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	Raoul Pictet -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Raoul-Pierre Pictet (4 April 1846 - 27 July 1929) was a physicist, who first created (A bluish transparent magnetic liquid obtained by compressing gaseous oxygen; used as an oxidizer in rocket propellants) liquid oxygen.
		He was born in (A city in southwestern Switzerland at the western end of Lake Geneva; it is the headquarters of various international organizations) Geneva in 1846.
		It was from Raoul Pictet and read Oxygen liquefied to-day under 320 atmospheres and 140 degrees of cold by combined use of sulfurous and carbonic acid.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/ra/raoul_pictet.htm (113 words)

	Raoul Duke - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Raoul Duke (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Raoul Duke was the pseudonym used by Hunter S. Thompson for the character based on him in his book Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas.
		Fear and Loathing was originally written under the name Raoul Duke, and Thompson periodically used the pen name for some of his later articles.
		Duke is first mentioned by Thompson in his 1966 book "Hell's Angels", where he is described as an outlaw with "that extra 'something'", meaning that although he breaks the law he does so in a way that is not offensive to society, but that, in fact, makes him more acceptable.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Raoul-Duke.html (210 words)

	Read about Search at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Search and learn about Search here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Raoul Heertje (Bussum, 1963) is a Dutch comedian.
		Raoul is one of the founders of Toomlers, a stand-up co...
		Raoul Bott (born September 24 1923) is a mathematician...
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Special:Search/Raoul_Feuillet (570 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Meanwhile, Pictet carried on with his investigations and in December 1877 announced his successful liquefaction of oxygen to the Paris Academy of Sciences.
		Pictet's success in liquefying small amount of oxygen and nitrogen provided a base for further developments in cyrogenics by the Scots physicist James Dewar* and the Dutch physicist Heike Kamerling Onnes*.
		Pictet liquid was used in several refrigeration systems but his machines were still liable to corrosion if the coolant became contaminated with water.
	www.cyburkespace.info /content/nodes/Pictet.txt (409 words)

	Cryogenics History Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The term cryogenics comes from the Greek word kruos, for "frost." The subject deals with the properties of matter at very low temperatures, close to absolute zero (-273° C or 0° K) as well as with the equipment and processes by which such temperatures can be attained.
		The origin of cryogenic research is often association with the first liquefaction of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide gas by the French physicist, Louis Paul Cailletet, in 1877.
		Pictet used a variation of this technique to liquefy oxygen.
	www.bookrags.com /history/sciencehistory/cryogenics-wsd (726 words)

	Raoul Pictet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Raoul-Pierre Pictet (4 April 1846 - 27 July 1929) was a Swiss physicist, who first created liquid oxygen.
		On December 22, 1877, the Academy of Sciences in Paris received a telegram from a physicist in Geneva.
		This article about a physicist is a stub.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Raoul_Pictet (96 words)

	Scientific American Supplement, No. 385
		Pictet has just published in the _Archives Physiques et Naturelles_, of Geneva, in which he gives the first results of his labors, and which we shall analyze rapidly, neglecting in doing so the somewhat dry mathematical part of the article.
		For a given tonnage and identical tractive stresses, the greater or less sharpness of the fore and aft part of the keel allows boats to attain different speeds, the sharper lines corresponding to the highest speeds, but, in practice, considerably diminishing the weight of freight capable of being carried by the boat.
		Pictet proposed the problem to himself in a different manner, and as follows:
	manybooks.net /pages/anonetext058038510/21.html (235 words)

	The Project Gutenberg eBook of Scientific American Suppl. No. 299 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		By RAOUL PICTET.--1 figure.--Pictet's apparatus for the rectification of alcohol by cold
		If we desire to follow, in their least details, all the phenomena which succeed one another in a rectifying column, and which are connected with one another by a continuous chain of reciprocal influences, the problem becomes exceedingly complex.
		In order that the new applications of the mechanical theory of heat may be readily understood, we shall divide this problem into a series of propositions, which we shall examine separately, and which collectively constitutes in its general features the methodical rectification of liquids.
	worldebooklibrary.com /eBooks/Gutenberg/etext05/8029910h.htm (18187 words)

	Raoul Pictet - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Raoul Pictet - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Raoul-Pierre Pictet (4 April 1846 - 27 July 1929) was a physicist, who first created liquid oxygen.
		This page was last modified 15:12, 4 Apr 2005.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Raoul_Pictet (115 words)

	December 22 - Today in Science History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In 1879, the liquefaction of oxygen was announced by Raoul Pierre Pictet (1846-1929), a Swiss chemist and physicist, by sending a telegram to the French Academy: Oxygen liquefied today under 320-atm and 140 degrees of cold by combined use of sulfurous and carbonic acid.
		Both Pictet and Cailletet used both cooling and compression to liquefy oxygen but they achieved this using different techniques.
		Pictet's method had an advantage in that produced the liquid gas in greater quantity and was easier to apply to other gases.
	www.todayinsci.com /12/12_22.htm (3130 words)

