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	The Tech - U.S. Gave Cedras $1 Million in Exchange for Resignation
		Raoul Cedras a million dollar-plus "golden parachute" to resign and go into exile, including the rental of three of his houses, according to U.S. and Haitian sources.
		Cedras, who fled to Panama early Thursday and whom President Clinton and other U.S. officials have described variously as a "thug," "stooge" and "killer," was forced to resign as commander in chief of the Haitian army or face a hostile American invasion.
		As part of a deal to avoid arrest, Cedras had promised early this week to leave the country and permit the return Saturday of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, who was driven into exile by a military coup on Sept.
	www-tech.mit.edu /V114/N48/cedras.48w.html (476 words)

	Springtime for Dictators
		Indonesia's Suharto fell victim to the impersonal forces of the international economy--the United States didn't even lift a finger to ease him out the door.
		Only Haiti's Raoul Cedras managed to get himself ousted by the Americans.
		Cedras must feel like an idiot, because the rest of the world's dictators have sailed through the storm and see brighter skies ahead.
	www.newamericancentury.org /global_007.htm (958 words)

	Clinton and Coercive Diplomacy: A Study of Haiti
		Cedras made a last minute attempt to avoid sanctions by agreeing to recognize Aristide, but only if Aristide appointed Cedras as military chief until 1994, something Aristide was not prepared to do.
		Cedras agreed to step down and also to allow UN troops into Haiti to train his military and police forces for their role under a democratic government.
		Cedras and his followers knew that there was no interest in Congress or the American public for a war in Haiti and that Clinton was not working to mobilize this support.
	www.wws.princeton.edu /~cases/papers/coercivedipl.html (6168 words)

	BBC News \| AMERICAS \| Soldiers get life for Haiti massacre
		Prosecutors say the massacre was part of a broad plan to crush opposition to Raoul Cedras' 1991 military coup.
		Mr Cedras - who lives in Panama - will now be tried in his absence.
		It is the first time members of the Haitian high command and paramilitary leaders have been tried for human rights violations committed during the 1991-1994 military regime.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/world/americas/newsid_1017000/1017436.stm (380 words)

	Haiti Sanctions and Environment Case
		However, on September 30, 1991, he was overthrown in a coup d'etat headed by Lieutenant-General Raoul Cedras.(1) As a result of the coup, Raoul Cedras's junta was immediately and strongly condemned by the United Nations (U.N.), Organization of American States (O.A.S.), and United States (U.S.).
		With the impoverishment of the poor, Raoul Cedras and his regime were able to stay in power.
		Although Cedras was unable to create a sense of community within the entire populous of Haiti, he did create a sense of solidarity within the elite.
	www.american.edu /TED/haiti.htm (3335 words)

	THE ALLODIUM: Carol Cantor on Robert Novak (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Francois was chief of police under the Haitian junta regime of Raoul Cedras, the regime that took power by ousting Haiti’s elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide--and the regime that was in turn ousted when American troops led an occupation of Haiti that restored Aristide to power.
		In fact, he was generally considered the power behind Cedras' throne, the fist of a bloody-handed junta.
		Raoul Cedras not only intends to stay in his country after he steps down as commander-in-chief but is being seriously urged by close supporters to run for president in 1996."
	www.americanreview.us /novak.htm (1508 words)

	Terrorists of Another Brand
		Major General Jean-Claude Duperval was once the Deputy Commander of the Haitian Army under Raoul Cedras and helped Cedras and his band of thugs run that impoverished island country after they overthrew the duly elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide in 1991.
		Cedras went to Panama, that other bastion of freedom and democracy the U.S. had invaded and liberated not too many years before.
		General Raoul Cedras led a military coup that overthrew President Aristide, the man who had appointed Cedras to leave the army.
	www.oplpeople.com /message/2933.html (3839 words)

