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	The Ras Protein
		The ras protein belongs to a large super-family of proteins known as "low-molecular weight G-proteins".
		Ras is turned "on" by removing the GDP and replacing it with a GTP.
		Ras possesses a GTPase activity that converts GTP to GDP by hydrolyzing the gamma phosphate off the GTP.
	webhost.bridgew.edu /fgorga/ras/ras_intro.htm (309 words)

	Protein kinase -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Serine/threonine protein kinases (EC 2.7.1.37) phosphorylate the OH group of (A sweetish crystalline amino acid involved in the synthesis by the body of cysteine) serine or (A colorless crystalline amino acid found in protein; occurs in the hydrolysates of certain proteins; an essential component of human nutrition) threonine (which have similar sidechains).
		At least twelve members of the protein kinase C family have been identified in (Any warm-blooded vertebrate having the skin more or less covered with hair; young are born alive except for the small subclass of monotremes and nourished with milk) mammals, due to their high (additional info and facts about sequence homology) sequence homology.
		Upon activation, protein kinase C enzymes are translocated to the (A thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell; controls passage of substances in and out of the cell) plasma membrane by RACK proteins (membrane-bound receptor for activated protein kinase C proteins).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pr/protein_kinase.htm (1972 words)

	CancerQuest : The Genes of Cancer : Oncogenes
		Ras gene products are involved in kinase signaling pathways that control the transcription of genes, which then regulate cell growth and differentiation.
		To turn "on" the pathway, the ras protein must bind to a particular molecule (GTP) in the cell.
		When ras transcription is increased, an excess of the gene's protein is in the cell, and the positive signals for cell division begin to outweigh the negative signals.
	www.cancerquest.org /index.cfm?page=553 (326 words)

	Ras (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		RAS proteins are localized in the inner plasma membrane, bind GDP and GTP and possess an intrinsic GTPase activity, implicated in the regulation of their activity.
		Later, RAS proteins were shown to influence proliferation, differentiation, transformation, and apoptosis by relaying mitogenic and growth signals into the cytoplasm and the nucleolus (10).
		The inefficient deactivation of the active GTP-bound RAS proteins is intensified by the inability of GAPs to stimulate the conversion to the inactive, GDP-bound state.
	www.infobiogen.fr /services/chromcancer/Deep/ras.html (1612 words)

	Ras85D - Ras-like protein 1
		Biochemically, RCC1 is a guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor for the nuclear Ras homologue Ran; it increases the dissociation of Ran-bound GDP by 10(5)-fold.
		Upon stimulation of the bombesin receptors, KUZ increases the docking and activation of adaptors Src homology 2 domain-containing protein and Gab1 on the EGFR, and activation of Ras and Erk.
		Consistently, the protein level of at least one component of the Ras signal transduction pathway, the transcription factor D-Jun, is elevated in faf eye discs at the time when the ectopic photoreceptors are induced.
	www.ihop-net.org /UniPub/iHOP/gg/66290.html (6268 words)

	Walther Cancer Institute
		One oncogenic protein commonly involved in human malignancies is the Ras protein.
		Mutant or "activated" forms of the Ras protein are found in approximately 40% of all human cancers.
		One of the functions of the Ras protein in the cell is to regulate the activity of a serine/threonine protein kinase known as Raf.
	www.walther.org /wcf_users_homepages/Marshall_Mark.html (261 words)

	Purification of a Protein Palmitoyltransferase that Acts on H-Ras Protein and on a C-terminal N-Ras Peptide -- Liu et ...
		Data is presented showing that rat liver microsomes contain an enzyme that transfers the palmitoyl group from palmitoyl-coenzyme A to cysteine residues of H-Ras protein and of a synthetic peptide having the structure of the C terminus of N-Ras.
		This protein palmitoyltransferase (PPT) was solubilized from membranes and purified 10,500-fold to apparent homogeneity with an overall yield of 10%.
		PPT is the first protein palmitoyltransferase to be purified, and the availability of pure enzyme should contribute to our understanding of the function and regulation of Ras palmitoylation in cells.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/abstract/271/38/23269 (768 words)

