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Topic: Reciprocity (social psychology)

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	Reciprocity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Reciprocity (social psychology), in-kind positive or negative responses of individuals towards the actions of others.
		Reciprocity (international relations), a principle that favours, benefits, or penalties that are granted by one state to the citizens or legal entities of another, should be returned in kind.
		Reciprocity (photography), the relationship between the intensity of the light and duration of the exposure that result in identical exposure.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reciprocity (254 words)

	Reciprocity (social psychology) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Positive reciprocal actions differ from altruistic actions as they only follow from other positive actions and they differ from social gift giving in that they are not actions taken with the hope or expectation of future positive responses.
		Reciprocal actions are important to social psychology as they can help explain the maintenance of social norms.
		In public good experiments, behavioral economists have demonstrated that the potential for reciprocal actions by players increases the rate of contribution to the public good, providing evidence for the importance of reciprocity in social situations (Fehr and Gatcher, 2003).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reciprocity_(social_psychology) (303 words)

	Psychology Encyclopedia Article @ Avowed.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Biological psychology is the scientific study of the biological bases of behavior and mental states.
		Social psychology is the study of the nature and causes of human social behavior, with an emphasis on how people think towards each other and how they relate to each other.
		Social cognition is a common approach and involves a mostly cognitive and scientific approach to understanding social behavior.
	www.avowed.org /encyclopedia/Psychology (3580 words)

	Allegheny College: Psychology Catalogue (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Prerequisites: Psychology 206, 207, and 170, 172 or 174.
		Prerequisites: Psychology 206, 207, and one from Psychology 160, 162 or 164.
		Prerequisites: Psychology 206, 207 and one from 160, 162 or 164.
	www.allegheny.edu /academics/psych/catalogue.php (5713 words)

	Seeking Social Grounds for Social Psychology
		Mainstream social psychology, has been, and continues to be, firmly committed to the metaphysics and methods of traditional experimental psychology, which, as it evolved in the present age, has attempted to borrow methods and metaphysical assumptions from the natural sciences (cf., Danziger, 1990).
		It would be a social psychology that would seek to articulate the fundamentally ethical character of our relations and social exchanges with one another, opening a discourse within which the parameters of ethical life would emerge as the primary subject matter.
		A social psychology thus grounded would not begin with the thesis that individuality must be overcome in order to establish intimacy, but that the false consciousness of individualism must be overcome so that intimacy may reveal itself.
	theoryandscience.icaap.org /content/vol003.002/gantt.html (7632 words)

	Influence
		Robert Cialdini is a Professor of Psychology at Arizona State University and has spent many years devoted to the scientific investigation and research of persuasion techniques.
		This principle of Social Proof can be used to stimulate a person's compliance with a request by informing him or her that many other individuals, perhaps some that are role models, are or have observed this behavior.
		The strength of this tendency to obey legitimate authorities is derived from the systematic socialization practices designed to instill in society the perception that such obedience constitutes correct conduct.
	www.rickross.com /reference/brainwashing/brainwashing20.html (2224 words)

	altruism - Information from Reference.com
		In the science of ethology (the study of behavior), and more generally in the study of social evolution, altruism refers to behavior by an individual that increases the fitness of another individual while decreasing the fitness of the actor.
		Social behavior and altruism share many similaraties to the interactions between the many parts (cells, genes) of an organism, but are distinguished by the ability of each individual to reproduce indefinitely without an absolute requirement for its neighbors.
		In the context of biology, the "Tit for tat" strategy is also called reciprocal altruism or Mutual Aid (one of the earliest proponents of it being considered a basic natural behaviour was Peter Kropotkin).
	www.reference.com /browse/altruism (3111 words)

	The Social Psychology of Computer-Mediated Communication (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In trying to understand the social world of CMC environments, it seems obvious to consider issues regarding the various ways in which we deal with one another, influence one another and act together as a group, that is, how we interact with one another.
		Social impact theory is represented by interactions of many people with one person, that is, where the behaviour of others affects one person’s behaviour (usually influencing the one person to conform to others’ group behaviours).
		Social psychologists have studied how the behaviour of an individual is very different when compared to that individual’s behaviour when he is in a group.
	www.psych.utoronto.ca /~paulo/papersummer00.htm (2895 words)

	The Law of Reciprocity
		The law of reciprocity is not what can best be described as "transactional reciprocity." Baker says that, "Many people conceive of their business dealings as spot market exchanges--value given for value received, period.
		The path to reciprocity is indirect: reciprocity ensues from the social capital built by making contributions to others.
		Robert B. Cialdini, author of "The Psychology of Persuasion" (William Morrow), says, "One of the most potent of the weapons of influence around us is the rule of reciprocation.
	home.att.net /~coachthee/Archives/reciprocity.html (1120 words)

	Psychology 20: Socializing agencies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Socialization is the process by which all people learn their gender roles, learning what is expected of them through their interactions with others.
		Socializing agencies are any person or social institution that shapes a person’s values, beliefs, and behaviours is a socializing agency.
		The debt of obligation can be so strong that reciprocity can be exploited by those who want us to comply with their requests when we would otherwise not do so.
	www.sesd.sk.ca /psychology/Psych20/Topics/socializing_agencies.htm (1241 words)