	Wanted - for murder
		Cedras, who seized power in Haiti in 1991, helped execute the usual atrocities -- you know, murder, torture, assassination -- until ousted by the U.S. in 1994.
		The U.S. also flew Cedras and Biamby to Panama, gave Cedras a rent-free beach villa in Panama, and agreed to lease three homes he left behind in Haiti for $5,000 to $12,000 a month.
		In May 1995, the State Department declared that Constant's expired tourist visa wasn't cutting it, and threw him in a Maryland jail to be deported, but Toto claimed political asylum, sued the U.S. for $50 million for "illegal detention," and walked out of jail last year with a sweetheart deal.
	haitisupport.gn.apc.org /infamous.htm (653 words)

	National Catholic Reporter: Skepticism shadows Haiti pact
		Raoul Cedras signed an accord in New York July 3.
		Cedras is triumphant over the deal signed on Governors Island in New York after six days of negotiations with the exiled Aristide government.
		Cedras, 44, signed the accord 10 days after the United Nations imposed a worldwide fuel and arms embargo on Haiti to pressure for Aristide's reinstatement.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1141/is_n34_v29/ai_13201845 (490 words)

	THE HAITI CRISIS: WITH WARPLANES ON WAY, INVASION AVERTED CEDRAS RELENTS AFTER LEARNING THAT OPERATION HAD BEEN LAUNCHED
		Raoul Cedras and two other military leaders said they would step down after the Haitian parliament passed legislation granting them amnesty.
		While Cedras and the others made no specific promise to leave Haiti, Christopher said they were expected to depart after resigning their posts.
		Cedras and his lieutenants did not sign the departure agreement until he learned that 61 planes were in the air carrying advance elements of the U.S. invasion force, Clinton noted.
	scholar.lib.vt.edu /VA-news/VA-Pilot/issues/1994/vp940919/09190072.htm (1316 words)

	Trial Watch : Raoul Cédras
		Raoul Cédras was born on 9 July 1949.
		Rape of women was utilized in Haiti as a technique to terrorize the civilian population after the coup d’état in 1991.
		Raoul Cédras was accused of having been an intellectual author and principal of the Raboteau massacre.
	www.trial-ch.org /en/trial-watch/profile/db/facts/raoul_cedras_335.html (519 words)

	KeepMedia \| Newsweek: Is the United States a Haven for Torturers?
		The date was April 22,1994, and the three-year-old dictatorship of Haitian strongman Raoul Cedras was beginning to totter.
		Throughout the Cedras era, the port city of Gonaives had remained a bastion of support for Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the democratically elected president toppled by the Haitian military in 1991--and nowhere did pro--Aristide sentiment run higher than among the destitute fishermen and storekeepers of Raboteau.
		For precisely that reason, the residents of the Gonaives slum were singled out for punitive treatment by Cedras in the final months of his rule.
	keepmedia.com /pubs/Newsweek/2002/04/12/312754?extID=10037&oliID=229 (248 words)

	US State DEPT. DISPATCH, VOLUME 5, NUMBER 38, SEPTEMBER 19, 1994 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Raoul Cedras led a military coup that overthrew President Aristide, the man who had appointed Cedras to leave the army.
		Let me be clear: General Cedras and his accomplices alone are responsible for this suffering and terrible human tragedy.
		Their mission is to make one last best effort to provide a peaceful, orderly transfer of power, to minimize the loss of life, and to maximize the chances of security for all Haitians, and, of course, for our own troops in the coalition force.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/briefing/dispatch/1994/html/Dispatchv5no38.html (21309 words)

	Getting to know the general - Haitian military leader General Raoul Cedras National Review - Find Articles
		GENERAL Raoul Cedras sat serenely at the colonial headquarters of the Haitian army.
		Not that Cedras resembles Papa Doc, the voodoo dictator and champion of noirisme.
		As for the U.S. embassy, it pinned its hopes on Cedras as the man to reform the military.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n23_v45/ai_14753246 (905 words)

