia became the counts of Castilla, and finally the counts of Castilla were the rivals of the kings of Leon.
		Young Ramon was the chief prince of Catalonia and he ruled Aragon in right of his wife; thus Catalonia and Aragon were joined.
		While he was there, he married Teresa of Castilla, an illegitemate daughter of King Alfonso VI of Castilla and Leon, the king of the Cid.
	www.three-peaks.net /spain.htm (2863 words)

	Ramon Castilla Biography / Biography of Ramon Castilla Main Biography
		For the next 20 years Castilla moved in and out of the army, occasionally holding civilian administrative positions but more frequently commanding units supporting one or another of the military chieftains dominating Peru.
		As president, Castilla acted with great energy, but, at the same time, his programs were characterized by moderation and prudence, usually striking a balance between liberalism and conservatism.
		Castilla retired from office in 1862 but kept an active interest in national affairs.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-ramon-castilla (617 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Castilla, Ramón (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		CASTILLA, RAMÓN [Castilla, Ramón], 1797-1867, president of Peru (1845-51, 1855-62).
		He fought under Antonio José de Sucre in the revolution against Spain (1821-24) in Peru and took part in the civil wars that followed.
		He developed the guano, saltpeter, and nitrate industries, helped to reorganize finances, abolished slavery in Peru, and promulgated (1860) a new constitution that became the basis of future Peruvian government.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/C/Castilla.asp (101 words)

	the republic of Peru
		Ramon Castilla was the first president to bring any real strength to his office.
		In 1856, a new moderate constitution was approved and Castilla began his second term of office in an atmosphere of growth and hope - there were rail lines to be built and the Amazon waterways to be opened up.
		Castilla abolished Indian tribute and managed to emancipate slaves without social-economic disruption by buying them from their "owners"; guano income proved useful for this compensation.
	www.peru-explorer.com /the_republic.htm (784 words)

	History Channel Search Results
		In 1841 Castilla was one of the leaders of the Peruvian force that invaded Bolivia, and in 1845 he was elected president of Peru.
		When his successor, José Rufino Echenique (1808–79), became unpopular, Castilla started a revolution, overcame Echenique, and became, in 1855, sole ruler of the country.
		One of his most important reforms was the abolition of slavery; another was the abolition of tribute paid by the Indians to the great landed proprietors.
	www.historychannel.com /thcsearch/thc_resourcedetail.do?encyc_id=204900 (232 words)

	Copa Ramón Castilla (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Copa Ramón Castilla 1972/73 25 Oct Lima Peru 0-2 Argentina 27 Jul Buenos Aires Argentina 3-1 Peru Final Table: 1.Argentina 2 2 0 0 5- 1 4 2.Peru 2 0 0 2 1- 5 0
		Copa Ramón Castilla 1976 28 Oct Lima Peru 1-3 Argentina 10 Nov Buenos Aires Argentina 1-0 Peru Final Table: 1.Argentina 2 2 0 0 4- 1 4 2.Peru 2 0 0 2 1- 4 0
		Copa Ramón Castilla 1978 19 Mar Buenos Aires Argentina 2-1 Peru 23 Mar Lima Peru 1-3 Argentina Final Table: 1.Argentina 2 2 0 0 5- 2 4 2.Peru 2 0 0 2 2- 5 0
	www.rsssf.com /tablesr/rcastilla.html (184 words)

	AllRefer.com - RamOn Castilla (Peru History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - RamOn Castilla (Peru History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		RamOn Castilla[rAmOn´ kAstE´yA] Pronunciation Key, 1797–1867, president of Peru (1845–51, 1855–62).
		He fought under Antonio JosE de Sucre in the revolution against Spain (1821–24) in Peru and took part in the civil wars that followed.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/Castilla.html (202 words)

	American League Baseball - Devil Rays vs. Angels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		With two out and none on, Vinny Castilla doubled to deep center and catcher John Flaherty, who went 3-for-3 with a pair of walks, followed with a run-scoring single that opened the scoring.
		After issuing a leadoff walk to Castilla in the sixth, Ortiz was pulled for Al Levine.
		Castilla was caught stealing before Flaherty walked, Tony Graffanino reached on an infield single and Stocker walked to load the bases.
	www.usatoday.com /sports/scores100/100118/100118303.htm (1616 words)

	The Eureka Reporter... Real News by Real People (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This is one of the photos Zane Middle School students received with a thank-you note from Ramón Castilla School of Peru.
		In April, gifts were delivered to Ramón Castilla School, a poor rural school, located on the Río Manatí near Iquitos, Peru.
		Zane’s contribution resulted in a complete set of school supplies for the 43 students, supplies for the teachers, classroom and school library, as well as soccer and volleyball balls.
	www.eurekareporter.com /Stories/yt-06010401.htm (123 words)

