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Topic: Raphe nucleus

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Locus ceruleus

Nucleus accumbens

Substantia nigra

Striatum

Brainstem

	Dr. Robert P. Vertes Website
		Viana Di Prisco, G, Albo, Z., Vertes, R.P. and Kocsis, B. Discharge properties of neurons of the median raphe nucleus during the hippocampal theta rhythm in the rat.
		Median raphe serotonergic innervation of medial septum/diagonal band of broca (MSDB)parvalbumin-containing neurons: possible involvement of the MSDB in the desynchronization of the hippocampal EEG.
		Vertes R.P. and Crane A.M. Descending projections of the posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus: Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin analysis in the rat.
	www.ccs.fau.edu /~vertes/publications.html (356 words)

	Raphe nuclei - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The raphe nuclei (Latin for 'the bit in a fold or seam') is a moderate-size cluster of nuclei found in the brain stem, and releases serotonin to the rest of the brain.
		The raphe nuclei are traditionally considered to be the medial portion of the reticular formation, and they appear as a ridge of cells in the center and most medial portion of the brain stem.
		In order from caudal to rostral, the raphe nuclei are known as the nucleus raphe obscurus, the raphe magnus, the raphe pontis, the raphe pallidus, the nucleus centralis superior, nucleus raphe dorsalis, nuclei linearis intermedius and linearis rostralis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Raphe_nucleus (569 words)

	MRN
		Wirtshafter, D. & Asin, K.E. Dissociation of haloperidol induced "anhedonia" and catalepsy by lesions of the dorsal raphe nucleus.
		Small lesions or drug injections into the median raphe produce a dramatic behavioral syndrome characterized by astonishingly pronounced hyperactivity, large increases in food and water intake and sexual behavior and a pattern of disturbances in learning and memory situations similar to seen after damage to the hippocampus.
		The raphe nuclei are best known as one of the major sources of serotonergic projections to the forebrain, but we have amassed a large body of evidence suggesting that the behavioral effects of raphe manipulations are not due to interference with serotonergic function.
	www.homestead.com /wirts/MRN.html (784 words)

	Neuropathological Study of the Dorsal Raphe Nuclei in Late-Life Depression and Alzheimer's Disease With and Without ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		in serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nuclei of elderly
		dorsolateral to the trochlear nucleus, and the dorsal subnucleus,
		of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus in Alzheimer’s
	ajp.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/161/6/1096 (4122 words)

	Mind, serotonin, anxiety
		The second is found at the nucleus raphe obscurans, at the raphe at the level of the hypoglossal nucleus.
		The third receptor nucleus is found at the level of the facial nerve nucleus, surrounding the pyramidal tract.
		The descending fibers originate mainly at the nucleus raphe obscurus and the nucleus raphe pallidus, as well as at the third serotonergic nucleus, and they extend many collaterals towards the gray matter of the spinal chord; the lumbosacral section receives a particularly large number of fibers.
	www.macalester.edu /psychology/whathap/UBNRP/placebo/serotonin2.html (1029 words)

	OR: Perioperative Shivering Review
		The dorsal raphe nucleus is part of the brainstem raphe complex and is considered one of the most important nuclei in the modulation of pain in the central nervous system (212).
		The nucleus raphe magnus is an anti-shivering center that activates heat loss mechanisms and inhibits thermogenesis during cold adaptation (55,215).
		An inhibitory role of the nucleus raphe magnus on shivering is caused by projections to hypothalamic units and by a second pathway descending from the nucleus raphe magnus to the spinal cord where dorsal horn cells are inhibited presynaptically (40).
	www.or.org /Reviews/four/review.html (7670 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Raphe means "ridge" in Greek and it lie to either side of the brain stem.
		The locus coeruleus and the raphe nucleus are part of the so called ascending reticular activating system (the system in the brain stem that arouse and awake the forebrain).
		Raphe nuclei seem to be involved in the control of sleep-wake cycles as well as the different satges of sleep.
	www.cerebromente.org.br /n02/mente/aminergic.htm (391 words)

