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Topic: Real gas

	gases.htm
		The ideal gas law may also be used to investigate the behavior of a gas when pressure, volume, the moles of gas and/or temperature are changed.
		This equation is useful for determining the molar mass of a gas from experimental data, where the mass, pressure, volume and temperature of the gas is measured.
		Since real gas particles have real volume, the nb term is correcting for the excluded volume.
	pages.towson.edu /ladon/gases.html (2345 words)

	Gas - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		A gas particle has kinetic energy in proportion to its speed: the faster it is moving, the greater its kinetic energy.
		A gas that obeyed the ideal gas equation exactly under any conditions would be an ideal gas, but no actual gas perfectly conforms to the equation at all temperatures and pressures.
		Their values account for the strength of attractive forces between real gas particles and for particle size, factors that are different for different gases.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761576933___15/Gas.html (927 words)

	Gas - MSN Encarta
		Oxygen is perhaps the most familiar gas, since it occurs in the atmosphere and animals require it to survive.
		The gas is dissolved under pressure in flavored solutions to produce many kinds of carbonated beverages.
		Natural gas, used to power stoves, heating systems, clothes dryers, and hot-water heaters in many homes, is mostly composed of methane.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761576933_4/Gas.html (1132 words)

	Stagnation Temperature - Real Gas Effects
		Aerodynamic forces are generated between the gas and the object and the magnitude of these forces depend on many factors associated with the object and the gas.
		From kinetic theory, static temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of the random motion of the molecules of the gas.
		Derived flow variables, like the speed of sound and the isentropic flow relations are slightly different for a calorically imperfect gas than the conditions predicted for a calorically perfect gas because some of the energy of the flow excites the vibrational modes of the diatomic molecules of nitrogen and oxygen in the air.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/BGH/stagtmp.html (1122 words)

	Real Gases
		However, if the gas is moving fast enough, attractive forces between the molecules that cause liquefaction are not a factor.
		Gas molecules also definitely have a volume, small though it may be, and the volume of the molecules play a factor under conditions of large gas molecules and small container volumes.
		Example: One mole of acetylene gas is placed in a 20.0 L container at 25 °C. a) The pressure using the Ideal Gas Law is shown to be:
	home.earthlink.net /~ssbeaton/addlinfo/realgases.html (434 words)

	Gas prices too high
		Gas prices appear to be at a historical high, and prices of the past appear to be cheap (17 cents per gallon in the 1930s, a quarter in the 1950s and 50 cents in the 1970s).
		For example, in 1935, when gas prices were 17 cents per gallon and annual disposable income was $466, the cost of 1,000 gallons of gas was 36% of average disposable income.
		Americans are paying about the same for gas in minutes per gallon today (7.2 minutes) as during the 1970s, when the retail price was only 40 cents per gallon, and much less than during the early 1980s (more than 10 minutes per gallon) when real gas prices peaked.
	spruce.flint.umich.edu /~mjperry/GasPricesUSAToday.htm (629 words)

	Home of Decor Gas Logs - Ventless and Vented gas log sets at discount prices - FREE Shipping (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-24)
		For gas logs with a safety pilot, the required clearance is due to air space that is necessary in order to prevent your control valve from overheating and melting.
		The most common mistake made by people who purchase gas logs without performing the correct size calculations is to install the largest logs they can fit in their fireplace ignoring any warnings or recommendations about leaving this critical air space for the burner.
		Gas logs made by this process are generally the most durable, realistic in appearance and the best overall value.
	www.homeofdecor.com /fireplaces/gaslogs (6175 words)

	Real Gases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-24)
		Because, the particles in a gas at high temperature spend only a small fraction of their time experiencing these short-lived attractions, the effect of the attractions on the properties of the gas is negligible.
		In other words, the real volume of a gas is equal to the volume that the particles themselves occupy plus the volume of the empty space between the particles.
		However, because the particles of a real gas do occupy a finite volume, the real or measured volume of a gas is larger than the ideal volume calculated from the ideal gas equation.
	www.mpcfaculty.net /mark_bishop/real_gases.htm (1027 words)

	Deviations from Ideal Gas Law Behavior
		Gas particles are much smaller than the distance between particles, therefore the volume of a gas is mostly empty space and the volume of the gas molecules themselves is negligible.
		P of a real gas < P of an ideal gas because the actual paths of gas molecules are curved (not straight) due to the IMF.
		V of a real gas > V of an ideal gas because V of gas molecules is significant when P is high.
	library.thinkquest.org /C006669/data/Chem/gases/vanderwaals.html (326 words)

	Physical Chemistry - Real Gases
		The main reasons for the divergence from the ideal gas laws are that molecules actually attract each other and that molecules have real volumes.
		The ideal gas laws assume that the volume of a gas molecule can be discounted and that molecules do not attract each other.
		It is also true that the volume containing a gas within which the molecules are moving is reduced by the effective volume of the molecules.
	www.roymech.co.uk /Related/Chemistry/Chem_Gas.html (455 words)

