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	Spark plug - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The spark plug is connected the high voltage generated by an ignition coil or magneto.
		A spark plug is composed of a shell, insulator and the conductor.
		By lengthening the surface between the high voltage terminal and the grounded metal case of the spark plug, the physical shape of the ribs functions to improve the electrical insulation and prevent electrical energy from leaking along the insulator surface from the terminal to the metal case.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spark_plugs (3309 words)

	Reading spark plugs for racing - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Reading spark plugs is a technique used by auto mechanics to diagnose conditions within an engine.
		Reading spark plugs for racing is a precision technique that should be distinguished from the more generic meaning of reading spark plugs, as the published information intended for commercial mechanics to diagnose engine damage is insufficiently accurate.
		The most relevant spark plug parts for reading are at the tip within the combustion chamber: the center and side electrodes as well as part of the insulator.
	en.wikibooks.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Reading_spark_plugs_for_racing (2082 words)

	How you can read spark plugs and select them - by Gordon Jennings.
		In the "surface-fire" plug the spark gap was between the center electrode and the flanged-inward end of the metal shell, and the insulator material filled its interior out almost flush with the electrode's tip.
		A final variation on the basic spark plug theme you should know about is something NGK calls a "booster gap," and is known at Champion as an "auxiliary gap." By any name it's an air gap built into a plug's core, and it improves resistance to fouling.
		Retard the spark timing in small (two or three degrees) increments and as you get close to the optimum advance you'll find two things happening: first, the whole plug will be running colder; second, the center electrode will begin to acquire a film of fuel deposits extending out from the insulator nose toward its tip.
	www.strappe.com /plugs.html (4710 words)

	Spark Plug Heat Ranges for DENSO Iridium Plugs
		The challenge of spark plug design is finding the proper balance between the engine speed and the plug temperature to assure carbon fouling doesn't occur at low temperatures/low speed and pre-ignition at high temperature/high speed.
		Definition: The heat range of a spark plug is its ability to dissipate heat from the combustion chamber to the cylinder head.
		Twenty percent is absorbed by the insulator and side walls of the plug, the remaining 2% being absorbed by the spark plug wires.
	www.densoiridium.com /heatranges.htm (378 words)

	Specialty market grows modestly in use of fine-wire spark plugs - platinum industry American Metal Market - Find ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Spark plugs, which ignite compressed fuel through an electrical discharge, are utilized in engines employed in automotive, aircraft, marine, construction and a variety of miscellaneous applications.
		William Bond, founder and director of the Spark Plug Collectors of America, Ann Arbor, Mich., dates the origin of the modern spark plug to the mid-1890s and notes that platinum spark plugs were once preferred due to their superior performance given the rudimentary fuel and electrical systems of the period.
		Despite AC Spark Plug's withdrawal from the fine-wire field, the same source said that developments in the field are being carefully observed and the firm does not preclude again producing them.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3MKT/is_v93/ai_3692398 (896 words)

	Spark Plug Reading 101 by Mike Canter
		Spark plugs can only be correctly read if the car has been shut down immediately at the end of a run without driving it back to the pits.
		Ignition timing is directly responsible for the heat in the combustion chamber and therefore the color of the plug’s ground strap and the color of the first few threads on the outside of the plug.
		If you hold the plug in the sun and you see what appears to be small diamonds on the porcelain then your detonation is severe enough to be blowing off the aluminum from your piston and you need to add fuel and/or take out timing now.
	www.dragstuff.com /techarticles/reading-spark-plugs.html (1611 words)

	Spark Plugs Fact and Fiction- Car Craft Magazine
		Reading plugs on the street is not the same as in racing.
		In racing, the primary concerns are the color of the ring that forms on the insulator base and the condition of the electrodes.
		To ensure accurate readings under racing conditions with leaded fuels, the engine must be shut-off cleanly at full throttle and the car placed in Neutral with sufficient remaining momentum to coast into the pits or to a stop near the end of the strip.
	www.carcraft.com /techarticles/spark_plugs_tips (2121 words)

	Reading Spark Plugs
		Plugs change colors and the different colors can explain such things as if the engine is running too hot or if the engine is worn.
		Two strokes that have this color spark plug are burning the transmission oil from the crankcase.
		This is usually caused by carbon that is loosened and it lodges between the gap causing the plug to misfire.
	aboutkarting.com /plugs/index.html (568 words)

