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	Raw water - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Raw water is water taken from the environment, and is subsequently treated or purified to produce potable water in a water purification works.
		In Eastern Europe, the term "raw" water is also used when making tea and describes water that has not been boiled.
		Instead, the water must first be boiled and then left to cool to the required or desired temperature.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Raw_water (138 words)

	Water Treatment
		The Water Treatment Division is responsible for raw water supply, treatment, and pumping to the distribution system.
		Raw water from the river is pumped to the plant to eliminate the intake of salty water during tidal changes.
		Upon leaving the contactor, the raw water is then split at the desired rate to either the North Plant or the South Plant.
	www.wilmingtonnc.gov /watertreatment/tabid/225/Default.aspx (175 words)

	EPA > Safe Drinking Water Act > 30th Anniversary > Drinking Water Treatment
		Because surface water systems are exposed to direct wet weather runoff and to the atmosphere and are therefore more easily contaminated, federal and state regulations require that these systems treat their water.
		Although water may be safe when leaving the water treatment plant it is important to ensure that this water does not become contaminated in the distribution system because of such things as water main breaks, pressure problems, or growth of microorganisms.
		Water may be treated differently in different communities depending on the quality of the water which enters the plant.
	www.epa.gov /safewater/sdwa/30th/factsheets/treatment.html (1268 words)

	Best Raw Water First (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Water should be pre-treated, for example by detention and settling in reservoirs for long enough to allow bacteria to die off (at least several weeks but preferably longer).
		Elevated suspended solid levels are characteristic of raw water supplies which have not been detained in lakes and reservoirs prior to use.
		Water treatment systems will screen some of these chemicals, but generally treatment processes are not designed to deal with this problem because often DWS do not list such chemicals.
	www.watermagazine.com /bestraw.htm (2887 words)

	Water Technology - Longmont Potable - Water Treatment Plant, CO
		The new plant project involved the construction of a raw water reservoir, flocculation and sedimentation installations, dual-media filters, chemical dosing facilities, holding basins, pump stations and associated buildings.
		In addition, the scheme also required the provision of a series of new raw and treated water pipelines, which was the subject of a separate contract.
		A new 114,000m³ raw water reservoir was constructed as part of the project to mix the inflow from the city's various water sources to provide consumers with a consistent taste.
	www.water-technology.net /projects/longmont (1002 words)

	Water Purification Process
		Raw water from the Mississippi River is pumped to the Carrollton Water Purification Plant from both the Oak Street River Station and the Industrial Avenue River Station.
		As the raw water enters the Carrollton Plant, it is treated with ferric sulfate and lime.
		After the raw water has been treated with polyelectrolyte, ferric sulfate, and lime, it is gently mixed by large mechanical paddles in two flocculation basins where the suspended particles gather together into larger particles.
	www.swbno.org /waterpurification.html (563 words)

	raw water processing plant
		A deep sea water intake shaft and tunnel constructed below the mean low tide level on the foreshore allows sea water to be pumped at all states of the tide, which can vary by as much as 12m.
		On leaving the filters, the sea water is passed through cartridge type filters, with a pore size of 10 microns, to prevent any remaining particulate matter fouling the RO membranes.
		The sea water rejected from the membranes is under high pressure and operates turbine-driven pumps, positioned in series with the electrically driven high pressure pumps, allowing recovery of energy which would otherwise be lost.
	www.jerseywater.je /companyinformation/factsheets_rawwaterprocess.asp (547 words)

	New Water Treatment Plant Updates - City of Longmont, Water/Wastewater Dept., Longmont, CO
		Final connections of two of these raw water pipelines will be made in March of 2005 and will be ready to deliver water to the WTP in the spring of 2005.
		Raw water control vaults and valves are being constructed at the Wade Gaddis WTP that will provide the capability to deliver raw water to either the Wade Gaddis WTP or the new WTP.
		A new 6-inch water line was also included in the project to provide treated water to property owners along Highway 66 who were served by the City through outside water service agreements and to property owners adjacent to the new WTP who did not have treated water service.
	www.ci.longmont.co.us /water_waste/water/wtp_updates_july04.htm (1145 words)

	Water Test. Water Distillers. Water Treatment. Water Purification.Test. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Raw and distillate samples for organic analyses (volatiles, base/neutrals, phenols, insecticided and herbicides) were taken in duplicate and then analyzes using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
		Concentrations of chemicals and/or pollutants reported for the raw water were determined experimentally and as such, have experimental error associated with them.
		Extraction efficiences are a function of the concentration of a chemical in raw water and the method detection limit for that chemical.
	www.water-distillers.ca /test.html (1026 words)

	Fresh or Raw Water Cooling System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In a raw water cooling system seawater is circulated through the engine instead of fresh water or antifreeze and that sea water cools the engine directly.
		When the boat is used in a fresh water lake this system is excellent but when a boat is used in salt water the salt water circulating inside the engine tends to shorten the life span of the engine.
		Salt water or raw water is pumped into a heat exchanger which cools the coolant which then circulates throughout the engine.
	www.limarinesurveyor.com /fresh_or_raw_water_cooling_system.htm (540 words)