	National Review: Getting to know the general - Haitian military leader General Raoul Cedras
		GENERAL Raoul Cedras sat serenely at the colonial headquarters of the Haitian army.
		Not that Cedras resembles Papa Doc, the voodoo dictator and champion of noirisme.
		Whether or not Cedras himself has blood on his hands, though, it is hard to see how his removal would solve anything in Haiti.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n23_v45/ai_14753246 (1185 words)

	Democracy Restored
		Cedras and Francois may well have drawn the obvious conclusions, even if commentators here did not.
		Schrager is referring to the Jonassaint government that the U.S. now treats with as much respect as General Cedras -- though as far as is known, Jonassaint has not yet been invited by Jimmy Carter to teach his Sunday School class.
		Rohter asserts that "the Cedras camp managed to mislead the United States and its allies for three months and then defy them for nearly a year before reaching the accord with the Carter delegation." Perhaps.
	www.zmag.org /ZMag/articles/dem-restored.htm (6990 words)

	BBC News \| AMERICAS \| Massacre witness hearings open in Haiti
		The former military leader, Raoul Cedras, is one of 58 defendants into what has become known as the Raboteau massacre, which took place in April 1994.
		Prosecutors say the attack was part of a broad plan to crush opposition to a military coup led by Raoul Cedras.
		Mr Cedras is just one of the 22 defendants being tried in absentia.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/americas/955744.stm (388 words)

	The United States and Haiti (1993-1994)
		The military junta under control of Lieutenant General Raoul Cedras installed their own leader in place of Aristide.
		In fact, because of the previous policy flip-flops and the misperception by Cedras and the others of Clinton’s strength of motivation, it was not until the invasion force was in the air that the Haitian leaders truly felt a sense of urgency.
		Had settlement terms been more openly discussed throughout the process, Cedras and the others may have been able to initiate discussions for a peaceful settlement with the U.S. In the end, coercive diplomacy proved to be a useful approach in solving the crisis with Haiti.
	www.wws.princeton.edu /~cases/papers/haiti.html (6047 words)

	William Perry -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		In the spring of 1994 debate persisted in the United States on whether to intervene militarily to oust (additional info and facts about Raoul Cedras) Raoul Cedras, the military leader, and restore Aristide to power.
		President Clinton said that the United States would not rule out the use of military force and also suggested that military teams to train local security and police forces might be sent to Haiti.
		Haiti's (additional info and facts about de facto) de facto leaders, including Cedras, agreed to step down by October 15 so that Aristide could return to the presidency.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/w/wi/william_perry.htm (4348 words)

	David H. Hackworth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Raoul Cedras -- a friend who asked to be unnamed in the interest of his health -- heard Larry Rossin of the National Security Council staff talking with National Security Advisor Tony Lake on a secure telephone through a crack in the wall of Cedras' headquarters.
		The message: "Parachutes will be issued at 1700." Once Cedras got the word, a nonviolent solution was cut faster than a rabbit could run.
		I hope this is true of the State Department and National Security Council people, whose three years of fumbling and empty bluffs made them and the nation look like jerks.
	www.hackworth.com /27sep94.html (693 words)

	Haiti to try former military leader Cedras on massacre charges
		Cedras will likely be tried in his absentia, since he now lives in Panama as
		In the radio interview, Leblanc said Cedras "should be judged not as a coup
		Cedras, but officials in that country refused, saying the request was not
	www.latinamericanstudies.org /haiti/cedras.htm (326 words)

	Pat Chin, Haitian government feels mass pressure
		UNNOH and other unions are threatening a massive strike if their demands for better wages and working conditions are not met.
		Over 1,000 people gathered in the town of Raboteau on May 2 to honor the victims of one of the bloodiest slaughters committed by the military coup regime of Gen. Raoul Cedras.
		Cedras was allowed to leave Haiti with a fortune after the U.S. troops arrived.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/43a/072.html (793 words)