	Hippocampal EEG and Unit Activity Responses to Modulation of Serotonergic Median Raphe Neurons in the Freely Behaving ...
		hippocampus, and median raphe serotonergic neurons densely innervate
		Hippocampal innervation by serotonin neurons of the midbrain raphe in the rat.
		Electrophysiological responses of serotonergic dorsal raphe neurons to 5-HT1a and 5-HT1b receptors agonists.
	www.learnmem.org /cgi/content/full/6/2/153 (6483 words)

	GABAergic and Glutamatergic Afferents in the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus Mediate Morphine-Induced Increases in Serotonin ...
		Parsons LH and Justice JB, Jr (1993) Perfusate serotonin increases extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens as measured by in vivo microdialysis.
		Rivot JP, Pointis D and Besson JM (1988) Morphine increases 5-HT metabolism in the nucleus raphe magnus: an in vivo study in freely moving rats using 5-hydroxyindole electrochemical detection.
		receptors in midbrain raphe nuclei and forebrain of rats.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/303/2/704 (4747 words)

	Anatomy. Cell Biology and Maturation of the Serotonergic System:
		The nucleus raphe obscrus innervates the ventral horn of the spinal cord using the posterior fasciculus of the spinal cord.
		The nucleus raphe magnus innervates the dorsal horn.
		The serotonergic neurons in the superior group are in the caudal linear nucleus, the dorsal raphe nucleus, median raphe nucleus, and the supralemniscal nucleus.
	www.acnp.org /g4/GN401000042/Ch042.html (7197 words)

	vitae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		An investigation of the median nucleus of the raphe in behavior.
		Role of the midbrain raphe nuclei in the attenuation of neuroleptic induced catalepsy.
		Stratford, T.R. and Wirtshafter, D. The hyperdipsia induced by injection of muscimol into the median raphe nucleus (MR) is attenuated by lesions of the subfornical organ (SFO) or lateral hypothalamus (LH).
	www.homestead.com /wirts/vitae.html (3066 words)

	In Vivo Assessment of the Midbrain Raphe Nuclear Regulation of Serotonin Release in the Hamster Suprachiasmatic Nucleus ...
		In vivo assessment of the midbrain raphe nuclear regulation of serotonin release in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus.
		Meyer-Bernstein, E. and Morin, L. Differential serotonergic innervation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the intergeniculate leaflet and its role in circadian rhythm modulation.
		Vertes, R. and Kocsis, B. Projections of the dorsal raphe nucleus to the brainstem: PHA-L analysis in the rat.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/81/4/1469 (5683 words)

	Hypocretins (Orexins) Regulate Serotonin Neurons in the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus by Excitatory Direct and Inhibitory ...
		raphe dorsalis throughout the sleep-waking cycle and during stressful situations in the rat: a polygraphic and voltammetric approach.
		Monti JM, Monti D (2000) Role of dorsal raphe nucleus serotonin 5-HT receptor in the regulation of REM sleep.
		Vertes RP, Kocsis B (1994) Projections of the dorsal raphe nucleus to the brainstem: PHA-L analysis in the rat.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/22/21/9453 (7089 words)

	Differential Role of Serotonergic Projections Arising from the Dorsal and Median Raphe Nuclei in Locomotor ...
		Serotonin-producing neurons are found predominantly in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and median raphe nucleus (MRN) in the brainstem (Azmitia and Whitaker-Azmitia, 1995).
		However, electrolytic lesions of the raphe nuclei are not specific to serotonin neurons, and by causing general neuronal destruction, including nonserotonergic cells and fibers of passage, these lesions may affect other behavioral and physiological functions (Andrade and Graeff, 2001).
		With the bregma as zero and with the stereotaxic arm at 25°, the coordinates were: DRN: 8 mm posterior, 2.9 mm lateral, and 6.8 mm ventral of the bregma; MRN: 8 mm posterior, 3.7 mm lateral, and 8.8 mm ventral of the bregma (Paxinos and Watson, 1998).
	www.nature.com /npp/journal/v28/n12/full/1300277a.html (6446 words)

