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Topic: Raw Scores

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	Academic Center: Writing Across the Curriculum Handouts
		A raw score is a single score that is derived from a test or an observation.
		Raw scores are also known as X values and are usually not useful by themselves.
		Changing raw scores to cumulative percentages is one way to standardize raw scores within a certain population.
	www.uhv.edu /ac/wac/rawscores.asp (425 words)

	National League for Nursing - Score Report Information
		For example, it is possible for a student to obtain a total raw score at the 88th percentile on a test and obtain subscores that fall at the 86th percentile for the same norms group.
		A normalized percentile score is the percentile equivalent (i.e., the percent of the norms group who received a raw score lower than the one in question) to a given standard score, if and only if, the scores on that test were normally distributed.
		The percentiles reported for the Class or Group Mean are those equivalent to the average raw score (it is inappropriate to average percentiles, since the percentile of the average score is different from the average of the percentile scores).
	www.nln.org /testproducts/guideinterpretation.htm (2607 words)

	Psychology 320: Psychological Statistics
		The raw score is an untransformed score from a measurement.
		The Z score tells you how far the raw score is away from the mean in terms of standard deviation units.
		The raw scores have been converted resulting in a scale where the mean = 50 and the standard deviation = 10.
	www.csun.edu /%7Evcpsy015/wk2.htm (736 words)

	Z-scores
		A Z-score quantifies the original score in terms of the number of standard deviations that that score is from the mean of the distribution.
		For example, we could compare two scores from two different intelligence tests, even if the intelligence test scores were expressed in different units (eg, one as an intelligence quotient and one as a percent of answers given correctly).
		For example, if your score was in the 65th percentile and your friendÕs was in the 40th percentile, you could justifiably claim that you did better than your friend because you outperformed a greater percent of students in your class than he did in his class.
	www.une.edu.au /WebStat/unit_materials/c4_descriptive_statistics/z_scores.htm (776 words)

	test scores (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Because scores on standardized tests depend on comparing an individual's score with the scores of a large group of test-takers, it is important to know what group is being used for the comparison.
		In grading many standardized tests, the raw scores are normalized: points are added to or subtracted from the raw scores, according to the size of the score, until their distribution fits a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve.
		Scores are normalized as for stanines but instead of being sorted into 9 groups they are sorted into 99, which gives a more precise picture of the test-taker's relative standing than a stanine would.
	www.sizes.com /society/test_scores.htm (502 words)

	Description of ATS Output (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		A positive value for skewness indicates many students received low scores (the scores are clustered on the left of the curve); a negative value indicates that many students received high scores (the scores are clustered on the right of the curve).
		It is the highest score of the bottom 25% of the total scores (the 2nd Quartile is the Median and the 4th Quartile is the highest score).
		It is the highest score among the bottom 75% of the total scores (the 2nd Quartile is the Median and the 4th Quartile is the highest score).
	www.csus.edu /uccs/services/Output.stm (1971 words)

	Interpreting Scores - ITBS - Iowa Testing Program - The University of Iowa
		Scores such as percentile ranks, grade equivalents, and standard scores differ from one another in the purposes they can serve, the precision with which they describe achievement, and the kind of information they provide.
		The scale used with the ITBS and ITED was established by assigning a score of 200 to the median performance of students in the spring of grade 4 and 250 to the median performance of students in the spring of grade 8.
		Usually percent-correct scores are used and the teacher determines the score needed for mastery or for passing.
	www.education.uiowa.edu /itp/itbs/itbs_interp_score.htm (3284 words)

	normalized scores and z-score distribution - ed 510
		Raw scores are informative because they can be arranged in distributions, and it is possible to calculate central values and measures of dispersion, such as the standard deviation.
		Once scores are standardized any raw score can be compared to any other raw score without concerns about the sample size, the central norms or the standard deviation that pertains to the sample from which an individual raw score has been drawn.
		Z scores that have a negative sign indicate that the raw score was lower than the average score for the sample.
	muse.widener.edu /~aad0002/510normscore.htm (1111 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The z-score corresponding to a raw score of 35 is EMBED Equation.3 .
		The z-score corresponding to a raw score of 55 is EMBED Equation.3 .
		The z-score corresponding to a raw score of 70 is EMBED Equation.3 .
	www.fiu.edu /~blissl/Chapter4exercises.doc (2657 words)

	Mod3 Page11
		If the raw score distribution is bell-shaped and symmetrical, we use the properties of the normal distribution to estimate the probability of observing different ranges of raw scores.
		If you look up the probability of a z score equal to or less than +1.0 in a standard normal table, what is the relation between this probability multiplied by 100 and the percentile rank of the raw score of 20.
		A score of 25 is associated with a z score of 0.28.
	www.bc.edu /bc_org/avp/cas/psych/statres/03mod/11.html (2165 words)

	score types
		Scores that compare the student's performance to the norm group by showing how far their score is from the mean (e.g.
		Raw score and percent correct are useful for computing a student's gains in achievement over time.
		These scores are useful for comparing a student's performance relative to other students' performances and to report a student's areas of strengths and weaknesses.
	www.coe.usu.edu /psyc/slehman/nrt/score_type.htm (1553 words)

