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Topic: Random access machine

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Von Neumann machine

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Random Access Memory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Random access memory (sometimes random-access memory), commonly known by its acronym RAM, is a type of computer storage (in practice only computer chips) whose contents can be accessed in any (i.e., random) order.
		RAM is typically used for primary storage (main memory) in computers to hold actively used and actively changing information, although some devices use certain types of RAM to provide long-term secondary storage.
		One defining characteristic of RAM is that its accesses to different memory locations are almost always completed at about the same speed, in contrast to some other technologies that required a certain delay time for a bit or byte to “come around”.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Random_Access_Memory (904 words)

	Random access machine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In computer science, random access machine (RAM) is an abstract machine which has an unlimited number of registers (in contrast with a register machine, which has a finite number of registers) of unlimited size which can be accessed randomly, also called idealized registers.
		Then, there is a program which is run step-by-step and consists of a limited number of instructions out of a simple instruction set (similar to assembly language).
		The input of the machine consists of zero or more natural numbers (normal case) and the output is one natural number, or nothing if it does not terminate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Random_access_machine (218 words)

	RAM (Linux Reviews)
		Generally, RAM in a computer is considered main memory (or primary storage): the working area used for displaying and manipulating data.
		Many types of RAM are volatile, which means that unlike some other forms of computer storage such as disk storage and tape storage, they lose all data when the computer is powered down.
		Shadow RAM is RAM whose contents are copied from read-only memory (ROM) to allow shorter access times [1], as ROM is in general slower than RAM.
	linuxreviews.org /dictionary/RAM (1133 words)

	Parallel Random Access Machine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		PRAM stands for Parallel Random Access Machine, which is an abstract machine for designing the algorithms applicable to parallel computers.
		The operation of a synchronous PRAM can result in simultaneous access by multiple processors to the same location in shared memory.
		There are several variants of our PRAM model, depending on whether such simultaneous access is permitted or prohibited.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parallel_Random_Access_Machine (241 words)

	Ram (disambiguation) - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Alternatively, Ram is a generic term for God.
		Sikhism states that one of the names of God is Ram.
		Louis Rams of the National Football League and the teams representing Colorado State University.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Ram (376 words)

	Random access - CompWisdom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		RAM (random access memory) is the place in a computer where the operating system, application programs, and data in current use are kept so that they can be quickly reached by the computer's processor.
		Random access means the PC processor can access any part of the Memory or data storage space directly rather than having to proceed sequentially from some starting place.
		RAM is called "random access" because earlier read-write memories were sequential and did not allow random access.
	www.compwisdom.com /topics/Random-access (3477 words)

	RandomAccess Rules
		Random memory performance often maps directly to application performance and application development time.
		A small percentage of random memory accesses (cache misses) in an application can significantly affect the overall performance of that application.
		As random memory access becomes increasingly more expensive relative to processor operations, the need arises for a benchmark that discriminates on the basis of random memory access performance.
	icl.cs.utk.edu /projectsfiles/hpcc/RandomAccess (1081 words)

	RAM model
		The time taken to access the memory is constant (perhaps 0) over all addresses, each address stores the same amount of information and each decode and execute takes constant time.
		The acronym RAM is used for both random access memory and random access machine, the usage should be inferred from the context.
		The RAM model can be used as a measure for the complexity of a sequential algorithms.
	www.cs.mu.oz.au /677/notes/node4.html (417 words)

	Class notes CS251B -- Winter 1997
		The basis for the Turing machine is a tape that extends infinitely in both directions.
		The pointer-based machine is based on a number of cells, or nodes, that have the capacity to grow without limit.
		When the machine reaches its terminal state, the question mark is replaced by the appropriate relational operator, i.e.
	www.cs.mcgill.ca /~cs251/OldCourses/1997/topic2 (1533 words)

	Dynamic random access memory - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		DRAM is a type of random access memory that stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor.
		During a memory-read operation, the first component accessed the data from the memory array to the output stage (second latch).
		The clock is used to drive an internal finite state machine that can pipeline incoming commands.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/d/r/a/DRAM_ebae.html (2381 words)

	The Turing Machine
		The Turing Machine concept was first introduced in Turing’s 1937 paper as a rigorous means of defining the concept of a 'definite method' or algorithm.
		The output of the function is the new state of the Turing Machine, the symbol that will be written to the square where the head is currently located and the new position of the head.
		What the machine does to a square and which way it moves afterwards depends on the state of the machine at that instant.
	www.mohomed.com /iqbal/writing.html (3114 words)