	Deviations from Ideal Gas Law Behavior: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-24)
		Van der Waals proposed that we correct for the fact that the volume of a real gas is too large at high pressures by subtracting a term from the volume of the real gas before we substitute it into the ideal gas equation.
		Because the volume of the gas particles depends on the number of moles of gas in the container, the term that is subtracted from the real volume of the gas is equal to the number of moles of gas times b.
		According to the ideal gas equation, the pressure would have to be increased to 112 atm to compress 1.00 mol of CO at 0C to a volume of 0.200 L. The van der Waals equation, however, predicts that the pressure will only have to increase to 52.6 atm to achieve the same results.
	chemed.chem.purdue.edu /genchem/topicreview/bp/ch4/deviation5.html (1258 words)

	Chem1 Properties of gases: Real Gases
		It turns out that real gases eventually begin to follow their own unique equations of state, and ultimately even cease to be gases.
		Real gases are subject to the effects of molecular volume (intermolecular repulsive force) and intermolecular attractive forces.
		The behavior of a real gas approximates that of an ideal gas as the pressure approaches zero.
	www.chem1.com /acad/webtext/gas/gas_6.html (2230 words)

	Homefires - Decorative English Firebaskets
		Real Flame gas coal firebaskets operate under the same principles as gas log fireplace sets.
		The coals for a Real Flame firebasket are 2" x 2" chunks of 100% spun ceramic fiber, bound together with a heat refractory pigment.
		Real Flame firebaskets have earned the US quality and safety approvals of RADCO and CSA (formerly the American Gas Association), two nationally recognized testing laboratories.
	www.homefiresusa.com /gascoals.asp (346 words)

	Kinetic Molecular Theory, page 2
		If the gas is not in a container, then the pressure variable refers to the pressure it could produce on the walls of a container if it were in one.
		The symbol that represents the moles of gas is n.
		Since the Ideal Gas is able to move anywhere in the container, if the particles are of large volume, then they will be restricted from parts of the container that are occupied by the other gas particles.
	www.bcpl.net /~kdrews/kmt/kmt2.html (1510 words)

	gases.htm
		The ideal gas law may also be used to investigate the behavior of a gas when pressure, volume, the moles of gas and/or temperature are changed.
		This equation is useful for determining the molar mass of a gas from experimental data, where the mass, pressure, volume and temperature of the gas is measured.
		Since real gas particles have real volume, the nb term is correcting for the excluded volume.
	www.towson.edu /~ladon/gases.html (2345 words)

	Real-Fyre Gas Logs
		Real-Fyre Gas Logs are manufactured to exacting specifications and the highest standards.
		All Real-Fyre gas log sets are detailed with high definition bark and natural colors for authentic wood realism.
		A Real-Fyre Gas Log set, blazing or not, becomes the focus of any home as it always presents an attractive log stack.
	www.rhpeterson.com /realfyre (129 words)

	eLibrary Manuscript Preview Page
		This paper is dedicated to the extension of the methodology to gas cases, taking into account the high fluid compressibility and the non-Darcy flow effects near the wellbore.
		The hydrodynamic behavior of gas fluid flow near the wellbore is taken into account through a skin effect proportional to the flow rate for both matrix/well and fracture/well transmissivities.
		The fracture cell attributes are determined from an upscaling method for the small-scale fractures and from the use of a modified transmissivity map for the faults and the subseismic faults.
	www.spe.org /elibinfo/eJournal_Papers/spe/2004/EREE/10/00088985/00088985.htm (996 words)

	Real Gases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-24)
		If a gas behaves exactly as the ideal gas laws would predict it to behave in terms of volume, pressure, moles, and temperature, then the gas is said to be an ideal gas.
		The volume that the gas should be occupying under the stated conditions under ideal conditions is not the same as the volume of the gas as measured in the laboratory.
		Raising the temperature of the gas sample in the lab would increase the Average Kinetic Energy of the gas molecules and cause them to speed up in their motion to one another.
	members.aol.com /profchm/realgas.html (1029 words)

	Real Gases
		Real Gases fail to obey the Ideal Gas equation of state exactly.
		To correct for the effect of finite molecular volume, we must recognize that in the ideal gas equation the volume used is the "free volume" that the molecules find themselves in.
		Here is a calculator for the numerical evaluation of ideal and real gas equations of state.
	itl.chem.ufl.edu /2045/lectures/lec_e.html (825 words)

	Technical Centre - Domnick Hunter
		If the gas approaches a vapour like state or if it contains a significant constituent of water vapour, one uses the introduction of a real gas factor Z (diagram 2.2.4.1) in order to effect a correction when calculating the volume.
		Vapours and real gases only approximately obey the relation p x v = R x T. If steam tables or steam diagrams are available, the appropriate state parameters can be derived from these.
		Another possibility of establishing the real status parameters of gases, consists of supplementing the state equation with the correction factor Z from diagram 2.2.4.1 so that, at high pressures or temperatures, solely formula 2.2.4.1 is valid when an accurate determination of the volume is made.
	www.domnickhunter.com /tech_Centre.asp?chapter=1§ion=2_Real-Gas-Factor_2_4.htm&getIndex=false (187 words)

