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	Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ranuccio Farnese ( March 28, 1569 â” March 5, 1622) or Ranuccio I, was the fourth Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1592 until his death.
		Numerous improvements and monuments in Parma were constructed under Ranuccio I at his behest, including a revitalization of the University of Parma and the final expansion of the city walls.
		Ranuccio I is also remembered for his cruelty, one infamous example being the public execution of over 100 Parma residents suspected of conspiring against him.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ranuccio_I_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma (338 words)

	Pietro FARNESE - FASTRADA
		Ancestors of Ranuccio I FARNESE, Duke of Parma
		/- Piero Luigi FARNESE, Duke of Parma & Piacenza /- Ottavio Farnese of CAMERINO, Duke of Parma
		\- Isabella of PORTUGAL Ranuccio I FARNESE, Duke of Parma
	freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com /~dphaner/HTML/people/p00000c5.htm (877 words)

	List of Dukes of Parma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Duke of Parma was also Duke of Piacenza, except for the first years of the rule of Ottavio Farnese ( 1549 - 1556), and the time of the Napoleonic Dukes of Parma and Piacenza, when the two were established as separate positions held by two individuals.
		The Duke of Parma also usually held the title of Duke of Guastalla from 1735 (when Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor took it from Mantua) to 1847 (when the territory was ceded to Modena), again, except for the Napoleonic dukes, when there was no Duke of Guastalla.
		Therefore, the Duke of Parma is a legitimate (though not prime) claimant to the Kingdom of Spain ; indeed, the current Duke of Parma, Carlos-Hugo, was a pretender to the Spanish throne in the 1970s (see Carlism).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Duke_of_Parma (251 words)

	Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ranuccio Farnese ( September 17, 1630 â” December 11, 1694), or Ranuccio II, was the sixth Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1646 until his death nearly 50 years later.
		He was the eldest son of Odoardo Farnese, fifth Duke of Parma, and Margherita de Medici.
		Ranuccio II witnessed the continued decline of the duchy during his rule (a decline which had started during the rule of his father), losing the Castro territories in a series of events initiated by his father and known as the Wars of Castro.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ranuccio_II_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma (195 words)

	AlexanderFarnese
		Alessandro Farnese, duke of Parma and Piacenza (1545 - 1592) was the son of Duke Ottavio Farnese, duke of Parma and Margaret, the illegitimate daughter of the Habsburg Emperor Charles V. Thus Alessandro was the cousin of Philip II of Spain and of Don John of Austria.
		In the autumn of 1577 Farnese was sent to join Don John at the head of reinforcements, and it was mainly his prompt decision at a critical moment that won the Battle of Gemblours in 1578.
		Farnese was to have turned his attention back to the northern Netherlands, where the Dutch had regrouped, but on December 23, 1589, the French king Henry III was assassinated, and Farnese was ordered into France.
	www.geocities.com /henry8jane5/AlexanderFarnese.html (903 words)

	FARNBOROUGH - LoveToKnow Article on FARNBOROUGH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		But the duke came to an arrangement with his father-in-law, by which he regained Piacenza and his other fiefs The rest of his life was spent quietly at home, where the moderation and wisdom of his rule won for him the affection of his people.
		Ranuccio was a reserved and gloomy bigot; he instituted savage persecutions against supposed witches and heretics, and lived in perpetual terror of plots.
		The Palazzo Farnese in Rome, one of the finest specimens of Roman Renaissance architecture, was begun under Paul III., while he was cardinal, by Antonio da San Gallo, and completed by his nephew Cardinal Alessandro under the direction of Michelangelo (1526).
	65.1911encyclopedia.org /F/FA/FARNBOROUGH.htm (1793 words)

	Farnese
		Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza Alessandro Farnese, duke of Parma and Piacenza (1545 - 1592), the son of...
		Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma Ottavio Farnese, duke of Parma (1521 - 1586), the second son of Pierluigi Farnese, duke o...
		Ranuccio Farnese Ranuccio I Farnese(duke) Ranuccio II Farnese (duke) Ranuccio Farnese (cardinal) This is a disambiguatio...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/farnese.html (151 words)