	History of Peru
		In the meantime Santa Cruz had become president of Bolivia, and in 1836 he invaded Peru, establishing a confederation of the two countries that lasted three years.
		Fortunately, he proved to be an able ruler, who during his two terms in office (1845 to 1851 and 1855 to 1862) initiated many important reforms, including the abolition of slavery, the construction of railroads and telegraph facilities, and the adoption in 1860 of a liberal constitution.
		Castilla also began exploitation of the country’s rich guano and nitrate deposits, which were highly valued as an ingredient in fertilizer.
	www.peru-explorer.com /history.htm (1643 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In 1824 Venezuelan revolutionary hero Simón Bolívar routed the Spanish in two battles to confirm the end of Spanish rule.
		The following years saw chaotic power struggles among Bolivar's followers until the ascendency of Ramón Castilla, who seized the presidency in 1845.
		Castilla initiated many important reforms, including the abolition of slavery, the construction of railroads and telegraph facilities, and the adoption of a constitution.
	www.siue.edu /~jbueno/COURSES/FL111C/AIDS/Topical_Index/peruhis.htm (487 words)

	Peru Postindependence: Military Defeat and Nation-Building - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, ...
		The most successful of Peru's early military presidents, General Marshal Ramón Castilla (1845-51, 1854-62), brought some degree of stability and order and a more disciplined military force.
		Castilla's force was successful in a brief border conflict with Ecuador and a naval blockade of that country in 1859, as well as in a more serious attempt by Spain to reassert its influence in Peru, Ecuador, and Chile in the mid-1860s.
		Spain had not yet recognized Peru's independence, and its naval forces blockaded Peruvian ports and occupied the economically vital Chincha Islands off the Peruvian coast in April 1864.
	www.photius.com /countries/peru/national_security/peru_national_security_postindependence_mi~10295.html (646 words)

	CNNSI.com - MLB Baseball - MLB Scoreboard: Game Log: Tampa Bay at Anaheim - Friday April 28, 2000 01:31 AM
		Flaherty singled to shallow right, Castilla scored, Flaherty out stretching at second.
		Flaherty reached on infield single, Castilla to second.
		Castilla to third, Flaherty to second on K Mercker wild pitch.
	sportsillustrated.cnn.com /baseball/mlb/al/gamelog/2000/04/27/angels_devil.rays (659 words)

	Peru - GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEM
		When Marshal Ramón Castilla (1845-51, 1855-62) emerged as dictator in 1845, a period of relative peace and prosperity began.
		The 1856 constitution, promulgated during Castilla's rule, was more liberal and democratic than any of its predecessors.
		It provided for the first time for direct popular election of the president and Congress.
	countrystudies.us /peru/71.htm (1134 words)

	staugustine.com: Story Archives
		They are: Octavio Mendez Pereira of Panama, Jose Marti of Cuba, Dr. Jose Maria Vargas of Venezuela, Jose Trinidad Reyes of Honduras and Grand Marshal Ramon Castilla of Peru.
		They were social reformers, philanthropists and, in the case of Maria Vargas who lived from 1786 to 1876, presidents of nations.
		And Castilla, who lived from 1797 to 1867, is credited with freeing the slaves and, as a result, is called the Liberator of Peru.
	www.staugustine.com /compass/educators.shtml (441 words)

	CORNER
		Castilla's philosophy and actions are noted because several presidents of the nineteenth century seemed interested primarily in power for personal gain.
		Ramón died young and now the narrator has only memories, just as Peru's first century as an independent nation is a memory as it enters the international world economy.
		The name "Ramón" coincides perfectly with the nineteenth-century president Ramón Castilla, and thus, represents the lost innocence of a previous era.
	www.cornermag.org /corner01/page13.htm (5901 words)

	LATIN AMERICAN MSS.--PERU
		Jose Eusebio de Llano y Zapata, author of Memorias historico-physicas, critico-apologeticas, de la America Meridional, mentions in a letter to Pedro Jose Bravo de Lagunas y Castilla his progress in writing this work and his ideas for two schools for Lima, one dedicated specifically to the study of mineralogy.
		The conflict between Peru and Spain over the Chincha Islands is represented by correspondence between Juan Dartnell, Ramon Valle Riestra, Cipriano Coronel Zegarra, Jose Antonio Barrenechea, Pedro Jose Calderon and the Spanish admiral Luis Hernandez Pinzon y Alvarez.
		One particularly interesting document is a nine- page confidential letter signed by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento and Manuel Montt, members of the Congreso Americano in Lima, and sent to the president of Peru, regarding the hostilities.
	www.indiana.edu /~liblilly/lilly/mss/html/latinamper.html (1819 words)

	Historia De Peru
		Several decades of military leadership followed the liberation of Peru from Spain only to find that they were still in the same situation just under a different leader.
		The country Prospered under the leadership of Ramon Castilla.
		He greatly improved the country and brought peace to his countrymen during his two terms in office.
	www.students.dsu.edu /dyllac/historia.htm (403 words)