	Real Gas Effects
		As shown on the figure, the physical state of the gas depends on the Mach number of the object.
		The value of the total temperature of the flow is less for a calorically imperfect gas than for a perfect gas since some of the kinetic energy of the flow is converted to vibrational energy.
		A gas that follows the ideal equation of state is said to be thermally perfect and a gas that does not follow the ideal equation of state is thermally imperfect.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/BGH/realgas.html (946 words)

	Ideal Gas Law
		The Ideal Gas Law may be the largest and most complex of the gas laws.
		This is in part because of the number of variables in the equation, and in part to the abstraction of an "ideal" gas that the law is built on.
		The temperature of a gas is the average kinetic energy of all of the molecules.
	library.thinkquest.org /12596/ideal.html (706 words)

	Re: Real Gas Properties
		The format of the file is documented in the Real Fluids section of the solver modelling documentation.
		Real Gas Properties - mbga8ejf, Tue, 15 Jul 2003, 6:01 a.m.
		Re: Real Gas Properties - Min, Tue, 15 Jul 2003, 7:23 a.m.
	www.cfd-online.com /Forum/cfx_archive_2003.cgi/read/5559 (195 words)

	The American Spectator
		Published 3/16/2006 12:06:14 AM When gas prices jump by 50 cents (or more) per gallon, many people get angry at "Big Oil" -- and decry what they consider "price gouging" at their expense.
		The gas tax alone pretty much vitiates the Bush tax cuts all by itself -- and generates in excess of $50 billion annually in "revenue" for our friends in government.
		Since 1997, 14 state legislatures have voted to raise their state gas taxes a total of 17 times; these increases ranged from 1 cent per gallon in North Dakota to 6 cents a gallon in Ohio.
	www.spectator.org /dsp_article.asp?art_id=9540 (736 words)

	Equations of State
		The ideal gas law is often used as the first order description of any gas although this practice is questionable in the case of critical opalescent conditions.
		Real Gas - Real gas laws try to predict the true behavior of a gas better than the ideal gas law by putting in terms to describe attractions and repulsions between molecules.
		Even when a liquid is described with an equation similar to a gas equation, the constants in the equation will result in much less dramatic changes in volume with a change in temperature.
	www.ccl.net /cca/documents/dyoung/topics-orig/eq_state.html (2066 words)

	The Good Old Days of Cheap Gas Are Here Now! [Mackinac Center for Public Policy]
		For example, in 1935, when gas prices were 17 cents per gallon and annual disposable income was $466, the cost of 1,000 gallons of gas was 36 percent of average disposable income.
		The "cheap" gas of the ‘60s and ‘70s cost about 12 percent as a share of income.
		Gas prices since the mid-1980s have not only been more affordable as a share of income than at any other time, they also have been remarkably stable.
	www.mackinac.org /7126 (733 words)

	Real gas effects(Bruce Hamilton) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-24)
		When we have calibration gas mixtures prepared, the total pressue is kept very low if any component partial pressure is near to its saturation pressure - which makes such standards very expensive on a $/mole basis.
		That was the assumption that I made - that the component was very close to saturation, and that various real gas effects would push it over the limit - based on our experience of obtaining standard mixtures.
		The effect is apparently greatest for gas mixtures where the component gases have different properties, rather than mixing members of the same family, like HCs.
	yarchive.net /chem/real_gas.html (560 words)

	Real gas effects(Bruce Hamilton) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-24)
		When we have calibration gas mixtures prepared, the total pressue is kept very low if any component partial pressure is near to its saturation pressure - which makes such standards very expensive on a $/mole basis.
		That was the assumption that I made - that the component was very close to saturation, and that various real gas effects would push it over the limit - based on our experience of obtaining standard mixtures.
		The effect is apparently greatest for gas mixtures where the component gases have different properties, rather than mixing members of the same family, like HCs.
	www.yarchive.net /chem/real_gas.html (560 words)

	Boundary Conditions for Computing Flows of Real Gas Mixtures
		An improved formulation of equations of flow of a general gas mixture includes consistent boundary conditions that are applicable to real gases.
		The improved formulation makes it possible to achieve greater accuracy in computation of flows of real (including chemically reactive) gas mixtures, and is expected to be especially beneficial in computing flows of supercritical fluids like those in diesel engines, gas turbine engines, rocket engines, supercritical-fluid extraction processes, and crude oil under high pressure.
		Characteristic boundary conditions are derived from a wave decomposition of the Euler equations, and wave-amplitude variations are determined from the prescribed boundary conditions on the flow variables in conjunction with a general equation of state for a real gas.
	www.nasatech.com /Briefs/Jan02/NPO20970.html (465 words)

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