	Localization of Glucokinase-Like Immunoreactivity in the Rat Lower Brain Stem: For Possible Location of Brain ...
		Colocalization of GK-like and serotonin immunoreactivities in raphe nuclei and ventrolateral medulla.
		Serotonin immunoreactivity was expressed in the cytoplasm of all GK-like immunopositive cells in the raphe nuclei including the dorsal raphe nucleus (A) and the median raphe nucleus (B) and cells in the ventrolateral medulla (C).
		Positive immunoreactivities observed in the raphe nuclei including the raphe pallidus were eliminated by preadsorption of the anti-GKP antibody with the synthetic peptide composed of the N-terminus of GK of pancreatic type (E).
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/141/1/375 (5491 words)

	Migraine-anxiety related dizziness (MARD): a new disorder? -- Furman et al. 76 (1): 1 -- Journal of Neurology, ...
		ventrolateral medulla, nucleus of the solitary tract, nucleus
		the locus ceruleus (LC) and the adjacent nucleus subceruleus.
		Afferents to the central nucleus of the amygdala and functional subdivisions of the periaqueductal gray: neuroanatomical substrates for affective behavior.
	jnnp.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/76/1/1-a (4566 words)

	Original Article
		Dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is the largest of all raphe nuclei in rat brainstem, and a part of serotonergic system.
		We examined the effect of manipulation in ovarian steroids via ovariectomy, on the density of dendritic spines from primary dendrites of dorsal raphe neurons to determine whether the morphological characteristics of dorsal raphe neurons are also affected by changes in the circulating levels of female sex hormones.
		Dorsal raphe nucleus (A, scale bar 50 μm), neurons of dorsal raphe nucleus (B, scale bar 30 μm, C and D, scale bar 10 μm).
	www.ams.ac.ir /AIM/0472/011.htm (2363 words)

	Researchers look to the brain to explain gender differences in sleep apnea
		They first looked at the caudal raphe because that is where serotonin — which plays a role in preventing the tongue from relaxing and blocking the airway -- is manufactured.
		They examined the pathway of the virus into the brain and were able to "see" the path of the PRV and the serotonin-activated neurons projecting from the caudal raphe to the tongue.
		They looked at the number and distribution of neurons activated by serotonin in the caudal raphe, expecting there would be differences between males and females.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-04/aps-rlt033006.php (903 words)

	GABAergic Control of the Ascending Input From the Median Raphe Nucleus to the Limbic System -- Li et al. 94 (4): 2561 ...
		input to the hippocampus is the median raphe nucleus (MRN) (Freund
		Neuronal activity of the septal pacemaker of theta rhythm under the influence of stimulation and blockade of the median raphe nucleus in the awake rabbit.
		Dorsal raphe neurons: synchronous discharge with theta rhythm of the hippocampus in the freely moving rat.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/94/4/2561 (6697 words)

	Analgesia
		The descending pain pathway runs from the periaqueductal gray (PAG), which receives input from the hypothalamus, amygdala, and frontal cortex, to the nucleus raphe magnus, found in the rostral medulla and caudal pons, and the adjacent areas of the medullary reticular formation, to posterior horn of the spinal cord (Nolte 2002).
		Delta receptors are found in the ventrolateral quadrent of the PAG, pontine reticular formation, and the gigantocelular reticular nucleus, and in small amounts in the median raphe and the nucleus raphe magnus (McNally and Akil 2002).
		Enkephalin cells are also found in many nuclei in the CNS, including: lamina I, II and V, trigeminal system, lateral reticular nucleus, raphe pontis, central PAG, periventricular nucleus of the thalamus, hyperthalamus, caudate putamen, globus pallidus, limbic structures near the lateral ventricle, the nucleus accumbus, and the amygdala(Watson and Barchas 1979).
	academic.uofs.edu /student/zanisc2/Analgesia.html (1093 words)