	Laureates of Tomorrow Nobel Essay Contest
		In 1877, physicists Louis Cailletet and Raoul Pictet independently shattered the myth of permanent gases by liquefying oxygen and nitrogen.
		Pictet, on the other hand used the cascade process, in which a collection of circulating gas cycles is arranged in order of decreasing condensation temperatures.
		All of the first three cycles contained mechanisms to return the vapors to their condensers (whereas Pictet only had two cycles with recycling vapors and three cycles in total).
	www.nyas.org /programs/nobel/essay2.html (2140 words)

	Pictet - Pictet & Cie, banquiers (Suisse) SA - Motivation event (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Pictet's Eastern European fund managers are confident the region will continue to perform well regardless of the direction global stock markets take.
		Pictet eur turbo income i, 103.0, 05/10/2005, 102.98, 30/09/2005, 0.02% Pictet usd short-mid term bonds i, 101.67, 05/10/2005, 101.77, 30/09/2005, -0.1%
		Managing Partner, Pictet and Cie Private Bankers, Switzerland Founded in 1805, Pictet and Cie is Switzerland's foremost private bank and one of the premier
	homefindout.com /?q=pictet (376 words)

	Free eBooks - Part 7 of 36 - Scientific American Supplement, No. 385 by Various - free electronic literature and books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		What makes this result the more remarkable is that the waters of the Bosphorus are disturbed by powerful currents that run in different directions, according to the place.--_L'Illustration_.
		Pictet proposed the problem to himself in a different manner, and as follows: Determine by analysis, and verify experimentally, what form of keel will allow of the quickest and most economical carriage of a given weight of merchandise on water.
		We know that for a given transverse or midship section, the tractive stress necessary for the progression of the ship is proportional to the _square_ of the velocity; and the motive power, as a consequence, to the _cube_ of such velocity.
	www.opgc.org /books/8038510p7.htm (970 words)

	[No title]
		Cailletet and Raoul Pictet in the liquefaction of gases, and the apparatus by means of which they performed the process, were described in the _Popular Science Monthly_, March and May, 1878.
		Cailletet and Pictet, and others, with more complete results than had been attained at the time the first reports were published, and with the elucidation of some novel properties of gases, and the disclosure of relations, previously not well understood, between the gaseous and the liquid condition.
		The rapid escape of the compressed gas itself from a condition of great condensation at an extremely low temperature was employed as the agent for producing a greater degree of cold than it had been possible before to obtain.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/docs/books/gutenberg/1/4/0/4/14041/14041.txt (17210 words)

	April 4 - Today in Science History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		He produced liquid oxygen, working independently of the French scientist, Louis Paul Cailletet, who is also credited with its discovery in 1877.
		However, Pictet used more elaborate equipment and was able to produce greater volumes of liquified gases.
		Pictet used a cascade method, in which he evaporated liquid sulfur dioxide to liquefy carbon dioxide, which in turn was allowed to evaporate and to cool oxygen to below its critical temperature.
	www.todayinsci.com /4/4_04.htm (2751 words)

	MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Cryogenics
		The inversion temperatures of hydrogen and helium, two primary cryogenic gases, are extremely low, and to achieve a temperature reduction through expansion, these gases must first be precooled below their inversion temperatures, the hydrogen by liquid air and the helium by liquid hydrogen.
		This method is generally not able to bring about liquefaction in one step, but by cascading the effects, the French physicist Louis Paul Cailletet and the Swiss scientist Raoul Pierre Pictet were able in 1877 to produce droplets of liquid oxygen.
		The success of these experimenters marked the end of the idea of permanent gases and established the possibility of liquefying any gas by moderate compression at temperatures below the critical temperature.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761563758___2/Cryogenics.html (428 words)

	History of 400m ovals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The glycerine was cooled down with a machine of Raoul Pictet.
		This small network of pipes was located at Chelsea and is called the first 'artificial ice skating track in the world'.
		Pictet were used to cool down glycerine, which was pumped through a piping system in the first artificial skating track: in Chelsea, England: an indirect system with SO2 and glycerine.
	www.gironet.nl /home/cvstaave/schaatsen/article/400EN.html (2105 words)

	Patent disputes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Von Linde also pursued patent infringement complaints against Prof.
		Raoul Pictet and his German patent user Sauerstoff-Industrie AG In a settlement, Sauerstoff-Industrie AG agreed to discontinue the sale of oxygen machines and oxygen in Germany.
		Three years later, all of that company’s activities were merged with Linde and Griesheim-Elektron.
	web.linde.com /WGAP/chronicle/html/default/ADMR-5YVJRG.en.0 (297 words)