	ACT SparkNotes Test Prep: ACT Scoring and the Score Report
		Those raw scores are converted into four scaled scores for the subject tests and scaled subscores for the subsections.
		All raw scores are based on the number of questions you answered correctly.
		Without scaled scores, you wouldn’t be able to compare your score on a particular test with the score that someone else received on a different test taken on a different date.
	www.sparknotes.com /testprep/books/act/chapter1section4.html (1765 words)

	Interpretation Problems of Age and Grade Equivalents
		The reliability of age- and grade-equivalent scores is limited by the relationship between the equivalents and the raw scores on which they are based.
		However, the age equivalent for a raw score of 165 is 16 years 4 months, and for a raw score of 170 is 18 years 2 months.
		Smaller changes in raw scores at these upper ages reflect larger and larger changes in age-equivalent scores as the ceiling of the assessment is reached.
	ags.pearsonassessments.com /assessments/age_grade.asp (610 words)

	Center for Teaching Excellence
		The raw scores are ordered from high to low, with the corresponding standard score, percentile rank, percentage of people in the total group tested who received the given score, the frequency, and the cumulative frequency.
		Raw and/or standard scores can be summed, optionally applying weights to each score; a new summary of test statistics and a frequency distribution will be produced for the summed scores.
		When raw scores are summed to determine final score distributions and grades, the examinations with the larger standard deviations will always carry the most weight in determining the final score distribution.
	www.oir.uiuc.edu /DME/Exams/total.html (733 words)

	Behavioral Statistics in Action
		To calculate the sample mean for raw data you first take the sum of all the raw scores in the sample and divide them the by the total number of raw scores in the sample.
		To calculate the population mean for raw data you first take the sum of all the raw scores in the population and divide them by the total number of raw scores in the population.
		The formula reads: Mu equals the sum of X (or the sum of all the raw scores in the population) divided by N (the population size or number of raw data scores in the population).
	www.miracosta.edu /Home/rmorrissette/Chapter04.htm (1549 words)

	What are test scores?
		A pupil’s raw score is simply the number of questions in the test that the pupil has answered correctly.
		A standardised test score is the result of translating the number of correct answers in a test (the ‘raw score’) into a more user-friendly score on a completely different scale, that enables account to be taken of the pupil’s age, and that allows scores from more than one test to be meaningfully added together.
		This table can be computed in advance because, prior to publication of the test, it has been administered to a large representative national sample of pupils and the standardised scores that are in the table are a reflection of the raw scores and ages of all the pupils in that sample.
	www.nfer.ac.uk /research-areas/assessment/what-are-test-scores.cfm (369 words)

	Chap6
		Z scores tell how many standard deviations away from the mean a score resides.
		In a normal distribution approximately 68% of the scores reside between the mean and ±1 z, approximately 95% of the scores reside between the mean and ±2 z and approximately 99% of the scores reside between the mean and ±3 z.
		The z score lookup applet on the left calculates proportions for z scores to the third decimal point of accuracy.
	espse.ed.psu.edu /edpsych/faculty/rhale/statistics/Chapters/Chapter6/Chap6.html (2486 words)

	Part-test vs whole-test measures
		For complete data, subset raw scores have the convenient numerical property that however the right answers are exchanged among subsets, the sum of part-test scores for each person still adds up to the same whole-test score.
		Scores vs. measures: The ogival shape of the linearizing transformation from scores to measures shows that one more "right" answer implies a greater increase in inferred measure at the extremes of a test (near 100 or zero percent) than in the middle (near 50 percent).
		When we take the step from data (raw experience) to inference (knowledge) by transforming an exactly observed raw score into an uncertain (qualified by model error and misfit) estimate of an inferred linear measure, the concrete one-for-one raw score exchanges between parts and wholes are left behind.
	www.rasch.org /rmt/rmt83f.htm (1164 words)

	Behavioral Statistics in Action
		The formula reads: sigma squared (variance of a population) equals the sum of all the squared deviation scores of the population (raw scores minus mu or the mean of the population) divided by capital N or the number of scores in the population.
		The formula reads: capital S squared (variance of a sample) equals the sum of all the squared deviation scores of the sample (raw scores minus x bar or the mean of the sample) divided by lower case n or the number of scores in the sample minus 1.
		The formula reads: sigma (standard deviation of a population) equals the square root of the sum of all the squared deviation scores of the population (raw scores minus mu or the mean of the population) divided by capital N or the number of scores in the population.
	www.miracosta.edu /Home/rmorrissette/Chapter05.htm (1317 words)

