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Topic: Rawinsonde

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	Chapter-1
		Thus, rawinsonde observations of the atmosphere describe the vertical profile of temperature, humidity, and wind direction and speed as a function of pressure and height from the surface to the altitude where the sounding is terminated.
		The synoptic rawinsonde observing programs of the United States and the other WMO member countries are designed to meet real-time operational needs for weather analysis and forecasting.
		Rawinsonde observation data are applied to a broad spectrum of operational, climatological, and research efforts.
	www.ofcm.gov /fmh3/text/chapter1.htm (1703 words)

	NWS JetStream - Remote Sensing with Radiosondes
		By tracking the position of the radiosonde in flight, information on wind speed and direction aloft is also obtained.
		Observations where winds aloft are also obtained are called "rawinsonde" observations.
		The radiosonde flight can last in excess of two hours, and during this time the radiosonde can ascend to over 115,000 feet (35,000 m) and drift more than 125 miles (200 km) from the release point.
	www.srh.noaa.gov /jetstream/remote/ua.htm (587 words)

	Extraction of Geopotential Height and Temperature Structure from Profiler and Rawinsonde Winds
		The results of the application of the divergence method to the combined wind data from profiler and rawinsonde sites show good agreement between the retrieved heights and temperatures and the observed values at rawinsonde sites.
		The divergence method is also applied solely to the profiler data to demonstrate the potential of the divergence method to provide mass and thermal fields on a routine basis at synoptic times when operational rawinsonde data are not available.
		A comparison of the heights derived from the profiler winds with those independently measured by rawinsondes indicates that valuable information on the evolution of atmospheric height and temperature fields can be retrieved between conventional rawinsonde release times through application of the divergence method.
	web1.meso.com /wind-personal/mass-user/mass_articles/mwr_prof_01-ab.htm (442 words)

	OC 3570 Final Project
		The original idea had been to compare the cloud top temperatures received from the NOAA satellites with the interpreted cloud top temperatures identified on the Rawinsonde data.
		The procedure used was to first identify the Rawinsonde flights that actually did correspond to satellite over passes.
		Rawinsonde flight 18 revealed a humidity profile which was not as variable, with respect to altitude, compared to flights 19 and 20, which appeared to have a much more complicated structure.
	www.weather.nps.navy.mil /~psguest/OC3570/CDROM/winter2001/Rocha/report.htm (908 words)

	History of UA obs
		The early rawinsonde stations lacked computerized data processing systems, which resulted in a significant amount of manual labor and time needed to process and disseminate the upper-air data.
		The rawinsonde observation had become a one-person operation, with the time required for processing data reduced to less than 1 staff hour and with improved data quality.
		Rawinsonde systems were developed that took advantage of radio-navigation aids (NAVAID) such as LORAN and Omega (note: Omega was discontinued in October 1997).
	www.ua.nws.noaa.gov /reqdahdr.htm (1051 words)

	Radiosonde - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Radiosondes may operate at a radio frequency of 403 MHz or 1680 MHz and both types may be adjusted slightly higher or lower as required.
		The device is tied to a helium or hydrogen filled balloon, which lifts the device up through the atmosphere.
		The first rawinsondes were observed from the ground with a theodolite, and gave only a wind estimation by the position.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rawinsonde (414 words)

	Comments on B01
		In fact, it is suggested in B01 that the cost of asynoptic rawinsonde ascents is "prohibitive" and this argument implies that the development of thermodynamic "retrievals" is a critical need.
		rawinsonde sites would clearly be substantial and certainly are considered "prohibitive" by some, especially in view of the costs incurred by numerous recent site moves.
		The fact that rawinsondes do not include vertical motion measurements is no justification for ignoring vertical motion observations if they are available.
	www.cimms.ou.edu /~doswell/B01_comments.html (1857 words)

	PDT7: DESCRIPTION OF ISSUES OF RECOMMENDATIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Rawinsonde data have been the backbone of the global observing system in and of NWP for over fifty years.
		While refinement of rawinsonde technology is desirable, it can do little to improve measurements over oceans or remote and inhospitable land areas.
		The large vehicles, which are capable of deploying dropsondes or carrying substantial payloads of remote sensing devices, will cost far less to purchase than comparable manned aircraft, but their operating costs are likely to be similar.
	www.mmm.ucar.edu /uswrp/PDT/seven/c.html (1943 words)

	Stratospheric Glider Mission
		Rawinsonde observations are generally considered to be the most important input to Numerical Weather prediction models.
		These rawinsondes are generally expendable packages which are attached to a helium or hydrogen-filled weather balloon (see Figure 1).
		The number of rawinsondes launched each year by meteorological agencies numbers in the millions worldwide and only a small number of these sensors are retrieved.
	www2.phys.canterbury.ac.nz /~ajm226/stratospheric_glider_mission.htm (1461 words)

