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Topic: Reasonable Doubt

	Language Log: Reasonable doubt about reasonable doubt
		Reasonable doubt, as the name implies, is a doubt based on reason -- a doubt for which you have a reason based upon the evidence or lack of evidence in the case.
		Reasonable doubt is the kind of doubt that would cause a reasonable person, after careful and thoughtful reflection, to hesitate to act in the graver or more important matters of life.
		However, it is not imaginary doubt, nor a doubt based on speculation or guesswork; it is a doubt based on reason.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/004274.html (779 words)

	Reasonable Doubt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Reasonable Doubt was rapper Jay-Z's debut hip hop album, released on June 25, 1996 (see 1996 in music).
		In spite of this lack of initial recognition, Reasonable Doubt received strong critical reviews and is now acknowledged as one of the most influential Mafioso rap albums of the mid-1990s.
		Reasonable Doubt is often considered Jay-Z's best album by hip-hop fans who dislike the crossover-oriented sound of his subsequent efforts (though his sixth album The Blueprint, gained equal critical praise upon its release).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reasonable_Doubt (597 words)

	Reasonable Doubt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		So the presumption of innocence alone is sufficient to acquit the defendant, unless the jurors are satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt of the defendant's guilt after careful and impartial consideration of all the evidence in the case.
		A reasonable doubt is a doubt based upon reason and common sense----the kind of doubt that would make a reasonable person hesitate to act.
		Proof beyond a reasonable doubt, therefore, must be proof of such a convincing character that a reasonable person would not hesitate to rely and act upon it.
	www.state.wv.us /wvsca/jury/crim/reasonable.htm (435 words)

	Burden of proof - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is a lesser requirement than "proof beyond a reasonable doubt" which requires that the trier of fact be all but certain of the truth of the matter asserted, but a stricter requirement than proof by "preponderance of the evidence," which merely requires that the matter asserted seem more likely true than not.
		This means that the proposition must be proven to the extent that there is no "reasonable doubt" in the mind of a reasonable person (usually this means the mind of the judge or jury).
		The precise meaning of words such as "reasonable" and "doubt" are usually defined within jurisprudence of the applicable country.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Burden_of_proof (1500 words)

	Reasonable doubt - Law terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A doubt based on the evidence produced at trial which questions whether a crime was committed or whether defendant committed it.
		A person accused of a crime is entitled to acquittal if, in the minds of the jury or judge, his or her guilt has not been proved beyond a "reasonable doubt"; the jurors are not entirely convinced of the person's guilt.
		An accused person is entitled to acquittal if, in the minds of the jury, his guilt has not been proved beyond a "reasonable doubt".
	www.encyclopedia-wiki.org /encyclopedias/lawglossary/Reasonable-doubt.html (226 words)

	[No title]
		A reasonable doubt is a doubt based upon reason and common sense, and not the mere possibility of innocence.
		A reasonable doubt is a doubt based upon reason and common sense--the kind of doubt that would make a reasonable person hesitate to act.
		Proof beyond a reasonable doubt is proof that leaves you firmly convinced of the defendant's guilt.
	www.are.uscourts.gov /Jury/criminal/3-11.htm (599 words)

	99:2 Newsletter on Philosophy and Law - Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt: An Annotated Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		[reasonable doubt] is that state of the case which, after the entire comparison and consideration of all the evidence, leaves the minds of the jurors in that condition that they cannot say they feel an abiding conviction, to a moral certainty, of the truth of the charge.7
		[Reasonable doubt] is such a doubt as will not permit you, after full, fair, and impartial consideration of all the evidence, to have an abiding conviction, to a moral certainty, of the guilt of the accused.
		Argues that reasonable doubt is an effect and not a cause, and thus, that language such as the "hesitate to act" charge (wherein a reasonable doubt is defined as one which would "cause a reasonable person to hesitate to act") endorsed by the Victor court is mistaken.
	www.apa.udel.edu /apa/publications/newsletters/v99n2/law/article-faust2.asp (5689 words)

	Your First DUI
		Likewise, if there is reasonable doubt regarding any aspect of the case, an accused should be acquitted.
		Physical symptoms may appear at first glance to be damning evidence of guilt; they are usually an opportunity to point out what a lousy job of investigation was done by the officer.
		An odor of alcohol on the breath may sound bad at first blush; how silly the officers look when they are forced to concede that it is the mixer in the beverage that has an odor, and not the alcohol itself.
	www.1800duilaws.com /article/1st_dui.asp (1054 words)

	Websleuths Crime Sleuthing Community - Legal discussion of "reasonable doubt"
		While the Government must prove a criminal defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, it is easier for judges and lawyers to invoke the concept of "reasonable doubt" than to define it.
		This doubt, however, must be a reasonable one; that is one that is founded upon a real tangible substantial basis and not upon mere caprice or conjuncture.
		It must be such doubt as would give rise to a grave uncertainty, raised in your mind by reasons of the unsatisfactory character of the evidence or lack thereof.
	www.websleuths.com /forums/showthread.php?t=8411 (789 words)