	H-Ras Photolabeling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The human recombinant protein is 49 kD consisting of the H-Ras protein (21 kD) and a 28 kD GST tag at the amino terminal of the protein.
		The biological activity of H-Ras-GST was monitored by measuring the ability of the protein to bind to and hydrolyze GTP.
		Proteins were resolved on a 7-11% discontinuous SDS-PAGE, stained with Coomassie brilliant blue and destained overnight.
	www.altcorp.com /AffinityLabeling/rasphotolabeling.htm (1114 words)

	Researchers Find How Two Cancer Genes Interact To Cause Malignancy
		In their experiments on normal cells, the researchers found that without mutated ras, half of the myc protein initially present was degraded within 10 minutes.
		Myc protein's half-life is longer because the mutated ras protein interferes with the cell's natural degradation of myc protein, much like clogging a sink.
		The researchers still are exploring the exact mechanism by which ras protein interferes with myc's degradation, as well as seeking other factors in the cell that control the stability of myc.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1999-02/DUMC-RFHT-250299.php (498 words)

	Yale Bulletin and Calendar - Current Issue
		A newly discovered "Ras" protein, which is related to a group of proteins known to be a factor in nearly 30% of all human tumors, has been identified by a Yale professor.
		The Ras proteins have been found to be mutated in 50% of colon tumors and 90% of a class of pancreatic tumors.
		In order for Ras proteins to cause cancer they have to localize in the membrane, but this protein does not have the sequences that allow it to go to the membrane, Ghosh says.
	www.yale.edu /opa/v28.n20/story9.html (403 words)

	Protein Modification
		However, there are proteins, which still need to be modified by either clipping off a part of the protein or by adding additional elements.
		This protein is often mutated in cancers and this contributes to uncontrolled growth.
		The enzyme, the RAS protein and the prenyl group form a complex and the prenyl group is chemically linked to the C-terminal end.
	www.stormpages.com /cancerinform/tutorial/expl/iemodification.html (248 words)

	SH3 domain - LearnThis.Info Enclyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		An SH3 domain is a protein module, a characteristic peptide sequence.
		It is used in signal transduction proteins, often in pathways involving tyrosine kinases.
		SH3 domains are often found in functions concerning the cytoskeleton, the ras protein, and the src kinase.
	encyclopedia.learnthis.info /s/sh/sh3_domain.html (121 words)

	The Ras Gene and Cancer
		It turns out that the ras gene and the ras protein are important for a lot of things, but more particularly for regulating the growth of cells.
		So we know from this that the ras gene is very important to all living cells and that it's probably been around for a couple billion years, ever since the very first cells were formed on the planet.
		Now one ras gene and protein all by itself would be interesting, but it turns out that there's a whole family of ras genes and ras proteins.
	www.accessexcellence.org /AB/BA/Ras_Gene_and_Cancer.html (1608 words)

	Vaccine Offers Hope Against Once Hopeless Disease
		Approximately 90% of pancreatic cancers have an abnormal variant of a gene called ras, which gives rise to an abnormal RAS protein.
		In collaboration with researchers from the National Cancer Institute, Meropol and his colleagues designed the research study based on compelling preclinical evidence that a special vaccine against this mutant ras protein could effectively "jumpstart" a weakened immune system to fight the disease.
		A vaccine is then prepared which mimics a section of the individual's specific mutated RAS protein.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1996-11/RPCI-VOHA-131196.php (489 words)

	Wild type H-Ras protein, His-tagged (RS01)
		Protein concentration is determined by the Precision Red Advanced Protein Assay Reagent, Cat.
		The recombinant protein is approximately 28 kDa, consisting of the H-Ras protein plus a histidine tag in the amino-terminus.
		EDTA is used to sequester magensium ions from the His-H-Ras protein, thereby stimulating nucleotide exchange activity.
	www.cytoskeleton.com /products/g-prot/rs01.html (209 words)