	April in chemistry
		Otto Folin born 1867: clinical chemistry; Folin-Wu reagent for glucose analysis.
		Raoul Pierre Pictet born 1846: liquefaction of oxygen.
		Ira Remsen was awarded the first Priestley Medal in 1923.
	web.lemoyne.edu /faculty/giunta/April.html (1825 words)

	BBC - History - Sir James Dewar (1842 - 1923) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Although he had successfully liquefied most gases at Cambridge, it was in London that this work continued.
		In 1877 Louis Caillete and Raoul Pictet liquefied a small amount of oxygen, and the following year Dewar was the first in Britain to do the same, at a Royal Institution lecture; by 1885 he could fill buckets with it.
		In the 1890s he worked to liquefy, and then solidify, hydrogen.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/historic_figures/dewar_james.shtml (599 words)

	James Dewar Biography / Biography of James Dewar History of Invention Biography
		Born on September 20, 1852, in Kincardine, Fife, Scotland, James Dewar became famous for his work in cryogenics--the study of objects at extremely low temperatures.
		Dewar is best known for his work with the liquification of gases at extremely low temperatures.
		In 1877, Louis Cailletet and Raoul Pictet independently were able to create small amounts of oxygen and nitrogen in liquid form at temperatures less than 80° above absolute zero, a feat even Michael Faraday, who had liquified most of the known gases by 1845, had been unable to carry out.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-james-dewar-woi (239 words)

	Chapitre XV
		En décembre 1877, indépendamment l’un de l’autre, Louis CAILLETET et Raoul PICTET liquéfient l’oxyde de carbone pour le premier et l’oxygène pour le second.
		PICTET précise les conditions d’obtention de l’oxygène: 320 atmosphères et – 140 ºC. Il faut rappeler ici l’enjeu économique important qu’il y avait derrière la liquéfaction de l’oxygène.
		En effet, les sidérurgistes comptaient sur ce liquide pour améliorer les performances des unités de raffinage de la fonte pour obtenir des aciers de meilleure qualité.
	www.uqac.ca /chimie/Thermochimie/Chap_htm/CHAP_15.html (1345 words)

	[No title]
		By RAOUL PICTET.--1 figure.--Pictet's apparatus for the rectification of alcohol by cold The Removal of Noxious Vapors from Roasting Furnace Gases New Gas Exhauster.
		[Illustration: PICTET'S APPARATUS FOR THE RECTIFICATION OF ALCOHOL BY COLD.] In order that the new applications of the mechanical theory of heat may be readily understood, we shall divide this problem into a series of propositions, which we shall examine separately, and which collectively constitutes in its general features the methodical rectification of liquids.
		Knowing the maximum tensions of pure water and pure alcohol, can we calculate directly the tensions of the vapors of any mixture whatever of alcohol and water?
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/etext05/8029910.txt (19595 words)

	Raoul Lufbery - OneLook Dictionary Search (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Sorry, no dictionaries indexed in the selected category contain the phrase Raoul Lufbery.
		You can look up the words in the phrase individually using these links: raoul lufbery
		If you're sure it's a word, try doing a general web search for Raoul Lufbery: Google, AltaVista
	www.onelook.com /?w=Raoul+Lufbery&ls=a (87 words)

	Physical Chemistry
		Once a temperature below the critical temperature for that gas was reached, application of pressure would liquefy it.
		Using this technique, the French physicist Louis Paul Cailletet (1832-1913) and the Swiss chemist Raoul Pictet (1846-1929) were able to liquefy such gases as oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide by 1877.
		As a result of Van der Waals's work, it became clear that in the case of hydrogen the Joule-Thomson effect would work only below a certain temperature.
	www.3rd1000.com /history/physical.htm (5629 words)

	All About Inventors
		Fascinating facts about the invention of the Printing Press by inventor Johann Gutenberg in 1450.
		Fascinating facts about the invention of the REFRIGERATOR by inventors Ferdinand Carre, Raoul Pictet, and Karl von Linde..
		Fascinating facts about the invention of the TV Remote Control by inventors Eugene Polley, Dr. Robert Adlerand Zenith Electronics Corporation in 1950.
	cybersleuth-kids.com /sleuth/Science/Inventors/index10.htm (265 words)

	Twaintimes Page 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Fire destroys much of Saint John, New Brunswick,
		First liquid oxygen produced by a team of Louis Cailletet (French) and Raoul Pictet (Swedish),
		First world amature tennis championship (for men only) held at Wimbeldon, England,
	www.twaintimes.net /page5.htm (2751 words)

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