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	ratramnus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Ratramnus (died circa 868) was a theological controversialist of the second half of the 9th century.
		Ratramnus sought to reconcile science and religion, whereas Radbertus emphasized the miraculous.
		Ratramnus was famous in his own day for his Contra Graecorum opposita, in four books (868), a valued contribution to the controversy between the Eastern and Western Churches which had been raised by the publication of the encyclical letter of Photius in 867.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /ratramnus.html (327 words)

	RATRAMNUS - LoveToKnow Article on RATRAMNUS
		Ratramnus sought in a way to reconcile science and religion, whereas Radbertus emphasized the miraculous.
		Ratraninuss views failed to find acceptance; their author was soon forgotten, and, when the book was condemned at the synod of Vercelli in 1050, it was described as having been written by Johannes Scotus Erigena at the command of Charlemagne.
		Ratramnus perhaps won most glory in his own day by his Contra Graecorum opposita, in four books (868), a valued contribution to the controversy between the Eastern and Western Churches which had been raised by the publication of the encyclical letter of Photius in 867.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /R/RA/RATRAMNUS.htm (300 words)

	Ratramnus
		In the solution of the first question Ratramnus distinguishes correctly between the invisible substance, "invisibilis substantia", which, he says, is truly the body and blood of Christ, "vere corpus et sanguis Christi" (xlix), and the external appearances which after the consecration by the priest remain the same as they were before (ix-x).
		The second question he answers in the negative, stating that the Eucharistic Christ is not in everything identical with the historic Christ "who was born of Mary, suffered, died, was buried, ascended into heaven and sitteth at the right hand of the Father" (cap.
		A wrong interpretation of the words "figura" and "veritas", and a few ambiguous passages have given rise to the opinion among a few Catholics and most Protestants that Ratramnus taught a merely symbolic presence of Christ in the Eucharist.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/r/ratramnus.html (577 words)

	Gottschalk (theologian) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He was trained at the monastery of Fulda, then under the abbot Hrabanus Maurus, and became the friend of Walafrid Strabo and Loup de Ferrières.
		In June 829, at the synod of Mainz, on the pretext that he had been unduly constrained by his abbot, he sought and obtained his liberty, withdrew first to Corbie, where he met Ratramnus, and then to the monastery of Orbais in the diocese of Soissons.
		Prudentius, bishop of Troyes, Wenilo of Sens, Ratramnus of Corbie, Loup de Ferrières and Florus of Lyons wrote in his favour.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gottschalk_(theologian) (701 words)

	The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. IX: Petri - Reuchlin (ratramnus_rathramnus)
		The chief work of Ratramnus was the De corpore et sanguine Domini liber, written at the request of Charles the Bald, probably after Paschasius Radbertus (see Radbertus, Paschasius) had sent him his treatise on the same theme.
		In this work Ratramnus maintained that the elements are not the actual body and blood of the Christ of history, but are mystic symbols of remembrance.
		Here Ratramnus decides that, though most theologians are inclined to consider the cynocephali as animals rather than men, the human traits in their mode of life imply the possession of reason, so that there is no good reason to object to the view that they are descendants of Adam.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/encyc09.ratramnus_rathramnus.html (1467 words)

	Radbertus & Ratramnus, by Shane Rosenthal
		Ratramnus on the other hand, being critical of this view, emphasized the spiritual presence of Christ in the sacrament, a view which bears a close, although not identical, resemblance to the Eucharistic theology of John Calvin and the Reformed tradition.
		Ratramnus, on the other hand, wrote his tract of the same title on behest of King Charles personallyprobably somewhere between 845-850.
		Ratramnus writes elsewhere that "under cover of the corporeal bread and of the corporeal wine Christ's spiritual body and spiritual blood do exist." It is clear therefore from these two selections that this author is not advocating the same doctrine as that which would later be propounded by Ulrich Zwingli.
	homepage.mac.com /shanerosenthal/reformationink/srratramnus.htm (1927 words)

	GOTTSCHALK - LoveToKnow Article on GOTTSCHALK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		He was trained at the monastery of Fulda, then under the abbot Hrabanus Maurus, and became the friend of Walafrid Strabo and Loup of Ferrires.
		Prudentius, bishop of Troyes, Wenilo of Sens, Ratramnus of Corbie, Loup of Ferrires and Florus of Lyons wrote in his favor.
		Some fragments of his theological treatises have been preserved in the writings of Hincmar, Erigena, Ratramnus and Loup of Ferrires.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /G/GO/GOTTSCHALK.htm (643 words)

	Ratramnus
		He is best known by his treatise on the Eucharist (De corpore et sanguine Domini liber), in which he controverted the doctrine of transubstantiation as taught in a similar work by his contemporary Radbertus Paschasius[?].
		Ratramnus's views failed to find acceptance; their author was soon forgotten, and, when the book was condemned at the synod of Vercelli in 1050, it was described as having been written by Johannes Scotus Erigena[?] at the command of Charlemagne.
		In the controversy about election, when appealed to by Charles the Bald, Ratramnus wrote two books De praedestinatione Dei, in which he maintained the doctrine of a twofold predestination; nor did the fate of Gottschalk deter him from supporting his view against Hincmar as to the orthodoxy of the expression "trina Deitas."
	www.fastload.org /ra/Ratramnus.html (352 words)

	phatmass phorum > The Eucharist Controversy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This is a treatise on the 'Holy Eucharist' in which Monk Ratramnus argued that the eucharist Christ was not identical to the historic Christ "who was born of Mary, suffered, died, was buried, ascended into heaven and sitteth at the right hand of the Father".
		Ratramnus was considered one of the most influential writers of the ninth century however.
		Ratramnus' teachings were condemned at Vercelli, but he was long since dead.
	phorum.phatmass.com /lofiversion/index.php/t5830.html (8005 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Ratramnus considered it is correct to say that the body of Christ is in the Eucharist.
		But he affirmed we must distinguish, on the one hand, the historical body of Christ, the one conceived in the flesh by the Virgin Mary, who walked on the streets of Jerusalem, who bled, who died on the cross, and resurrected.
		What happens here is that Ratramnus understood by spiritual body, not what St. Paul understood, but something different, which he called virtus, a kind of deific power the body of Christ had, which should not be identified with his carnal reality such as it was when he lived in Palestine.
	catholicphilosophy.com /sys-tmpl/chapter4363376 (3872 words)