	Probing the structure and mechanism of Ras protein with an expanded genetic code -- Chung et al. 259 (5096): 806 -- ...
		Probing the structure and mechanism of Ras protein with an expanded genetic code -- Chung et al.
		Mutations in Ras protein at positions Gly12 and Gly13 (phosphate-binding loop L1) and at positions Ala59, Gly60, and Gln61 (loop L4) are commonly associated with oncogenic activation.
		The properties of wild-type and transforming Ras proteins previously thought to be uniquely associated with the structure of a single amino acid at these positions were retained by mutants that contained a variety of unnatural amino acids.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/259/5096/806 (473 words)

	Bartels, Doug J - Identification of new proteins involved in the localization and function of yeast Ras proteins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Identification of new proteins involved in the localization and function of yeast Ras proteins
		It has been possible to construct a non-prenylated Ras proteins that are functional, albeit at a reduced level of activity.
		The CaaX-box defective RAS mutants were used in a screen to identify new proteins required for Ras protein function.
	www.yeastgenome.org /yeast96/f2339.html (202 words)

	Presentation # 217 - From Postganglionic Sympathetic Nervous System To Neuroblastoma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		We analyzed the possible role of Ras in mediating the cell fate and differentiation of adrenal medulla and neuroblastoma cells comparing the expression of H-ras protein with neurotrophic receptors such as trkA, trkB, nerve growth factor and neurofibromin by means of immunocytochemical methods.
		The negativity of NGFR and H-ras protein here presented on neuroblastoma in situ could also be related to the high apoptotic stage of the nests of the neuroblasts.
		Intracellular signaling via Ras appears to be blocked with high expression of neurofibromin and neurotrophic receptors.
	www.uclm.es /inabis2000/symposia/files/217 (413 words)

	Berthe Marie Willumsen (English) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		One approach for acquiring understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which proteins work is by making mutations in their genes and analyzing the difference in activity between the mutated and the parent protein.
		The Ras protein is a guanine nucleotide binding protein, whose GDP- and GTP- bound structure has been determined by X-ray crystallography.
		When bound to GTP, the Ras protein is able to interact with a number of target or effector proteins, whose activity is stimulated by the interaction with GTP-Ras.
	www.molbio.ku.dk /MolBioPages/amc/PersonalPages/BMW/BMWpage.html (1328 words)

	Ab Initio Study of the Role of Lysine 16 for the Molecular Switching Mechanism of Ras Protein p21 -- Futatsugi et al. ...
		Ras protein p21, coded by the c-Ha-ras oncogene and first separated by Weinbarg at MIT in 1979 (Shih et al., 1979
		The mutation of amino acids of Ras p21 induces a carcinogenesis, and this carcinogenesis is dominated by a decrease in the
		The importance of the role of lysine 16 and GAP on the molecular switching mechanism of Ras protein p21.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/77/6/3287 (2171 words)

	InterPro: IPR001806 Ras GTPase (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Both the protein accession number and the protein overview match are clickable and return the detailed matches view for the protein.
		The average number of amino acids overlapping in the sequences of the 31 proteins common to both entries is then calculated, with the results displayed in the bar diagram on the right.
		The protein entries in the examples, have a match status of TRUE, and illustrate as far as possible the kind of diversity in structure and function of the proteins in the InterPro entry.
	www.ebi.ac.uk /interpro/IEntry?ac=IPR001806 (2740 words)

	ANSWVI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Kinase domains on the intracellular parts of the protein or kinases associated with the cytoplasmic domains often activate the dimerized receptors by reciprocal phosphorylation.
		The Ras protein functions as a molecular switch that is set to its on state by other proteins that cause it to bind GTP.
		Ras activity in response to an extracellular signal would be greater than normal but would saturate when all Ras are converted to GTP-bound form.
	www.unc.edu /gform-links/courses/pre2000fall/biol052/probsets/answer6.html (1048 words)