	Arab View: The Illusion of ‘Another Vietnam’
		On a hot and humid day in September 1984 Raoul Cedras, Haiti’s military dictator at the time, received me in his ramshackle villa in Port-au-Prince for an interview for Asharq Al-Awsat.
		Having seized power in a military coup, Cedras and his junta had defied demands by Washington to restore the elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide.
		From Cedras to Saddam, and passing by Mladic, Milosevic and Mullah Omar, they had promised to create “another Vietnam” for the Americans.
	www.arabview.com /articles.asp?article=277 (701 words)

	[No title]
		The "peacekeepers" occupied Haiti, along with 23,000 U.S. troops, three years ago, in order to force the government of General Raoul Cedras to resign so that a Clinton favorite, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, could be installed as president.
		The reasons presented to the American public for this interference in Haiti's affairs were that General Cedras was a "dictator" and that he didn't respect the "human rights" of the Haitians.
		Clinton's Marxist buddy Aristide than they did for General Cedras, and Aristide is out of office again and the Haitians are about to be allowed to run things themselves once more.
	www.natall.com /pub/97/110897.txt (2671 words)

	Kingdom News-NEWS004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		At the break of dawn, April 22, 1994, soldiers and their henchmen attacked a neighborhood in Gonaives filled with Aristide supporters.
		Raoul Cedras, the military leader responsible for the deaths of over 4,000 people between 1991 and 1994, whose brutal regime prompted the US.
		pressure, Cedras and other military leaders were granted amnesty for the crimes committed during their rule, and they were exiled to Panama.
	members.aol.com /cato1105/livesunnysideup/NEWS004.htm (486 words)

	The Illusion of ‘Another Vietnam’
		On a hot and humid day in September 1984 Raoul Cedras, Haiti’s military dictator at the time, received me in his ramshackle villa in Port-au-Prince for an interview for Asharq Al-Awsat.
		Having seized power in a military coup, Cedras and his junta had defied demands by Washington to restore the elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide.
		From Cedras to Saddam, and passing by Mladic, Milosevic and Mullah Omar, they had promised to create “another Vietnam” for the Americans.
	www.arabnews.com /?page=0§ion=7&article=27375&d=13&m=6&y=2003 (713 words)

	AllRefer.com - Haiti, Dominican Republic, Caribbean (republic) - Facts and Information
		In Sept. 1994, Cedras agreed to a U.S.-backed plan for Aristide to return to power, after a show of U.S. military force.
		UN troops (mostly from the U.S.) landed unopposed in Haiti in Sept. 1994, U.S. sanctions were lifted, and Cedras resigned on Oct. 10, paving the way for Aristide's return on Oct.
		Command of U.S. forces was turned over to the UN on March 31, 1995, and on Dec. 17, 1995, Haitians voted for Aristide's successor, Rene Preval, who took office Feb. 7, 1996.
	reference.allrefer.com /gazetteer/H/H00347-haiti.html (973 words)

	The United Nations and the situation in Haiti
		It was hoped that the election would put an end to a long period encompassing the dictatorship of Francois and Jean-Claude Duvalier followed by five years of political instability under five different regimes, and mark the beginning of an era of democracy and economic and social progress.
		However, on 30 September 1991, President Aristide was overthrown in a coup d'etat, headed by Lieutenant-General Raoul Cedras, and forced into exile.
		Caputo, received a letter from the Commander-in-Chief of the Haitian Armed Forces, Lieutenant-General Cedras, accepting the Special Envoy's earlier invitation to him to initiate a dialogue with President Aristide with a view to resolving the Haitian crisis.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/43a/131.html (9669 words)

	Opinion: Haiti, America's Next Vietnam?
		This third world country has been ruled by dictators for so long that there only exists the few very rich who have all the power, and the poor masses whose only hope for a better life is their freely elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide.
		It seems, though, that this glimmer of hope was extinguished (when the army under the command of Lt. General Raoul Cedras) seized control of the government and forced the president to flee for his life.
		Well, October 30th has come and gone and President Aristide is still in exile in the United States and General Cedras and the army are still in control.
	www.teenink.com /Past/1993/4184.html (593 words)

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