	CmSc 365 Theory of Computation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The tape in Turing machines is sequential, while real computers have random access memory.
		Any language decided or semidecided by a random access Turing machine, and any function computable by a random access Turing machine, can be decided, semidecided, or computed respectively by a standard Turing machine.
		If the machines halt on an input, the number of steps taken by the standard Turing machine is bounded by a polynomial in the number of steps of the random access Turing machine on the same input.
	storm.simpson.edu /~sinapova/cmsc365a/L27-Turing.htm (805 words)

	PRAM - Parallel Random-Access Machine, Parameter Random Access Memory
		A special part of RAM on the Macintosh computer, where some system parameters are stored.
		This RAM is battery backed, to save the information even when the machine is turned off.
		(Parameter Random Access Memory) This type of memory is found in Macintosh computers, and powered by a battery.
	www.auditmypc.com /acronym/PRAM.asp (318 words)

	Random Access XML Programming Assisted with XML Hardware (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Random access to XML is described by the W3C's XML Binary Characterization Working Group as one of the properties of high-performance XML.
		Random Access XML programming is more than a specific API or tool for processing XML - like DOM and SAX it involves a model for XML data representation and a way of thinking about the problem of processing XML.
		Also, it is possible to mix sequential access and random access, using random access for efficient access into critical subdocuments.
	www.tarari.com /PDF/RandomAccessXML (3268 words)

	1.2 A Parallel Machine Model
		This machine model must be both simple and realistic: simple to facilitate understanding and programming, and realistic to ensure that programs developed for the model execute with reasonable efficiency on real computers.
		In multiprocessors, all processors share access to a common memory, typically via a bus or a hierarchy of buses.
		Access to this cache is much faster than access to the shared memory; hence, locality is usually important, and the differences between multicomputers and multiprocessors are really just questions of degree.
	www-unix.mcs.anl.gov /dbpp/text/node8.html (1033 words)

	Machines with Memory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In this chapter we examine the deterministic and nondeterministic finite-state machine (FSM), the random-access machine (RAM), and the Turing machine.
		The RAM has a central processing unit (CPU) and a random-access memory with the property that each memory word can be accessed in one unit of time.
		The Turing machine has a control unit that is a finite-state machine and a tape unit with a head that moves from one tape cell to a neighboring one in each unit of time.
	www.cs.brown.edu /people/jes/book/BOOK/node9.html (379 words)

	PRAM models
		Random Access Machine is a favorite model of a sequential computer.
		Parallel Random Access Machine is a straightforward and natural generalization of RAM.
		For example, a distributed memory machine with processors interconnected by a shared bus can be modeled as a PRAM with one shared memory cell.
	www.cs.wisc.edu /~tvrdik/2/html/Section2.html (1730 words)

	Compare Prices and Read Reviews on AT&T 1725 Answering Machine at Epinions.com
		It had to have random access (for example, the ability to erase message 2, and still have message 1 and 3 saved).
		Whereas other digital answering machines make you sound like a cyber-robot, this one is just on the bleeding edge of "normal sounding"; although if you listen closely you can hear the digital distortion.
		The machine is reasonably intuitive to use and my wife was up and retrieving messages from it without any help from me. With a little more technical mode thought, doing things like setting the clock and such are also achievable without cracking the user's guide.
	www.epinions.com /content_45069012612 (789 words)

	[No title]
		The most important weakness of the Turing machine in comparison real computers is that its memory is not accessible immediately: in order to read a distant memory cell, all intermediate cells must also be read.
		But we will see that the Turing machine and the RAM are equivalent from many points of view; what is most important, the same functions are computable on Turing machines and on the RAM.
		Unfortunately, these nice properties of the RAM machine come at a cost: in order to be able to read a memory register immediately, we must address it; the address must be stored in another register.
	artemis.cs.yale.edu /classes/cs460/Spring98/chap1/machine.html (1288 words)

	Survey Parallel Models (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In the realm of sequential computing the random access machine has successufully provided an underlying model of computation that promoted consistency and coordination among algorithm developers, computer architects and language experts.
		The need for such a unifying parallel model or set of models is heightened by the greater demand for performance and the greater diversity among machines.
		This paper is an excerpt from a study which presents broad range of models of parallel computation and the different roles they serve in algorithm, language and machine design.
	www.scs.carleton.ca /~bsp/literatur/M/M_survey.html (236 words)