	TRMM-LBA - ESPO-Earth Science Project Office (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This total lower atmospheric sounding system at ABRACOS pasture is designed to specify the structure and state of the near surface atmosphere up to an altitude of 1500 m.
		The tethersonde may be flown at intermediate times between the rawinsonde releases.
		Four students, 2 from the University of Virginia and two Brazilian students will be on the LAMP team for the duration of the experiment.
	cloud1.arc.nasa.gov /trmmlba/plan2d.html (856 words)

	Jimmyc's work
		Rawinsonde data from 1998 through 2004 were objectively scrutinized for missing winds.
		These summaries are used to construct climatologies at each station to examine the frequency of missing winds.
		In addition, an analysis is performed to count the number of missing reports at a base station and count all the other stations that go missing at the same time.
	www.mesoscale.iastate.edu /jimmyc/work.html (603 words)

	Upper-Air Reports
		The results of an upper-air observation are reported in up to four separate messages; a rawinsonde report may also be accompanied by related pilot balloon reports (which may include four parts as well).
		It is this reference that permits the perfect reconstruction of any part of the original rawinsonde or a pibal message from a combined and annotated UAR report.
		Currently Sections 8, 9 and 10 of a rawinsonde report, and Sections 4, 5 and 6 of a pibal report are not parsed.
	okmij.org /JMV-TNG/XML/OMF-UAR.html (1273 words)

	NOAA ETL CRYSTAL MIST: A FIELD AND MODELING STUDY OF CLOUD DISPERSION
		The rawinsonde profiles were not accurate enough for this operation due to errors and separation in time and space.
		Therefore, a wind profile generated from the lidar track of the backscatter centroid of the cloud was used for advection adjustment early after release, blending into the rawinsonde profile as the cloud became large.
		Wind profiles on 13 July were obtained from six rawinsondes launched at the times and places indicated in Figs.
	www.etl.noaa.gov /et2/aca/meteorology/CMweb.html (3080 words)

	EMC Rawinsonde Network Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Experiments are currently underway at EMC to evaluate the impact on numerical forecasts of reducing the number of rawinsonde sites in the United States.
		The motivation behind this method is to eliminate sites for the next raob reporting cycle in areas where the NCEP ensemble forecast indicates a relatively high degree of confidence, and add sites where the NCEP ensemble forecast indicates a low degree of confidence.
		Likewise, a site that has sparse rawinsonde coverage nearby and has a large ensemble spread value would be more likely to be picked to report for that cycle.
	www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov /gmb/ens/raw_det.html (332 words)

	Mountain Weather
		In most of the cases, the rawinsonde nearest to the mountain is used.
		A rawinsonde (short for radio wind sonde) is a helium or hydrogen balloon that is launched to carry weather instruments up through the lower part of the Earth's atmosphere.
		Several hundred of these rawinsondes are launched twice daily around the world to gather crucial data that are used to initialize the numerical weather prediction models.
	inte099018.halls.colostate.edu /~vigh/weather/mountain_weather.htm (596 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Rawinsonde data used for sounding-array budget computations have random errors, both instrumental errors and errors of representativeness (here called sampling errors).
		The latter are associated with the fact that radiosondes do not measure large-scale mean winds and state variables, but are contaminated by small-scale variations as well.
		The ensemble standard deviation serves as an estimate of sampling error, which naturally decreases as the results are averaged over larger areas and longer time periods.
	www.rsmas.miami.edu /users/bmapes/pagestuff/samplingerror.html (345 words)

	SURFRAD Interpolated Soundings README
		The exception is Desert Rock, which is collocated with an operational rawinsonde station that is part of the national network.
		If fewer than 40 rawinsonde stations report for a particular synoptic time, no interpolation to the SURFRAD stations is performed.
		To mitigate some known problems with rawinsonde data, several data quality control steps are employed before the horizontal interpolation is performed.
	www.srrb.noaa.gov /surfrad/Sounding_README.html (831 words)

	Hydrologic Contribution to Salinity Variations in the North Atlantic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		University of Illinois investigators (Walsh) are using historical rawinsonde data, including those from the Ocean Weather Ship network, to calculate the atmospheric water vapor flux into various subregions of the North Atlantic (figure).
		The net convergence of this flux is equal to the precipitation less evaporation (after allowance for any small changes in atmospheric humidity over the region).
		From an analysis of eighteen years of twice-daily rawinsonde reports, the figure shows the de rived P-E, on an annual basis, for the North Atlantic subregion containing the Greenland Sea.
	www.aoml.noaa.gov /phod/accp/ap95/hydrocont.html (508 words)

	Validation of reanalysis upper-level winds in the Arctic with independent rawinsonde data
		Rawinsonde data from two Arctic field programs that were not assimilated by the models are compared to reanalysis wind products for five layers between 1000 and 300 hPa.
		Total wind speeds are too strong by 25 to 65% relative to rawinsonde values.
		Citation: Francis, J. Validation of reanalysis upper-level winds in the Arctic with independent rawinsonde data, Geophys.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2002/2001GL014578.shtml (252 words)