	Rebuilding a Bravo raw water pump
		Early Raw Water pumps such as those on the old 340 or 7.4L Inboards and TRS model engines used a "clamp-style" bracket which clamped to the nose of the pump.
		It bolts to the bottom of the water pump and usually passes under the front of the engine and bolts to the front of the block.
		The Circulation Water Pump is the wide metal pump bolted to the middle of the front of the block.
	www.sterndrives.com /rebuild_bravo_raw_waterpump.html (1551 words)

	Dnepr monitoring of "raw-water"
		Usually high concentration of phytoplankton (algae and cyanobacteria) in the raw water, as observed in the Dnepr and in the Desna river, lead to a severe contamination of drinking water after chlorination.
		Especially Cyanobacteria were accumulated near the banks but Cyanobacteria water blooms over nearly the whole surface of the reservoir, as in earlier years, have not been observed in the years 1999 and 2000.
		Main reasons for the deterioration of raw water quality are substances resolved from the reservoirs sediment in winter and phytoplankton development in summer and winter.
	de.geocities.com /ecology_lab_kiev/basin/raw-water.htm (1697 words)

	Winchester, MA Water Treatment Facility
		Raw water flows by gravity from the South Reservoir through the intake/screen structure where it is screened to remove larger, suspended material before flowing to the Raw Water Pump Station.
		The raw water is pumped via a 12-inch ductile iron transmission pipeline to the plant by one of two pump units and undergoes the following processes.
		At the plant, the raw water passes through a diffuser assembly and static mixer where chemicals may be added to assist in the treatment process.
	www.winchestermass.org /water.html (619 words)

	Singapore pumps reclaimed water into reservoirs
		The reclaimed water will be mixed and blended with water from the city's reservoirs, from where it will be piped along with raw water to taps in offices and homes.
		The sewage water is purified with state-of-the-art technology in a three-stage process of microfiltration using one of the highest-quality membranes in the world, reverse osmosis and ultraviolet light disinfection.
		The city state is currently heavily dependent on neighboring Malaysia for cheap raw water, with two water agreements signed between the two countries in 1961 and 1962 assuring a steady supply of water to Singapore.
	www.uswaternews.com /archives/arcglobal/3sinpum2.html (759 words)

	The Water Treatment FAQ
		Waters that contains dissolved minerals, such as calcium and magnesium above certain levels are considered "hard water" Because water is considered a "solvent", i.e., over time it can break down the ionic bonds that hold most substances together, it tends to dissolve and 'gather up' small amounts of whatever it comes in contact with.
		The water must then be held for a short period of time to allow the hydrogen sulfide to precipitate out of the water.
		Aeration consists of breaking the incoming water into small droplets (spray) into the air, drawing fresh air through that spray, collecting the water into a storage tank, repressurize the water, passing it through a particulate filter to catch any particles that might be carried out of the storage tank.
	www.softwater.com /faq.html (6764 words)

	Keeping Denver's Water Safe
		was just that: an open canal that ultimately fed raw water into miles and miles of smaller, lateral ditches intended expressly for irrigation and perhaps fire control, but their contents commonly were pirated by townspeople for domestic purposes and by kids for unauthorized recreation.
		The Mission: Fresh, Safe Water and Lots of It A tradition of excellence was already established in 1918 when Denver’s voters chose to create an independent, municipal water department to serve a growing city.
		First, raw water from terminal reservoirs is drawn into mixing basins at our treatment plants, where alum and polymer are added, causing small particles to adhere to one another, making them heavy enough to settle into a basin from which sediment is removed.
	www.water.denver.co.gov /waterquality/keepingwater.html (3561 words)

	Raw Water Strainers by Don Casey
		Every boat that brings aboard outside water to cool the engine, whether the raw water flows through the engine or through a heat exchanger, needs a strainer to prevent grass and other solids from reaching the pump.
		Plumbing a raw water filter is simply a matter of inserting it into the line connected to the seacock.
		Raw water filters must be fastened securely to a bulkhead.
	www.boatus.com /boattech/casey/08.htm (628 words)

	Utilities / Water Plant - Oregon, Ohio
		After lake water flows into the Low Pressure Pumping Station through the raw water intake line, the water is pumped the water treatment plant.
		Raw water is transported from the Low Pressure Pumping Station to the Water Treatment Plant through 5.0 miles of 36 inch diameter pipe.
		This tank is connected to the water plant through a 15 mile loop of pipes which range from 48 inches to 20 inches in diameter.
	www.ci.oregon.oh.us /ctydpt/utilities/waterplant/waterplant.htm (746 words)

	KCMO Water Services: Water Treatment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		After running through a series of bar screens and wire mesh screens to remove large debris (sticks, logs and stuff like that), the raw river water begins the first step on its journey to become your drinking water.
		First, river water is mixed with well water and the chemical "potassium permanganate" is added to help remove organic compounds (pesticides, insecticides, herbicides...
		These chemicals are rapidly mixed with mechanical mixers and the water flows into the next purification area -- the flocculator zone.
	www.kcmo.org /water-ed/pure.htm (232 words)