	[No title]
		Outline of proof that polynomial-time RAM decidability is the same as P. Simple example of diagonalization: the real numbers are not countable.
		How to combine RP and coRP machines for the same language into a single machine that never gives an incorrect answer and almost always halts quickly.
		Probability that the sum of 6n+1 independent random variables is below 3n, if each variable is 0 with probability q, 1 with probability 1-q, for q at most 1/4.
	cr.yp.to /1999-541/inclass.html (1459 words)

	Deriving Complexity
		Work complexity: this represents the total work done by the computation, that is to say, the amount of time that the computation would take if executed on a serial random access machine.
		The size of an object is defined recursively: the size of a scalar value is 1, and the size of a sequence is the sum of the sizes of its elements plus 1.
		The work and depth complexities are based on the vector random access machine (VRAM) model [13], a strictly data-parallel abstraction of the parallel random access machine (PRAM) model [19].
	www.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs/project/pscico/doc/nesl/manual/node7.html (700 words)

	parallel from FOLDOC
		Memory may be either shared memory (all processors have equal access to all memory) or private (each processor has its own memory - "distributed memory") or a combination of both.
		Each processor is a random access machine (RAM) consisting of R registers, a program counter, and a read-only signature register.
		A software system designed to allow a network of heterogeneous machines to be used as a single distributed parallel processor.
	www.instantweb.com /D/dictionary/foldoc.cgi?query=parallel (1230 words)

	VisAD: Class RandomAccessFile
		Creates a random access file stream to read from, and optionally to write to, a file with the specified name.
		The test file is 4.5 times the size of the buffer, in order to test paging between buffers, and using files that end in the middle of a buffer.
		A constant seed value is used for the random number generator, to ensure any bugs are reproduceable.
	www.ssec.wisc.edu /~dglo/visad/ucar/netcdf/RandomAccessFile.html (3217 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This ideal machine will then be used to measure the theoretical behavior of the algorithms we will be looking at.
		In a rigorous formal study of computation we would use the formal definition of a Turing machine, but the machine we have described here is essentially the same as a Turing machine and is much easier to work with.
		For example, what is the size of the random access memory, what is the size of the hard drive, how fast is the processor, what language/compiler will we be using, how many users are on the system at one time,....
	www.ececs.uc.edu /~cpurdy/lec3.html (461 words)

	RandomAccessMachine - PineWiki
		For CS365, our standard computational model will be the Random Access Machine or RAM.
		We think of the RAM as being programmed in an abstract version of assembly language.
		A RAM can simulate a TuringMachine and vice versa, but a TuringMachine simulating a RAM in the most natural way may be slowed down by a factor of as much as O(n log n), where n is the size of the RAM's memory.
	pine.cs.yale.edu /pinewiki/RandomAccessMachine (245 words)

	PRAM
		The parallel random access machine or PRAM model of parallel computation is an idealization of a parallel architecture, proposed by Fortune and Wyllie in 1978.
		Its power draws from the fact that the model ignores algorithmic complexity of machine connectivity and communication contention, data locality, synchronization, and reliability.
		A processor is picked at random among the conflicting processors to write to the memory.
	www.cs.mu.oz.au /677/notes/node12.html (231 words)

	Descriptive Complexity
		Some of the results arising from this approach include characterizing polynomial time as the set of properties expressible in first-order logic plus a least fixed-point operator, and showing that parallel time on a Parallel Random Access Machine is linearly related to first-order inductive depth.
		This means that the boolean queries computable in parallel-time t(n) are exactly those expressible by formulas consisting of a fixed quantifier block, iterated t(n) times, and this is the same as the set of boolean queries expressible via first-order inductive definitions that close in t(n) steps.
		CRAM[t(n)] means parallel time t(n) on a concurrent read and concurrent write paralllel random access machine that has at most a polynomial amount of memory and processors.
	www.cs.umass.edu /~immerman/descriptive_complexity.html (991 words)

	Best of RAH Editorial - The Virtual Word
		This editorial first appeared in the January 1994 issue of Random Access Humor.
		The components of this ancient virtual reality machine are the written word and the human imagination.
		Dave Bealer is a forty-something mainframe systems programmer who works with CICS, MVS and all manner of nasty acronyms at one of the largest heavy metal shops on the East Coast.
	www.randomaccesshumor.com /bestrah/virtword.php (571 words)

	7. Random Access Machines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A random access machine is an idealized computer with a random access memory consisting of a finite number of idealized registers (i.e., they can hold any sized number)
		The set of machine instructions are as follows:
		Proposition 7.1 Every function computed by a LOOP program is also computed by a RAM program.
	www.cs.pitt.edu /~daley/cs2110/notes/cs2110w_node27.html (140 words)

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