	Z-Transformation of Raw Test Scores
		When the instructor decides that a test is unusually difficult, or if there is some other classwide reason for adjusting the raw scores, a z-transformation is a fair way to do it.
		A z-transformation adjusts the raw scores of a test to fit a predetermined range of scores having a specific mean (arithmetic average) and standard deviation (a dispersion measure of the scores - how close together or spread apart they are).
		It is usually a good idea to limit the adjusted scores to a specific range, such as from 50 to 99.
	www.newnanbiz.net /wesche/ztrans.htm (541 words)

	IQ Tests \| What Do IQ Scores Mean?
		IQ - IQ scores are tied directly to your percentile ranking with respect to the general population.
		The IQ scores we give are based on a 15 point standard deviation scale (used for the Weschler intelligence tests).
		While the raw scores that you achieve will not change, the percentile and IQ scores that they correspond to likely will, as more and more data is accumulated.
	www.alliqtests.com /what_do_iq_scores_mean (587 words)

	ITED - Iowa Testing Program - The University of Iowa
		The median raw score of students tested in the spring of each grade is assigned a GE that represents the eighth month of that grade.
		Thus, the GE that corresponds to the median raw score of students tested in the spring of eighth grade is 8.8; for ninth grade that GE is 9.8, for tenth grade 10.8, and so on.
		Because of the generally common curriculum at the elementary level, a score expressed in terms of grade level can meaningfully describe a student's developmental status and growth from one year to the next.
	www.education.uiowa.edu /itp/ited/ited_interp_score.htm (2975 words)

	Understanding Test Scores - TeachersAndFamilies
		A percentile is a score that indicates the rank of the student compared to others (same age or same grade), using a hypothetical group of 100 students.
		For example, a standard score of 110 on a test with a mean of 100 indicates above average performance compared to the population of students for whom the test was developed and normed.
		For example, if Sally obtains a grade-equivalent score of 3.6 on a reading comprehension test, this means that she obtained the same score as the typical student in the sixth month of third grade.
	www.teachersandfamilies.com /open/parent/scores2.cfm (623 words)

	Brand Scores - 2008 Presidential Brand Study
		On Reputation, raw scores measure the percentage of respondents who rank the candidates positively on certain attributes.
		To derive a net score, we subtract the percentage of negative impressions of the individual candidates from their percentage of positives.
		Performance scores are determinedby taking the average raw scores of candidates across a range of questions in this category.
	www.presidentialbrands2008.com /dem-brand-scores (178 words)

	Aptitude & Ability Tests - How Your Scores are Interpreted
		If you are told that you scored 40 out of 50 in a verbal aptitude test, this is largely meaningless unless you know where your particular score lies within the context of the scores of other people.
		Raw scores need to be converted into standard scores or percentiles will provide you with this kind of information.
		However, a score of 100 on Test Y would be an average score.
	www.psychometric-success.com /aptitude-tests/test-scoring-systems.htm (490 words)

	ED230A Raw Scores, Deviation Scores & Standard Scores (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Raw scores are the observed values of the variables.
		Deviation scores have a mean = 0 and the same standard deviation as the raw scores.
		Say that you have raw scores of 31, 37, 24, and 28 from a distribution with a mean = 30 and sd = 5.5.
	www.gseis.ucla.edu /courses/ed230a2/notes3/raw.html (142 words)

	GEDTS -sscore
		Raw tests scores (number correct) are converted to reflect equally where they fall with respect to the mean.
		This score is an indication of the deviation of a score from the mean, or average score, or a group of scores in relation to the standard deviation.
		The mean is the total of all of the raw scores divided by the number of people who took the test.
	home.gwu.edu /~kkid/sscore.htm (875 words)

	2006 NYSESLAT cut scores memo
		RAW SCORE TO NYSESLAT is administered in five grade bands: K-1, 2-4, 5-6, 7-8, and 9-12.
		The attached Raw Score to Scaled Score Conversion Charts for 2006 (Attachments A-E) should be used to convert a student’s raw scores to scaled scores.
		The attached Revised 2005 Raw Score to Scaled Score Conversion Charts (Attachments G-K) must be used to convert a student’s 2005 raw scores to scaled scores.
	www.emsc.nysed.gov /osa/nyseslat/cutscores06.htm (1083 words)

	Riverside Publishing - The Iowa Tests Scoring Services
		A Raw Score is usually determined by tallying the number of questions answered correctly or by the sum or combination of the item scores (i.e., points).
		However, a raw score could also refer to any number directly obtained by the test administration (e.g., raw score derived by formula-scoring, amount of time required to perform a task, the number of errors, etc.).
		The percent correct score is obtained by dividing the student's raw score by the total number of points possible and multiplying the result by 100.
	www.riverpub.com /scoring/iowa/interpretation.html (2905 words)

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