	AWWU - Fresh Water Production and Distribution
		Water from Eklutna is delivered through a buried pipeline to Peters Creek, Chugiak, Eagle River and Anchorage.
		Raw water turbidity ranges from a low of 4.0 NTUs in winter to a high of 70 NTUs in summer.
		The water treatment process begins with flocculation/coagulation when a chemical, such as aluminum sulfate or ferric sulfate, is added to the water.
	www.awwu.biz /website/water/production.htm (1531 words)

	Town of Colonie- Department of Public Works, Division of Latham Water
		We are responsible for the treatment and distribution of water, installing and maintaining fire hydrants for fire protection, and maintaining water mains and valves.
		Choosing which raw water source or which combinations of sources are used is based on a number of factors - time of the year, raw water quality and the estimated demand.
		The total cost of water (water bill plus water district charge on property tax bill) to a residential user in the Latham Water District will be, assuming a $200,000 property assessment and 80,000 gallons average water usage, $270.82 in 2006.
	www.colonie.org /lathamwater (1872 words)

	EBD Water
		Naturally occurring impurities are present in all raw water supplies, and will be introduced in the process operation or end product when untreated water is used.
		An EBD Water IED Demineralizer is a complete system utilized to deionize water or other liquids to an acceptable level for various industrial uses.
		Weak base resins are used to produce low solids water, however silica and CO are not removed by these units and require the use of strong base.
	www.ebdwater.com /ion.asp?x=82 (251 words)

	The complexities of managing water resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Whether sufficient raw water is available for urban use will depend on the overall availability of raw water and on prior use rights established by other users—such as farmers and hydropower companies.
		And other water users will require protection from the effects of utility operations, such as the depletion of groundwater or rivers, and the pollution of surface water or groundwater by untreated or partially treated sewage.
		Where water law and regulatory or market mechanisms for allocating water use rights fail to manage these effects, to allocate resources in a way that is efficient and politically acceptable, or to provide secure access to water resources, long-term arrangements such as concessions may be infeasible or require substantial government guarantees.
	www.worldbank.org /html/fpd/water/wstoolkits/Kit1/kitone10.html (304 words)

	Sewerage and Water Board of New Orleans - Water Information
		Water for drinking or general use was either collected in large cypress cisterns that stored rain water from the roof tops or taken from the river and allowed to settle in large earthenware jars.
		The quality of finished water and river water is tested daily at the Water Quality Laboratory of the Sewerage and Water Board by a staff of highly trained chemists, microbiologists and technicians.
		Screening of river water and finished water for commonly used herbicides is performed monthly (or weekly during times when herbicide concentrations may be highest).
	www.swbnola.org /water_info.htm (1044 words)

	Raw water storage reservoirs
		The reservoirs store untreated water collected from streams and pumped from the raw water abstraction points and the desalination plant.
		of raw water transfer mains has been developed which allows water to be moved between the reservoirs.
		When one reservoir is full, water can be moved to a second reservoir so that the first one can keep filling.
	www.jerseywater.je /companyinformation/factsheets_rawwaterstorage.asp (252 words)

	Water Technology - Alvarado Water Treatment Plant, California
		The Alvarado Water Treatment Plant, first operational in 1950, is the oldest of the three facilities which supply San Diego.
		The new raw water chemical treatment arrangements consist of the provision of molecular chlorination for disinfection, together with the construction of day tanks, bulk tanks and dosing facilities for both liquid polymer and ferric chloride.
		The Lake Murray raw water pump station required a complete tear-down and re-build, while the one at College Ranch underwent a programme of rehabilitation.
	www.water-technology.net /projects/alvarado (1055 words)

	Surface Water Treatment
		Regulations such as the Safe Drinking Water Act in the US mandate that drinking water that comes from a surface source like a river, lake, or uncovered reservoir be treated to remove or neutralize pathogens that are resistant to chlorine, the most commonly used disinfectant.
		Raw surface water is water acquired directly from a pond, lake or river, and directly filtered by the Pall Aria system.
		It is particularly important to locate a suitable point from which to draw water from the body to avoid the plugging of screens and strainers by excessive rocks, earth or living creatures.
	www.pall.com /water_32956.asp (833 words)

	Aquaskier - Articles - Raw Water Impeller Replacement - How To Replace Inboard Boat Impellers
		The raw water pump uses the water it pumps to lubricate the impeller.
		For this reason, the raw water pump should never be run out of water unless you have a device such as a "Fake a Lake" to put water into the system.
		Over a long period of storage the blades will conform to the inner surface of the housing reducing efficiency of the raw water pump that can lead to problems with overheating and potentially result in engine damage.
	www.aquaskier.com /articles/impeller_replacement.htm (734 words)

	Water
		To accommodate the lake level variability, the raw water pumps reside on floating barges.
		The original raw water line to the water treatment plant is a 12-inch pipeline, approximately 5,700 feet long.
		From the treatment unit, the filtered water flows to the clearwell, where it is metered and fluoride and chlorine are added.
	www.lakewaymud.org /water.htm (971 words)

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