	GOTTSCHALK [GODESCALUS, GOTTESCALE], (c. 808-867?) - Online Information article about GOTTSCHALK [GODESCALUS, ...
		Ratramnus, and then to the monastery of Orbais in the See also:
		Sens, Ratramnus of Corbie, Loup of Ferrieres and See also:
		treatises have been preserved in the writings of Hincmar, Erigena, Ratramnus and Loup of Ferrieres.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /GOA_GRA/GOTTSCHALK_GODESCALUS_GOTTESCAL.html (845 words)

	About Dog-Headed People: Religious Fables, Folklore, Legends, and Stories: All Creatures Articles Archive - vegan, ...
		He is the author of a letter, the Epistola de Cynocephalis, on whether the Cynocephali (dog-headed people) should be considered human.
		It is a very curious piece, addressed to the presbyter Rimbert who had answered his queries in regard to the cynocephali, and had asked in return for an opinion respecting their position in the scale of being.
		Ratramnus replied that from what he knew about them he considered them degenerated descendants of Adam, although the Church generally classed them with beasts.
	www.all-creatures.org /articles/rf-aboutdog.html (404 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Saint Paschasius Radbertus
		IX, written in 831 for his pupil Placidus Varinus, Abbot of New Corvey, and for the monks of that monastery, revised by the author and sent in 844 to Emperor Charles the Bald.
		The emperor commissioned the Benedictine Ratramnus of Corbie to refute certain questionable assertions of Paschasius, and when Rabanus Maurus joined in the discussion (cf.
		His primary object herein was to give in accordance with the doctrine of the Fathers of the Church (e.g.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11518a.htm (934 words)

	RATRAMNUS., Du Corps et du Sang du Seigneur. En latin et en françois. Se vend à Quevilly, par Jean Lucas, demeurant ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		RATRAMNUS., Du Corps et du Sang du Seigneur.
		A wrong interpretation of the words "figura" and "veritas", and a few ambiguous passages gave rise to the opinion among a few Catholics and most Protestants that Ratramnus taught a merely symbolic presence of Christ in the Eucharist.
		This item is listed on Bibliopoly by Bernard Quaritch Ltd. ; click here for further details.
	www.polybiblio.com /quaritch/cg135.html (253 words)

	History of Philosophy 25
		To the predestination controversy which was waged in the ninth century between Gottschalk, Ratramnus, and Servatus Lupus, on the one hand, and Hincmar, Florus, and Remi, archbishop of Rheims, on the other, Erigena contributed a treatise, De Praedestinatione, which seems to have given offense to both parties.
		In the other great controversy of the ninth and the following centuries, the dispute concerning the doctrine of transubstantiation, in which Ratramnus and Berengar were opposed by Paschasius Radbertus and Lanfranc, Erigena also took an active part.
		Of considerable importance in determining the philosophical views of Erigena are his Expositiones, -- commentaries on the works of Pseudo-Dionysius, -- and the commentary on Martianus Capella, fragments of which were published by Hauréau.
	www.nd.edu /Departments/Maritain/etext/hop25.htm (3226 words)

	RATRAMNUS (d. c. 868) - Online Information article about RATRAMNUS (d. c. 868)
		Ratramnus sought in a way to reconcile See also:
		Charles the Bald, Ratramnus wrote two books De praedestinatione Dei, in which he maintained the doctrine of a twofold See also:
		Leipzig, 1905) ; Naegle, Ratramnus and See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /PYR_RAY/RATRAMNUS_d_c_868_.html (999 words)

	RATRAMNUS (d. c. 868) - Encyclopedia Britannica - RATRAMNUS (d. c. 868) - JCSM's Study Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the controversy about election, when appealed to by Charles the Bald, Ratramnus wrote two books De praedestinatione Dei, in which he maintained the doctrine of a twofold predestination; nor did the fate of
		See the article by G. Steitz and Hauck in Hauck's Realencyklopadie fur protest.
		, 1905) ; Naegle, Ratramnus and die heilige Eucharistic (Vienna, 1903) ; Schnitzer, Berengar von Tours; and A. Harnack, History of Dogma, v., pp.
	www.jcsm.org /StudyCenter/Encyclopedia_Britannica/PYR_RAY/RATRAMNUS_d_c_868_.html (843 words)

	Tertullian : St Petersburg, Publichnaya Biblioteka MS. Q.v.I.40
		It is found in several MSS beside texts explicitly referring to the eucharist and to predestination, suggesting that the annotator was linked to Ratramnus who composed a treatise on this theme.
		57r, col. 2 on the capacity of the soul to suffer, and issue which Ratramnus treats.
		Tironian notes used as excerpting marks occur beside passages quoted by Ratramnus in his de Praedestinatione, a work composed in 850.
	www.tertullian.org /manuscripts_apologeticum/st_petersburg.htm (547 words)

	Ratramnus - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Ratramnus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Here you will find more informations about Ratramnus.
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		He is also the author of a letter, the Epistola de Cynocephalis, on whether the Cynocephali (dog-headed people) should be considered human (Patrilogia Latina 121: 1153-56).
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Ratramnus.html (321 words)

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