	Servicing spark plugs
		The goal in heat-range selection is to find a spark plug that will retain enough heat in the tip to minimize deposit buildup and promote ignition of the mixture, yet stay cool enough to avoid engine-damaging pre-ignition.
		To properly gap the plug, select the proper size gauge and slide it in the gap between the center wire and sidewire.
		REASONS FOR COLD PLUGS The most common (in order, from most to least common) causes of cold plugs are: * The equipment is being run at low speed or in low-load driving * The air/fuel mix is too rich * The spark plug has the wrong (too cold) heat range.
	grounds-mag.com /mag/grounds_maintenance_servicing_spark_plugs (1827 words)

	Spark Plugs
		Spark plugs should be checked at least yearly, and replaced as often as necessary.
		In identical spark plugs, the differences from one heat range to the next is the ability to remove approximately 70°C to 100°C from the combustion chamber.
		Bearing in mind that the insulator nose length is a determining factor in the heat range of a spark plug, the longer the insulator nose, the less heat is absorbed, and the further the heat must travel into the cylinder head water journals.
	www.centuryperformance.com /spark.asp (4117 words)

	Auto Racing Articles: Spark Plugs
		The gas leakage tough a spark plugb though not in itself enough to affect the operation of the engine, is exceedingly detrimental since it rapidly heath the body of the insulator and brings on other types of failure frequently causing the complete destruction of the plug.
		It was noted that when the electrodes are heated as is the case in a plug firing steadily from a magneto, the gas in die gap is thereby warmed and the density diminished so that the sparking voltage is consequently reduced.
		One very important property of the insulating material of a spark plug is its ability to maintain a high electrical resistance at the high temperatures at which a spark plus operates and a very considerable amount of work has been done m studying this property.
	speedarticles.com /auto_racing_article-5.html (1813 words)

	Spark plug reading
		The plug is showing me by the deposits on the tip of the electrode and also the deposits right on the edge of the threaded body.
		I believe excessive plug gaps are not required on most Muscle and bracket cars, once you get into real big compression and major power you would open up the gap and replace plugs 2-3-4 times a year.
		The plug gets so hot that it will start to detonate the fuel before the ignition fires, this cause a double flame front and reduces the efficiency of the combustion process as these two flame fronts battle each other in the combustion chamber.
	www.4secondsflat.com /Spark_plug_reading.html (2901 words)

	Reading Spark Plugs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		There have been a number of posts recently about spark plugs, and since I recently got an information sheet from NGK about reading spark plugs, I thought there would be lots of VW owners out there who are interested, so here it is.
		Although it's about NGK plugs, I'm sure it would be useful in reading other brands of plugs too.
		This indicates good heat transfer into the cylinder head, and is some indication that the plug is close to the correct heat range.
	www.vw-resource.com /sparkplug.html (579 words)

	Racing Secrets: Auto Racing Tech
		This is the most talked about racing book on the web.
		Spark Plug Inspection Light along with an instructional video.
		If you race one of these, you know how tough it is to find good tech info.
	racingsecrets.com (415 words)

	Auto racing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The best-known variety of single-seater racing, is the Formula One World Championship, which involves an annual championship of around 18 races a year featuring major international car and engine manufacturers such as Ferrari, Mercedes-Benz (McLaren), BMW (Sauber), Toyota, Honda, and Renault in an ongoing battle of technology and driver skill and talent.
		As modern motor racing is centered on modern technology with a lots of corporate sponsors and politics involved, historical racing tends to be the opposite as it relies on cars of a particular era and rarely politics as they are merely seen as hobbies.
		In auto racing, the racing setup or car setup is the set of adjustments made to the vehicle in order to optimize its behaviour (performance, handling, reliability, etc.).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Motor_racing (2806 words)

	Spark plugs (John De Armond; Bruce Hamilton)
		About "splitfire" plugs, I suppose they work if "work" is defined as getting people to open their wallets and pay 5 prices for a sparkplug.
		The purpose of indexing plugs is to a) place the ground electrode where it will cause the least disturbance to flow and b) where there will be maximum exposure to the mixture flow at the instant of ignition.
		The temperature range of a plug arises from the sum total of the heat flows within the plug, which determine the temperature of tip of the central electrode and (less importantly), the earthed electrode, not the ceramic - as originally claimed by altavoz.
	yarchive.net /car/spark_plugs.html (2226 words)