	BAT control shows the way: medullary raphe/parapyramidal neurons and sympathetic regulation of brown adipose tissue -- ...
		is excitation of medullary raphé neurons with excitatory
		Descending vasomotor pathways from the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus: role of medullary raphe and RVLM.
		Raphe pallidus neurons mediate prostaglandin E2-evoked increases in brown adipose tissue thermogenesis.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/288/3/R557 (2681 words)

	Effects on breathing of focal acidosis at multiple medullary raphe sites in awake goats -- Hodges et al. 97 (6): 2303 ...
		Role of the medullary raphe nuclei in the respiratory response to CO Respir Physiol 111: 15–23, 1998.
		Muscimol inhibition of medullary raphe neurons decreases the CO response and alters sleep in newborn piglets.
		Activation of 5-HT receptors in raphe pallidus inhibits leptin-evoked increases in brown adipose tissue thermogenesis.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/97/6/2303 (4364 words)

	[No title]
		One target is the raphe nucleus, which modulates the perception of pain by presynaptic inhibition of C-fibers.
		At the red nucleus, the contralateral side of the body is represented (the cerebellum contains information from the ipsilateral side of the body, which is opposite of the largely contralateral cerebrum), and each red nucleus projects to its ipsilateral thalamus and then ultimately to the premotor cortex to become part of the motor system.
		Damage to this nucleus would render the eye unable to adjust to head position and unable to maintain fixation if trochlear or abducens nerves were to become active.
	mcb.berkeley.edu /courses/mcb163/labs/2005/2005-wk9.doc (2336 words)

	APSS Abstracts Search Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Identification of neurons which could be responsible for the cessation of activity of serotonergic cells of the dorsal raphe nucleus during sleep
		The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) through its extensive efferents has been implicated in a great variety of physiological and behavioral functions such regulation of the sleep-wake cycle.
		A small number of labeled cells were present in the pedonculopontin nucleus, the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus and the nucleus of the solitary tract.
	www.websciences.org /cftemplate/apss97/indiv.dbm?ID=19979355 (687 words)

	Local Treatments of Dorsal Raphe Nucleus Induce Changes in Serotonergic Activity in Rat Major Cerebral Arteries • ...
		The role of serotonergic neurons in dorsal raphe, median raphe and anterior hypothalamic pressor mechanisms.
		Becquet D, Faudon M, Hery F. The role of serotonin release and autoreceptors in the dorsalis raphe nucleus in the control of serotonin released in the cat caudate nucleus.
		Effects of dorsal raphe nucleus stimulation on cerebral blood flow and flow-metabolism coupling in the conscious rat.
	stroke.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/30/8/1695 (4332 words)

	Dr. David Wirtshafter
		Work in my laboratory has centered on the neural mechanisms involved in the control of behavioral arousal and activation For the past fifteen years we have focused on the median raphe nucleus and adjacent midbrain structures.
		Wirtshafter, D., and Asin, K. Dopamine antagonists induce Fos-like immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra and entopeduncular nucleus of the rat.
		Klitenick, M. A., and Wirtshafter, D. Behavioral and neurochemical effects of opioids in the paramedian midbrain tegmentum including the median raphe nucleus and ventral tegmental area.
	www.uic.edu /depts/psch/wirt-1.html (441 words)

	Retinal afferents to the dorsal raphe nucleus
		This is a darkfield photomontage showing cholera toxin B - immunoreactive optic axons (arrows) emerging from the gerbil optic tract (OTr) at the level of the rostral superior colliculus (SC).
		These axons course medially through the commissure of the superior colliculus (CSC), descend through the periaqueductal gray, and ultimately terminate in the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) (not shown).
		Studies in the Fite laboratory are aimed at understanding the neuroanatomical organization and functional significance of this unusual retinal-brainstem projection, as well as determining how light stimulation may influence the activity of DRN neurons over the diurnal cycle and during experimentally controlled visual stimulation.
	www.umass.edu /neuro/gallery/9.htm (103 words)

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