	Overview of Developmental Psychology
		Social psychology is particularly applicable because it examines the way that individuals and groups interact.
		The psychology of rites of passage and some of the psychology or other initiations and hazing use these cues to convey information in ways that change the persons attitudes and values from one state to another in a very short time.
		Coupling the Piaget's theory of cognitive development with some of the social psychology we covered (attribution and attitude and behaviorial consistancy) a picture begins to emerge about why rites of initiation into a society take place during particular times of life.
	clla.tamu.edu /passage/lbar181/psychology.htm (842 words)

	Social Psychology
		Social circumstances, cultural norms for appropriate behavior, and other situational contexts have powerful effects on human behavior.
		A stereotype is a generalized belief about a group or class of people who share some common characteristic such as race, gender, height, hair color, etc. A stereotype is just one of many "cognitive schemas" or mental tools that people use to organize and remember (or mis-remember) vast amounts of information.
		Social norms or social history that have encouraged men to work in engineering are not part of the implicit association.
	web.umr.edu /~pfyc212b/social.htm (1388 words)

	Social Psychology
		In your social psychology class, ask your students to stay beyond class time for a few minutes to help you with your research.
		Theoretically, the number of students who volunteer to participate in the two-hour out-of-class "research" should be greater for the social psychology class because they were exposed to the multiple requests.
		To demonstrate the power of social influence to a skeptical class, a teacher recreates the atmosphere of Nazi Germany by instilling ideas of power, discipline, and superiority into his obeying students.
	www.abacon.com /baronbyrne/chapter9.html (4853 words)

	Theories of Social Psychology Overview
		Social Psychology studies social interaction, social processes, and the interplay between the person and society in attitudes, beliefs and socialization.
		Social Psychology is a separate discipline which allows us the flexibility to explore substantive areas as different as pressures toward conformity, ethnic prejudice, or child and adult development.
		Social psychology provides the "conceptual glue" between organizations and individuals, the nuts and bolts to explain the reciprocity between social structure and the individual.
	syp5105-01.fa01.fsu.edu /SocialPsychology.htm (1503 words)

	Social Cognitive Theory Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The earliest contribution to learning theory was from William James in 1890, whose notion of the 'social self' laid the foundation for the modern SLT tenet of the interaction between personal factors and the environment.
		Inherent within the notion of reciprocal determinism is the concept that people have the ability to influence their destiny, while at the same time recognizing that people are not free agents of their own will.
		Social comparison of one's own performance to the performance of others, especially peers or siblings, also serves as a strong source of self-efficacy.
	hsc.usf.edu /~kmbrown/Social_Cognitive_Theory_Overview.htm (4394 words)

	330 Final Review Fall 2004
		Summarize the debate surrounding the use of deception in social psychology.
		Discuss research results, as presented in class, relating to (a) intrinsic social motivation and age-related schematic influences, (b) longitudinal studies of social motivation and loneliness, (c) liking and reciprocity, (d) norms of physical attractiveness and the Strauss-Howe cycle.
		Explain the equity theory equation and discuss it from the standpoint of (a) hedonic value, (b) subjectivity and salience, (c) three responses to perceptions of inequity, (d) the notion of social referents and alternatives.
	www.uwmc.uwc.edu /psychology/330_final_review_fall_2004.htm (1121 words)

	Psychology is bound to become more Darwinian, says eminent primatologist
		Psychology will soon be transformed by both neuroscience and evolutionary psychology, predicts internationally renowned primatologist Frans B.M. de Waal, PhD, who will give the "Focus on Science" plenary address at APA's 2001 Annual Convention in San Francisco, Aug. 2428.
		De Waal's research on reconciliation, peacemaking and social reciprocity in monkeys, chimpanzees and bonobos has revealed that nonhuman primates--like humans--are political creatures with an apparent capacity for empathy and morality.
		In addition to his scholarly work in primate social psychology, de Waal serves on the board of directors of Chimp Haven, an effort to establish sanctuaries for "retired" chimpanzees no longer required for research.
	www.apa.org /monitor/apr01/darwin.html (837 words)

	2006-2007 Course Register
		Consequences include population aging and resultant difficulty funding pensions for retirees. (The "social security crisis" is much worse in Europe and Japan than in the USA.) The seminar also considers contemporary women's career-family conflicts, which illustrate some of the psychological, sociological, and economic factors with which the seminar is concerned.
		An overview of theories and research across the range of social behavior from intra-individual to the group level including the effects of culture, social environment, and groups on social interaction.
		History and social context of psychological testing; statistical background; reliability, validity, and bias; tests of intelligence, personality, and psychopathology; genetic and environmental contributions to test performance; sensitivity, specificity, and predictive power of clinical tests; lie detection.
	www.upenn.edu /registrar/register/psyc.html (2531 words)