	Spark Plug Reading (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This kind of a reading from a spark plug will be totally worthless.
		Reading spark plugs for racing Reading spark plugs is a technique used by auto
		Reading spark plugs is a technique used by auto mechanics to diagnose conditions
	www.annieblanchard.ca /spark_plug_reading.html (148 words)

	How to read Plugs
		Plugs are best viewed with a 10x power illuminated magnifying glass.
		Heat Range = Ground Strap, the ground strap indicates the heat-range of the spark plug.
		If the "color" of the ground strap "changes" too close to the ground strap's end, (which is above the center electrode), then the heat-range is "too cold", meaning that the strap is loosing heat too quickly to the base ring, and is not able to burn off deposits until near its end.
	www.dragstuff.com /techarticles/how-to-read-plugs.html (859 words)

	PDM Racing - Reading Your Spark Plugs
		A plug displaying normal wear will have gray/brown deposits and a lightly coated core nose.
		These plugs are well suited to the engine and the engine is in good running condition.
		Replace plugs and remedy fault before piston or valve damage occurs.
	www.pdm-racing.com /features/plugs.html (149 words)

	Reading spark plugs - Chevelle Tech
		The tip and ceramic insulater should be clean and a light tan colour.Also at the end of the threads look for a blueish ring all around the plug this means its the right plug heat range that is.
		T.o hot and the plug insulater will blister and cause dention too cold and it will be rich looking.Also too hot and the plug will look white.Hope this helps.
		There will be a change of color of the ground strap and this should occur at about the bend of the strap (timing affects this point as well).
	www.chevelles.com /forums/showthread.php?t=58911 (397 words)

	Spark Plug Reading (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Most engines can't run this lean and make their best power curve, but engines that are highly efficient, without any dead areas or fuel air separation spots in cylinder heads, will like to run this lean.
		shows the "Richest" a spark plug can be and make good Horsepower and Torque curve, any richer than this will definetly hurt Peak Horsepower mainly, but not so bad for peak Torque.
		In all the above photos of spark plugs you will notice that the white porcelain looks the same color.
	www.maxracesoftware.com /spark_plugs.htm (745 words)

	Offshoreonly.com - Reading Spark plugs.
		yeah great site...but these plug chops are done with race fuel....not pump gas...the pump gas you are buying will not leave reliable signs after 1 plug chop....use a leaded fuel to set up correct jetting then return to pump gas...or just run a steady state WOT for a long period, like 15 miles or so.
		When you say read your plugs do you think it should be all of them or would two or four be enough or just through out the anchor and make a picnic out of it.
		The link called spark plug reading 101 at the bottom of that article discusses timing and plug readings SR.
	www.offshoreonly.com /forums/showthread.php?t=81282 (662 words)

	Talk:Reading spark plugs for racing - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks (via CobWeb/3.1 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Reading spark plugs for racing has survived a vote for deletion.
		Please see its archived entry for justifications and discussion, especially when considering a re-listing of the book on Votes for Deletion.
		From w:Reading spark plugs for racing (which will now be deleted):
	en.wikibooks.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Talk:Reading_spark_plugs_for_racing (132 words)

	Reading Spark Plugs and Different Fuels - Dirt Rider . Net, Dirt Bikes - Motocross - Off-Road - Supercross
		Reading Spark Plugs and Different Fuels - Dirt Rider.
		In it the correct plug is shown with the statement that it's clean EVEN THOUGH pump fuel was used.
		In the case of good quality unleaded race fuels that would be the case.
	www.dirtrider.net /forums3/showthread.php?t=37029 (211 words)

	Spark Plug Reading Secrets
		Using industry plug reading charts (pic above) is fine for tuning up a tractor, but they have no place in any kind of racing.
		Once others find out you know how to read plugs, you won't be able to pull out your plug light without other racers showing up with spark plugs for you to read -- happens to me all the time.
		Send me proof of no improvement, the plug reading kit, and the check is on the way.
	racingsecrets.com /spark_plug_reading.shtml (876 words)

	Scoot Free Or Die - NH Scooter Club - Maintenance / Tuning - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		How to install a great sounding stereo system on your scooter for less than $100.
		the five popular spark plug patterns for two-stroke engines.
		Gianelli an industry leader in performance parts has announced the arrival of the new F-18 Warrior Performance pipe.
	www.nh-scooters.com /article/archive/2 (189 words)

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