	The Paumanok Review: Gaither Stewart
		Parma today still reflects that confusion of time, where the past seems contemporary and at certain times and places the present is absent.
		The Parma visitor ascends the great staircase of the magnificent Palazzo Pilotta, built by the alchemist, sensualist, Hamlet-like, first Farnese Duke of Parma, Ranuccio I. He moves toward the entrance to, he believes, one of Italy's newest, ultra-modern art gallery.
		Parma's gallery is unique in Italy: scientifically controlled temperature, light and moisture, and an interior architecture that underlines the historical unity of the palazzo and art works.
	www.etext.org /Fiction/Paumanok/1.4/stewartparma.html (994 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Diocese of Parma
		In the thirteenth century (1199, 1200, 1204), Parma was at war with its neighbour Piacenza; later it aroused the indignation of Innocent III by the robbery of a pontifical legate.
		The garrison of Parma prevented the city from falling into the power of Ferrante, as Piacenza fell; and after long negotiations with the emperor, the son of Pierluigi, Ottavio, was confirmed in the duchy by Julius III in 1550.
		Ranuccio enlarged the state and protected study, founding a college of nobles; his son Odoardo, in 1622, succeeded to the duchy, which was governed during his minority by his mother Margherita and his uncle Cardinal Odoardo, as regents.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11505a.htm (1005 words)

	The Succession Laws of Parma
		Restoring a counterweight to this new power was in the interests of Parma, and its minister in Madrid, Giulio Alberoni, pulled off the marriage of Odoardo's daughter Elisabetta to the widowed king Philip V of Spain in 1714.
		The dynasty was overthrown in 1859: the duke and regent duchess left Parma on June 9 for Switzerland and made an official protest on June 20 against the Sardinian invasion.
		Promise by the king of Spain to fulfill the conditions for investiture of the duchies of Tuscany, Parma and Piacenza (28 Feb 1724; Dumont 8:2:80).
	www.heraldica.org /topics/royalty/parma.htm (2040 words)

	The Galileo Project
		Ranuccio Farnese, a relative by marriage of the Duke of Urbino, met Commandino there and promptly took him in his retinue, as personal physician, to Rome sometime in the early 1550's.
		Commandino was the tutor to the heir of Urbino.
		He told the duke that he had just married off one daughter and would soon marry off another, and that this was taking nearly all of his assets.
	galileo.rice.edu /Catalog/NewFiles/comandno.html (884 words)

	Travel in Parma, Italy- Italien - History - WorldTravelGate.net®
		The main road of the "centuriatio" of Parma coincides with the Via Emilia, of which there is evidence in the stone bridge, built on the river Parma, probably during the Augustan reconstruction of the Via Emilia, and the "cardum" has become the present Via Cavour and Via Farini.
		In 1586 Alessandro became duke; he grew up in Spain in Philipp II's court and lived for a long time in Flanders, and was involved in the wars between the Catholics and Protestants.
		With the Treaty of Aachen, the duchy of Parma was given to Don Filippo Bourbon, who was the second son of Elisabetta Farnese and Philip V of Spain.
	www.eurotravelling.net /italy/parma/parma_history.htm (1539 words)

	THE ORDER OF OUR LADY OF THE CONCEPTION OF VILA VIÇOSA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		He had left two daughters, the elder of whom had died leaving a son, Ranuccio Farnese, Duke of Parma, the younger of whom, the Infanta Catherine, was married to João, 6th Duke of Braganza.
		The Duke of Alba, who had earned considerable fame by his brutal suppression of the uprising in the Netherlands, was sent in with substantial forces, quickly occupying Lisbon (where he died) and formally annexing Portugal to Spain.
		Here the father of the present Duke of Braganza, de jure Duarte II of Portugal (died 1976), was interred in a moving ceremony among the remains of his ancestors.
	www.chivalricorders.org /orders/portugal/vilavic.htm (3454 words)