	JURCRM0208 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It is such a doubt as, in serious affairs that concern you, you would heed; that is, such a doubt as would cause reasonable men and women to hesitate to act upon it in matters of importance.
		It is doubt that is honestly entertained and is reasonable in light of the evidence after a fair comparison and careful examination of the entire evidence.
		Proof beyond a reasonable doubt does not mean proof beyond all doubt; the law does not require absolute certainty on the part of the jury before it returns a verdict of guilty.
	www.jud.state.ct.us /CriminalJury/2-8.html (942 words)

	Yale Law School
		The "reasonable doubt" rule is notoriously difficult to define, and many judges and scholars have deplored the confusion it creates in the minds of jurors.
		The "reasonable doubt" rule was not originally designed to serve the purpose it is asked to serve today: It was not originally designed to protect the accused.
		We are asking the "reasonable doubt" standard to serve a function that it was not originally designed to serve, and it does its work predictably badly.
	lsr.nellco.org /yale/fss/papers/1 (270 words)

	Legal Definition of Reasonable Doubt
		REASONABLE DOUBT - The level of certainty a juror must have to find a defendant guilty of a crime.
		A real doubt, based upon reason and common sense after careful and impartial consideration of all the evidence, or lack of evidence, in a case.
		Proof beyond a reasonable doubt, therefore, is proof of such a convincing character that you would be willing to rely and act upon it without hesitation in the most important of your own affairs.
	www.lectlaw.com /def2/q016.htm (117 words)

	Criminal Jury Instructions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Proof beyond a reasonable doubt is proof that leaves you firmly convinced that the defendant is guilty.
		A reasonable doubt is a doubt based upon reason and common sense and is not based purely on speculation.
		The Ninth Circuit has expressly approved a reasonable doubt instruction that informs the jury that the jury must be "firmly convinced" of the defendant's guilt.
	www.ce9.uscourts.gov /web/sdocuments.nsf/dcf4f914455891d4882564b40001f6dc/e8b8a21279bf9f74882564b400081023?OpenDocument (326 words)

	Coffey County: County Services
		If a juror has a reasonable doubt as to the truth of any of the claims required to be proved by the prosecution, such juror must find the defendant not guilty.
		If a juror has no reasonable doubt as to the truth of any of the claims required to be proved by the prosecution, such juror should find the defendant guilty.
		The burden of "beyond a reasonable doubt" is not insurmountable.
	www.coffeycountyks.org /serv_att6.html (456 words)

	Judge’s Reasonable Doubt Instruction Requires Reversal—C.A.
		A judge’s reasonable doubt instruction, suggesting that people plan vacations and other events in their lives “because we have a belief beyond a reasonable doubt that we will be here tomorrow,” was erroneous and prejudicial, the Court of Appeal for this district has ruled.
		The prosecutor there argued that reasonable doubt was “a very reachable standard that you use every day in your lives when you make important decisions, decisions about whether you want to get married, decisions that take your life at stake when you change lanes as you’re driving.
		Ortega reasoned that most decisions that people make in the course of their ordinary lives are based on the preponderance of evidence, and that Nelson’s instruction was similar to the prosecutor’s argument in Nguyen.
	www.metnews.com /articles/2004/john022304.htm (623 words)

	Reasonable Doubt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Well, I doubt that, and I think my doubt is reasonable, and I challenge any apologist to prove it is unreasonable.
		That sounds arrogant to me. I doubt that God gave me a brain and then expected me to turn it off whenever his people had something to say to me, and I think my doubt is very reasonable.
		Now, I have various reasons for doubting the Bible's inerrancy, only one of which is that it seems inconsistent in several places.
	home.earthlink.net /~douglasofcalifornia/christ/reasdoubt.htm (1458 words)

	Andrew C. McCarthy on Terri Schiavo on National Review Online
		In the United States, we require proof beyond a reasonable doubt on all facts necessary to the judgment before someone is killed by the machinery of the justice system.
		I doubt the judge will find much, if any, support — in a contested case where the question was specifically raised and actual considered by a court — standing for what would be the revolutionary proposition that the state may order death on the insufficient evidentiary standard used here.
		If I am right, if reasonable doubt is the minimum constitutional requirement, then the court should proceed to a full-blown hearing at which the evidence of Terri's supposed PVS and desire to die are weighed anew — de novo — on the more demanding evidentiary standard.
	nationalreview.com /mccarthy/mccarthy200503250823.asp (1978 words)

	Polimom, Too: Reasonable Doubt
		Polimom's first-ever service as a juror ended today with a verdict of Guilty (to Aggravated Assault, the lesser of two charges), and that's no doubt how it will be recorded for posterity if anybody were to care enough to look it up.
		No one will ever know (except someone reading this) that some folks on the jury crossed the threshold of "reasonable doubt" when we agreed that the defendant's alibi did not seem reasonable - and thus not credible.
		It is a doubt that a reasonable man can seriously entertain.
	blogs.chron.com /polimom/2006/05/reasonable_doubt_1.html (328 words)