	SparkNotes: Social Psychology: Attraction
		Similarity: People also tend to pick partners who are similar to themselves in characteristics such as age, race, religion, social class, personality, education, intelligence, and attitude.
		Others acknowledge that people may be more likely to have friends and partners who are similar to themselves simply because of accessibility: people are more likely to associate with people who are similar to themselves.
		Women, on the other hand, tend to value partners’ social status, wealth, and ambition, because these are characteristics of men who can successfully provide for offspring.
	www.sparknotes.com /psychology/psych101/socialpsychology/section6.rhtml (673 words)

	Social Network Analysis
		Social network analysis is based on an assumption of the importance of relationships among interacting units.
		Social network analysis has emerged as a set of methods for the analysis of social structures, methods which are specifically geared towards an investigation of the relational aspects of these structures.
		Network analysis (or social network analysis) is a set of mathematical methods used in social psychology, sociology, ethology, and anthropology.
	lrs.ed.uiuc.edu /TSE-portal/analysis/social-network-analysis (1642 words)

	A Social Psychology Glossary
		An important perspective in social psychology that emphasizes the combined effects of both the person and the situation on human behavior.
		A socially defined position occupied by a person in society that is very important in shaping his or her self-concept and life choices.
		The theory that the amount of social influence others have depends on their number, strength, and immediacy to those they are trying to influence.
	www.richmond.edu /~allison/glossary.html (3999 words)

	University of Virginia - Psychology Department: Calendar
		As part of the Law and Cognitive Psychology Lecture Series, supported by the Dean's Intellectual Enrichment Fund, Phoebe Ellsworth, Frank Murphy Distinguished University Professor of Law and Psychology at the University of Michigan, will speak at 5:15pm on Thursday, February 5, in Gilmer Hall, Room 141.
		In March 2001, she was honored by Mount Saint Mary's College with the creation of the annual Phoebe Ellsworth Psychology and Justice Symposium, in recognition of her contributions to the areas of law and psychology.
		She has published widely on the subjects of person perception and emotion, public opinion and the death penalty, and jury behavior recent articles have appeared in The Handbook of Affective Sciences, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, and Psychology, Public Policy, and Law.
	www.virginia.edu /psychology/calendar/event.cgi/14 (401 words)

	SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Social Psychology is the study of social influences; the influences that people have upon the beliefs and behaviors of others (p.6, Aronson).
		Social Psychologists construct Social Psychological Theories of social behavior that emerge from the broader psychological theories.
		Even though Freud was a strong believer in instincts, he also believed in the effects of the environment and, in particular, social influences.
	www.ship.edu /~ambart/PSY_220/socialtheories.htm (1359 words)

	Social Psychology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Going along with the group behaviorally without being persuaded that the group is correct.
		The major component of this type of conformity is the attractiveness of the influencer.
		Majority exerts blunt pressure to conform (power) but stir up counteragruments that reduce their impact.
	www.ship.edu /~ambart/PSY_220/conformoutline.htm (1560 words)

	Psychology History
		In 1967, he began his graduate study in Social Psychology at the University of North Carolina where he received a Ph.D. in June of 1970.
		From 1971 until 1975 Cialdini served as an Assistant Professor for the Department of Psychology at Arizona State University during which he served as a visiting Assistant Professor of Psychology in the Social Psychology Doctoral Program at Ohio State University.
		In 1979, he was a visiting scholar in the Department of Psychology at the University of California at San Diego.
	www.muskingum.edu /~psych/psycweb/history/cialdini.htm (1738 words)

	Disco Social Psychology
		Beyond this personal on-the-job fringe benefit, disco is the current night life catalyst with ignites that special bond between two strangers with sensual reciprocity (as well as mental if the male is an exceptional lead), within a socially acceptable context.
		Like any other fad, social conformity such as dress codes at the door, the latest steps, the "grooviest" body language and "jive" talk is the current name of the game.
		Worse than these victims of social conformity (they don't have as much excitement as those dancing ever dance with anybody - like me!) and of perceived dancing inadequacies are those foxes who seem to enjoy turning down the series of machos that politely ask for a dance.
	www.lastplace.com /Journal/socialdiscopsy.htm (1113 words)

	:: Welcome to Social Psychology ::
		Other times, people conform because of informational social influence—that is, they look upon the actions of others as information about what is best to do.
		Still other times people conform because of normative social influence—that is, out of concern for the social consequences of their actions.
		Powerful reason-based approaches include invoking the norm of reciprocity by, say, doing a favor for someone or making a concession (the door-in-the-face technique), and starting up a foot-in-the-door process by first getting someone to agree to a small request before making the more substantial request in which one is really interested.
	www.wwnorton.com /socialPsych/reviews/ch06.asp (557 words)

	Social Psychology
		Social Psychology examines how other people and social situations impact the behavior of an individual.
		Primary goal: Obtain knowledge in the various disciplines of psychology.
		Understand and appreciate the connections between psychology and the other traditional liberal arts disciplines.
	personal.monm.edu /grahe_jon/p233.htm (415 words)

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