	Philipp of Daun of FALKENSTEIN - Piero Luigi FARNESE , Duke of Parma & Piacenza
		Philipp of Daun of FALKENSTEIN - Piero Luigi FARNESE, Duke of Parma & Piacenza
		/- Piero Lodovico FARNESE /- Piero Luigi FARNESE, Duke of Parma & Piacenza /- Ottavio Farnese of CAMERINO, Duke of Parma
		/- Ranuccio I FARNESE, Duke of Parma /- Odoardo FARNESE, Duke of Parma /- Ranuccio II FARNESE, Duke of Parma Antonio FARNESE, Duke of Parma
	freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com /~dphaner/HTML/people/p00000c4.htm (1711 words)

	[No title]
		Parma was too experienced a campaigner, and had too quick an eye, not to recognise the error which he had committed in placing the dangerous river Waal, without a bridge; between himself and his supplies.
		Parma, Mayenne, and Montemarciano rode in the battalia, the rear being under command of the Duke of Aumale and the Count Chaligny.
		Farnese marched into Rouen, where the Leaguers were received with tumultuous joy, and this city, most important for the purposes of the League and for Philip's ulterior designs, was thus wrested from the grasp just closing upon it.
	www.knowledgerush.com /pg/etext04/jm63v10.txt (17003 words)

	ART / 4 / 2DAY
		He was connected to the Farnese courts in Parma and Modena where he both assimilated and reworked a variety of different influences.
		Ranuccio Farnese sent Schedoni to Rome at the close of the sixteenth century, but he soon returned to Emilia and settled in Parma.
		Dal 1608 diviene pittore di corte di Ranuccio Farnese a Parma; numerosi dipinti di committenza farnesiana si trovano ora nella Pinacoteca di Capodimonte a Napoli.
	www.safran-arts.com /42day/art/art4dec/art1223.html (3920 words)

	Capodimonte museum, Naples
		With the patrimony of art inherited from the Farnese, the collectionistic activity of Carlo di Borbone is not get exausted, of his son Ferdinand IV, and their descendants.
		To the original nucleus of Farnese origin they were assistants, beyond to court paintings, also a consisting number of works of Neapolitan artists, reached Capodimonte, probably through donations or purchases.
		In 1926, 138 paintings were removed to Parma as a cpmpensation of the supposed "usurpations" done by Carlo di Borbone two centuries ago.
	www.naples-city.info /napoli/museo_capodimonteeng.htm (1481 words)

	Heraldry in Pre-Unification Italy
		Other branches were the dukes of Sabionetta and princes of Gazzolo (from a son of Ludovico II) and the counts of Novellare (from a son of Luigi, the founder of the dynasty).
		In 1734, the Infant of Spain Carlos, then duke of Parma, conquered the kingdom of Naples; and in 1738, after his conquest was recognized by the treaty of Vienna, he was invested by the Pope with the kingdoms of Sicily and Jerusalem.
		These flanks come from Carlos' mother Elisabeth Farnese, grand-daughter of Odoardo I duke of Parma-Piacenza and Margherita of Medici; through her he claimed both the duchy of Parma (the Farnese male line died in 1731) and the grand-duchy of Tuscany (the Medici male line died in 1737).
	www.heraldica.org /topics/national/italy2.htm (5754 words)

	F (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		She was a daughter of Pier Luigi and a lover of Rodrigo Borgia even after he became a pope Alexander VI and after her marriage with Orsino Orsini.
		(Parma 1573-1626) cardinal since 1591; he influenced a lot some of the popes; embellished Palazzo Farnese in Rome; after 1622 he was ruling the dukedome of Parma.
		Duke of Castro in 1537 and the 1st duke of Parma and Piacenza in 1545.
	www.italycyberguide.com /History/factspersons/f.htm (597 words)

	Farnese family -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Online Article
		The first duke was his illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese (1503–47), whose son Ottavio (1542–86), the 2nd duke, made Parma the capital and consolidated the family's power.
		Ranuccio II (1630–94) declared war and was defeated, and the duchy survived precariously.
		Francesco Farnese (1678–1727) tried to save the state, but his only important success was the marriage of his niece Isabella Farnese to Philip V of Spain (1714).
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article?tocId=9364224 (739 words)