	A Novel Ras-interacting Protein Required for Chemotaxis and Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Signal Relay in ...
		The domain that is homologous to the mammalian protein cloned, JC310, which was identified in a screen for mammalian genes that inhibit activated Ras function in yeast, is underlined.
		Aubry, L., Maeda, M., Insall, R., Devreotes, P.N., and Firtel, R.A. The Dictyostelium mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK2 is regulated by Ras and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and mediates PKA function.
		Reymond, C.D., Gomer, R.H., Mehdy, M.C., and Firtel, R.A. Developmental regulation of a Dictyostelium gene encoding a protein homologous to mammalian Ras protein.
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/10/9/2829 (7270 words)

	Dafna Bar-Sagi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ras proteins are small guanine-nucleotide binding proteins that reside on the inner surface of the plasma membrane.
		Their critical role in mediating signals that control cell growth is indicated by the fact that mutationally activated (oncogenic) forms of ras genes have been identified in many types of human tumors.
		Our current work is concerned with the control mechanisms that normally regulate the biological activity of Ras proteins and the perturbation of this regulation during oncogenic transformation.
	www.uhmc.sunysb.edu /microbiology/barsagi.html (175 words)

	Increased K-Ras Protein and Activity in Mouse and Human Lung Epithelial Cells at Confluence -- Kammouni et al. 13 (9): ...
		ras p21 binds to the RBD of raf-1.
		After pelleting and washing of the beads, the proteins were eluted, separated by electrophoresis, transferred to membranes, and probed with anti-K-ras p21 monoclonal antibody.
		Average scan values for K-ras-GTP normalized to Erk1/2 protein were 1.1 ± 0.3 and 224 ± 26, an average fold increase of 203.6.
	cgd.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/13/9/441 (5857 words)

	CiteULike: The structure of Ras protein: a model for a universal molecular switch. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		CiteULike: The structure of Ras protein: a model for a universal molecular switch.
		The structure of Ras protein: a model for a universal molecular switch.
		X-ray crystallography has revealed the molecular architecture of the cellular and oncogenic forms of p21Ha-ras, the protein encoded by the human Ha-ras gene, in both its active (GTP-bound) and in its inactive (GDP-bound) forms.
	www.citeulike.org /user/laurabailey/article/527248 (326 words)

	KRAS2 - v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog
		This gene, a Kirsten ras oncogene homolog from the mammalian ras gene family, encodes a protein that is a member of the small GTPase superfamily.
		The transforming protein that results is implicated in various malignancies, including lung adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenoma, ductal carcinoma of the pancreas and colorectal carcinoma.
		Mutations in the ras protooncogenes are rare events in renal cell cancer.
	www.ucsf.edu /urogene/kgdb/gene/97.html (241 words)

	The Drosophila Ral GTPase Regulates Developmental Cell Shape Changes through the Jun NH2-terminal Kinase Pathway -- ...
		Feig, L.A., Cooper, G.M. (1988) Inhibition of NIH 3T3 cell proliferation by a mutant ras protein with preferential affinity for GDP.
		Neuman-Silberberg, F.S., Schejter, E., Hoffmann, F.M., Shilo, B.Z. (1984) The Drosophila ras oncogenes: structure and nucleotide sequence.
		Ridley, A.J., Hall, A. (1992) The small GTP-binding protein rho regulates the assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers in response to growth factors.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/146/2/361 (6927 words)

	Inaugural Article: Interaction of the Ras-related protein associated with diabetes Rad and the putative tumor ...
		proteins (GAPs) present in the cytoplasm of the cells (7, 8).
		(GST) fusion proteins was induced with 1 mM IPTG for 1-3 hr.
		The protein was rebound to the GSH-Sepharose beads and was washed 3 times.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/96/26/14911 (7389 words)

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