	Baxter's EduNET - Time Machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The country developed to become the foremost economic power of South America.
		In Peru, following a civil war between 1842-5, Marshal Ramon Castilla becomes dictator.
		Peru and Bolivia are defeated by Chile in the 1879-83 "Nitrate War", fought over valuable mineral deposits.
	www.edunetconnect.com /cat/timemachine/125sa.html (189 words)

	ESPNsoccernet - Europe - Real to discuss coach future of coach Luxemburgo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Spanish media had earlier reported that the club were considering looking for a replacement after Real's lacklustre 1-0 win over Getafe in the Bernabeu that ended with the team being jeered off the Bernabeu pitch.
		The coach of reserve team Real Madrid Castilla, Juan Ramon Lopez Caro, was being put forward as a possible stop-gap appointment until the end of the season when a more recognised figure could be lured to Madrid.
		Luxemburgo was appointed in December 2004 to replace Mariano Garcia Remon and is the fifth coach to have run the team in two and a half years.
	soccernet.espn.go.com /news/story?id=351126&cc=5901 (497 words)

	Castile - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Castile (Spanish Castilla), former kingdom in northern Spain.
		Castilla, Ramón (1797-1867), Peruvian general, statesman, and president of Peru (1845-1851, and 1855-1862).
		See all search results in Encarta Articles (83)
	au.encarta.msn.com /Castile.html (79 words)

	CRONOLOGIA
		Ramiro II, king of Aragón, and Ramon Berenguer IV, count of Barcelona.
		Treaty of Tudillén between Alfonso VII de Castilla and Ramon Berenguer IV, by whom the future lines of territorial expansion pay attention
		Treaty of Cazorla between Alfonso VIII de Castilla and
	perso.wanadoo.es /antonio.jaraba/i-crono.htm (200 words)

	EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
		The Colombian zone includes the departments of Putumayo and Amazonas and runs from Leticia, past the Putumayo River, and up to the Caquetá River on the North.
		The Peruvian zone comprises northern Loreto Province and parts of the provinces of Maynas and Ramon Castilla and involves mainly towns on the banks of the Putumayo, Napo, Yaraví, and Amazon.
		The estimated population in 1995 was 143,493, with an average density of 0.87 per km².
	www.oas.org /USDE/publications/Unit/oea82s/ch03.htm (2674 words)

	Plano topografico, Ciudad de Yquique. / Escudero, Ramon; Paz Soldan, Mariano Felipe, 1821-1886 / 1865
		All historical cartographic items are from the David Rumsey Historical Map Collection, http://www.davidrumsey.com/, a large collection of online historical maps.
		Pub Title: Atlas geografico del Peru, publicado a expensas del Gobierno Peruano, siendo Presidente el Libertador Gran Mariscal Ramon Castilla, por Mariano Felipe Paz Soldan...
		If you have comments, suggestions, or need help, contact The David Rumsey Collection at.
	www.davidrumsey.com /maps2746.html (491 words)

	The World Factbook 2004 -- Honduras
		Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges are elected for seven-year terms by the National Congress)
		Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Juan Ramon VALAZQUEZ Nazzar]; Democratic Unification Party or PUD [Cesar David Adolfo HAM Pena]; Liberal Party or PL [Roberto MICHELETTI Bain]; National Innovation and Unity Party-Social Democratic Party or PINU-SD [Olban F. VALLADARES]; National Party of Honduras or PN [Jose Celin DISCUA Elvir]
		La Ceiba, Puerto Castilla, Puerto Cortes, San Lorenzo, Tela, Puerto Lempira
	www.brainyatlas.com /geos/ho.html (942 words)

	SAmerica
		1857: Ramon Castilla continues to serve as President.
		03/07: Arequipa captiulates but Vivanco escapes in disguise and the revolt is suppressed by Castilla.
		1860: Ramon Castilla is serving as President and begins doing serious trading in guano.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Oracle/9853/History_SAmer.html (6998 words)

	ESPN.com Tampa Bay/Anaheim game log
		Da Martinez doubled to right, Ger Williams scored.
		B Molina into fielder's choice to center, Spiezio out at second.
		G Vaughn singled to left, Stocker scored, Da Martinez to second.
	espn.go.com /mlb/2000/20000427/game_log/tamana.html (279 words)

	ESPN.com: MLB - June 2001 Archives
		From 2000, the successes include Ramon Ortiz and Tony Armas, plus two-timers Ankiel, Penny, and Burnett.
		Wilson Alvarez $9 million 0 IP in 2001 Vinny Castilla $7.2 million released Juan Guzman $5.6 million 0 IP in 2001 Albie Lopez $3 million 3-10, 5.65 ERA Gerald Williams $2.9 million released
		So Castilla and Williams are gone, and Vaughn will likely be traded in the next five weeks.
	espn.go.com /mlb/s/2001/0605/1209777.html (17093 words)

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