	Elizabeth Farnese - Enpsychlopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Marie was a daughter of William III, Duke of Cleves and a granddaughter of John III, Duke of Cleves.
		At the age of twenty-one ( 1714) she was married by proxy at Parma to Philip V of Spain.
		The marriage was arranged by Cardinal Alberoni, with the concurrence of the Princess des Ursins, the Camerara Mayor.
	www.grohol.com /psypsych/Elizabeth_Farnese (694 words)

	Marino, Giambattista (1569-1625)., Epithalami del Cavalier Marino. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The first, entitled "La Francia consolata", was written to commemorate the November 1615 marriage of Louis XIII and Anne of Austria, daughter of Philip III of Spain, a union arranged by the poet's principal Parisian patron, Marie de' Medici, to ensure a continued alliance with Spain.
		The "Sonetti epithalamici" were written for the weddings of Ranuccio I Farnese, duke of Parma, and Margherita Aldobrandina; senator and poet Count Andrea Barbazza & Contessa Bianca Bentivogli; Ferdinando Riario & Laura Pepoli; Marchese Hercole Tassoni & Catherina Forni; and Count Filiberto Tesauro & Madama di Verone.
		On to Rome, where Marino charmed the Cardinal Pietro Aldobrandini, and to Turin and the patronage of the duke of Savoy.
	www.polybiblio.com /gilbooks/4319.html (842 words)

	http://www.cyberitalian.com - Readings - © Copyright CyberItalian Inc.
		Oggi Parma riflette ancora questa confusione temporale, in cui il passato sembra presente mentre, a volte e in alcuni posti, il presente è assente.
		Parma today still reflects that confusion of time, where the past seems contemporary, while at certain times and in some places the present is absent.
		The ghostly "Farnese Theater", in the bowels of the "Pilotta", today serves as an entrance and initiation to Parma's art gallery, that begins far behind the vast stage rising up 60 meters away.
	www.cyberitalian.com /html/gal_45.htm (1442 words)

	[No title]
		The Duke of Mayenne, in his own name and that of all the Catholics of France, formally demanded of him to maintain two armies, forty thousand men in all, to be respectively under command of the duke himself and of Alexander Farnese, and regularly to pay for them.
		Towards the latter end of the duke's life, it was even said that the seal of the finance department was in the hands of his valet-de-chambre, who, in his master's frequent absences, was in the habit of issuing drafts upon the receiver-general.
		The duke, who came to be thoroughly known to Alexander Farnese before the death of that subtle Italian, relied on his capacity to outwit all the other champions of the League and agents of Philip now that the master-spirit had been removed.
	www.knowledgerush.com /pg/etext04/jm65v10.txt (16021 words)

	Parma: 17 century to modern times - Farnense Theather
		It was built for the Duke Ranuccio I Farnese, who wanted to welcome Cosimo de’ Medici with great celebrations, hoping to consolidate the marriage alliance between Odoardo Farnese and Margherita de’ Medici, which was finally celebrated in 1628.
		A bomb destroyed it during WWII and restoration work was completed in 1962, but not to the original colors and the original trompe l’oeuil effect was lost.
		The Teatro Farnese was the first theater designed for the use of movable scenery and the first to use the proscenium arch, a curved or rectangular frame enclosing the stage and now found in many modern theaters.
	vrm.vrway.com /projects/theaters/farnese.html (307 words)

	Ancestors of King Fernando VII of Spain
		Filippo de Borbon, Duke of Parma, Infant of Spain (15.3.1720, +18.7.1765) 7.
		Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma (*17.9.1630, +11.12.1694) 37.
		Johann Friedrich, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (25.4.1625, +28.12.1679) 47.
	genealogy.euweb.cz /ancest/fern7spain.html (743 words)

	Combat Information Center analysis, facts and figures about military conflicts and leaders - Military History
		But in 1642 Duke Odoardo Farnese — who was also Duke of Parma and Piacenza — had a run-in with Pope Urban VIII, a member of the Barberini family.
		Duke Odoardo still refused to pay his debts, so on January 13, 1642, the pope formally confiscated Castro and several other fiefs.
		Ranuccio — on whom the pope was unable to lay his hands — was excommunicated.
	www.strategypage.com /cic/docs/cic109b.asp (570 words)

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