	NCDC: Upper Air Documentation
		The major parameters that make up this file are observation time (year, month, day, hour), number of levels, pressure of level (mb to tenths), height of level (geopotential meters), temperature of level (degree Celsius to tenths), relative humidity of level (%), and wind direction (whole degrees) and wind speed (meters per second) of the level.
		Abstract: DS-6301 consists of upper air rawinsonde data from upper air stations operated by the United States of America around the world, from 1946 to the present day.
		Abstract: During February 1964, the Marshall Space Flight Center supported an observational program in which rawinsonde data were collected from a network of 30 stations in the southeastern U.S. at intervals of 3 hours or less.
	www.ncdc.noaa.gov /oa/documentlibrary/upperair-doc.html (10463 words)

	FIRE Cirrus 1 Rawinsonde Data Set Document
		Each mission combined coordinated satellite, airborne, and surface observations with modeling studies to investigate the cloud properties and physical processes of the cloud system.
		Rawinsonde data for the 1986 FIRE Cirrus IFO includes data from seven (7) National Weather Service stations at Green Bay, WI; St. Cloud and International Falls, MN; Peoria, IL; Omaha, NE; and Flint and Sault Ste.
		Project FIRE (First ISCCP Regional Experiment) is a U.S. cloud climatology research program to validate and improve ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) data products and cloud/radiation parameterizations used in general circulation models (GCMs).
	eosweb.larc.nasa.gov /GUIDE/dataset_documents/base_fire_ci1_rawinsondes_dataset.html (1910 words)

	Weather Balloons and Radiosondes
		Weather balloon / parachute / rawinsonde with vertical sequencer
		FDC = first day cover; SS# = souvenir sheet, MS# = miniature sheet, where # = number of stamps in sheet, and the numbers in parentheses are the catalog numbers of the stamps in the sheet.
		A rawinsonde carries a radar reflector to assist with wind determinations, as opposed to the more general term radiosonde.
	www.cira.colostate.edu /ramm/hillger/wx-balloon.htm (589 words)

	FSD: Atmospheric Science & Global Change: Infrastructure Support for DOE's Atmospheric Science Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Instruments that may be provided include a 915 MHz radar wind profiler, a Doppler sodar, a rawinsonde system, surface weather stations for measuring temperature, wind velocity, and humidity, two 3-λ nephelometers, an optical particle counter (PCASP-100x), two condensation particle counters (CPCs), and two 3-λ particle soot absorption photometers (PSAPs).
		The addition of a rawinsonde system gives temperature and humidity profiles throughout the depth of the boundary layer and to heights of 10 km or more above ground level, if desired.
		Such information is required to describe the transport and diffusion of aerosols released into or produced in the atmosphere and also is needed to establish the accuracy of numerical simulations of chemical and aerosol processes.
	www.pnl.gov /atmospheric/programs/infra.stm (606 words)

	Tropical stratospheric zonal winds in ECMWF ERA-40 reanalysis, rocketsonde data, and rawinsonde data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		ECMWF ERA-40 reanalysis zonal winds are very close to tropical rocketsonde and rawinsonde (radiosonde and radar wind soundings) observations up to 10 hPa.
		We conclude that zonal-mean ERA-40 equatorial winds could be used, for most purposes, in place of rawinsonde station observations.
		Citation: Baldwin, M., and L. Gray (2005), Tropical stratospheric zonal winds in ECMWF ERA-40 reanalysis, rocketsonde data, and rawinsonde data, Geophys.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2005/2004GL022328.shtml (205 words)

	Lihue & Hilo Products by WMO ids
		Rawinsonde observations, data above 100 mb, for Lihue,
		Rawinsonde observations, data above 100 mb, for Hilo, Island
		RADAT (relative humidity at and height of freezing level in
	www.prh.noaa.gov /pr/products/Lihue_Hilo_WMO.html (45 words)

	FSU/CUDOS North American Comprehensive Rawinsonde Observations
		This page has been established to aid those who utilize upper air observations taken from radiosondes or rawinsondes.
		Real-time access to today's and also archived raw upper air reports is provided, including tabulations of coded and decoded observations, and vertical and horizontal plots.
		Soundings are vertical profile plots of meteorological variables taken from rawinsonde observations, usually the temperature, dew point temperature, and wind as a function of pressure.
	www.met.fsu.edu /CUDOS/rawin.html (434 words)

	NCAR/ATD/SSSF - Facility Descriptions - CLASS
		The addition of GPS windfinding to the NCAR/ATD rawinsonde system, previously known as CLASS, provides atmospheric scientists with superior wind profiling resolution.
		The GLASS rawinsonde system, typically housed in a towable trailer (but see Mobile GLASS below), includes equipment to conduct atmospheric soundings and make supporting surface meteorological observations.
		In this mode, the balloon is inflated while protected and held secure by a heavy vinyl material (the bag) before release.
	www.eol.ucar.edu /rtf/facilities/class/class.html (2614 words)

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