	77(R) HB 2063 Introduced version - Bill Text (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The presumption of innocence alone is sufficient 1-15 to acquit the defendant, unless the jurors are satisfied beyond a 1-16 reasonable doubt of the defendant's guilt after careful and 1-17 impartial consideration of all evidence in the case.
		2-3 "A 'reasonable doubt' is a doubt based on reason and common 2-4 sense after a careful and impartial consideration of all the 2-5 evidence in the case.
		It is the kind of doubt that would make a 2-6 reasonable person hesitate to act in the most important of his own 2-7 affairs.
	www.capitol.state.tx.us /tlo/77r/billtext/HB02063I.HTM (440 words)

	Model Charge: Burden Of Proof Presumption Of Innocence, Reasonable Doubt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The use of the word "reasonable" means simply that the doubt must be reasonable rather than unreasonable; it must be a doubt based on reason.
		Rather, it is such a doubt based upon reason as remains after consideration of all the evidence that the State has offered against it.
		The test you must use is this: If you have a reasonable doubt as to whether the State has proved any one or more of the elements of the crime charged, you must find the defendant not guilty.
	www.courts.state.nh.us /rules/misc/misc-1.htm (383 words)

	FEATURED ARTICLE
		Because the reasonable doubt standard may be difficult to define, and in some courts no definition is given at all, another possible approach is to compare the proof beyond a reasonable doubt standard with the lesser standards of preponderance of the evidence and clear and convincing evidence.
		Moreover, since the proof beyond a reasonable doubt standard is for the benefit of the accused, he or she should have the right to waive definition of that standard and utilize a comparative instruction based on the lesser standard.
		The proof beyond a reasonable doubt standard requires a significantly greater degree of certainty than that required to meet the clear and convincing evidence standard.
	www.juryinstruction.com /article_section/articles/article_archive/article45.htm (1294 words)

	Beyond Reasonable Doubt \| Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In a criminal trial the burden is upon the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused beyond any reasonable doubt.
		Juries are directed that unless the evidence makes them satisfied so they are sure of guilt, their verdict must be one of not guilty.
		At the end of a three-week trial a jury decided - on the basis of purely circumstantial evidence - that Derek Christian should serve a life sentence for a crime of which he is innocent.
	www.scandals.org /derekchristian/contents.html (294 words)

	Beyond Reasonable Doubt - ... - bedbathbeyond.petrocanada.be (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		British trials, there is a presumption of innocence - it is for prosecutions to prove "beyond reasonable doubt" that defendants are guilty, not for defendants to prove their innocence.
		Wealthy Beyond a Reasonable Doubt by William L. Anderson [Posted on Saturday, March 06, 2004] The Martha verdict appears quite popular with the political classes and the vaunted "man on the street," not...
		unless and until his or her guilt is established beyond a reasonable doubt.
	bedbathbeyond.petrocanada.be /.../beyond-reasonable-doubt.html (400 words)

	Jay-Z : Reasonable Doubt - Listen, Review and Buy at ARTISTdirect
		Skeptics who've never cared for Jigga's crossover efforts should turn to his debut, Reasonable Doubt, as the deserving source of his legend.
		Reasonable Doubt is often compared to another New York landmark, Nas' Illmatic: A hungry young MC with a substantial underground buzz drops an instant classic of a debut, detailing his experiences on the streets with disarming honesty, and writing some of the most acrobatic rhymes heard in quite some time.
		It's that depth that helps Reasonable Doubt rank as one of the finest albums of New York's hip-hop renaissance of the '90s.
	www.artistdirect.com /nad/store/artist/album/0,,230774,00.html (333 words)

	Beyond Reasonable Doubt
		The legal presumption of innocence (and the corresponding requirement that guilt must be proved 'beyond reasonable doubt') would then be reflected in this high threshold, which ensures that defendants will be acquitted unless the jury considers that the probability that they are innocent is extremely low.
		It is not what I understand by proof of guilt 'beyond reasonable doubt'; and it requires that evidence be introduced in court (for example, about the incidence of a crime) that would not, I believe, be considered admissible in the UK.
		For this reason, one could argue that in principle they should even be allowed to know the criminal history of the defendant (contrary to UK practice) because it can be relevant to interpretation of the way the defendant has reacted to circumstances.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /~ucgbarg/doubt.htm (3390 words)

	Reasonable Doubt: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Reasonable Doubt was rapper[Follow this hyperlink for a summary of this subject] Jay-Z Jay-Z quick summary:
		Jay-z (aka jigga, hov and hova) born shawn corey carter on december 4, 1969 in brooklyn, new york is an african american rapper/hip...
		[Follow this hyperlink for a summary of this subject]'s Steve Huey wrote that it is this "depth that helps Reasonable Doubt rank as one of the finest albums of New York's hip-hop renaissance of the '90s".
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/re/reasonable_doubt.htm (930 words)

	Beyond Reasonable Doubt \| "Beyond Reasonable Doubt?" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		"Beyond Reasonable Doubt" is as fundamental a principle of British law as the "Man on the Clapham Omnibus." As it is in most of the western democracies.
		For various reasons, the police at first felt it very unlikely that Christian was the murderer, but he remained "on the books".
		It is without doubt that her killer struck in bizarre and, you may think, chilling circumstances.
	www.scandals.org /derekchristian/brd41.html (6630 words)

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