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Topic: Recitative

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	Recitative - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Recitative, a form of composition often used in operas, oratorios, cantatas and similar works, is described as a melodic speech set to music, or a descriptive narrative song in which the music follows the words.
		Recitative is easily distinguished from more florid and melismatic arias, as the rhythms and melodic contours of recitative often approximate to those of normal speech, often including repeating pitches.
		Historically, the recitativo, in the religious composition tradition, specifically the passions, derived from gregorian chant (hence their monotonous reciting manner): for special occasions like Easter, the gospel text would be sung in a reciting (gregorian) style, alternating with hymns or other song-like texts not quoted literally from the gospel story.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Recitative (305 words)

	Musical Forms - Recitative (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Among several conventions applied to recitative by 1700 was that of ending a passage with a falling 4th, or with a 4-3-(2)-1 descent, in advance of the cadence.
		With the continuous texture of opera and oratorio in the 19th century, recitative disappeared as an independent form while remaining an essential means of expression for passages in a libretto for which lyrical treatment was inappropriate.
		Recitative with keyboard accompaniment did not long survive the 18th century, except where it was artificially revived, as in Britten's The Rape of Lucretia (1946) and Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress (1951).
	w3.rz-berlin.mpg.de /cmp/g_recitative.html (389 words)

	TITLE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Recitative was dramatically necessary to complement the emotional, static nature of song; it allowed composers of vocal music to employ their art to develop plots and characters, something not possible in a madrigal or art song.
		The ritornelli that often break the recitative serve as a "perfect ballast" to recitative’s awkwardness and form together with the recitative an organic musical whole whose a structure possesses an ability to convey emotion similarly to aria.
		Such a combination of the dramatic function of recitative with the musical function of aria seems to be an inversion of Monteverdi’s use of recitative to convey the emotional intensity later expressed almost exclusively through aria.
	thechurchforall.org /Mozart-Monteverdi.htm (1979 words)

	recitative. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		This type of recitative was used at the points of greatest dramatic interest and to introduce important arias.
		Robert Cambert and Lully developed a style of recitative suited to the French language; Purcell and Mozart attacked similar problems in English and German.
		Wagner, opposed to the Italian type of recitative, developed a continuous declamation in which the melody was completely molded to the text, upon which the accompaniment served as a sort of commentary.
	www.bartleby.com /65/re/recitati.html (283 words)

	Sonic Glossary: Recitative
		Recitative is a style of singing with instrumental accompaniment that imitates the natural inflections of speech.
		Recitative is performed by one singer at a time, though often in alternation between two or more singers in the manner of a conversation.
		As the name suggests, this type of recitative is accompanied by forces ranging from a section of an ensemble to the entire ensemble.
	www.columbia.edu /ccnmtl/draft/paul/sonic/recit.html (1086 words)

	recitative -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		Regular alternation of recitative with aria became the rule for both opera and cantata, and recitative became essential to the dramatic oratorio as well.
		It remains basic to operatic composition; the presence of recitative (as opposed to spoken dialogue) most clearly distinguishes opera from the musical and related genres.
		Although the fabric of the opera may be interrupted by spoken dialogue or recitatives accompanied by a keyboard or by the orchestra, the distinguishing feature is that...
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9376583 (675 words)

	Journal of Seventeenth-Century Music \| Vol. 9 No. 1 \| Louise K. Stein: The Origins and Character of recitado (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Thus, Diana’s false and fickle influence (which she emphasizes at this point in the recitative) is represented through movement to extraordinary harmonies, to the points farthest away from harmonic stability.
		It is doubtful that these actresses ever heard italianate monody and recitative in performance, and it is unlikely that the practitioners of the histrionic art in Spain would trade the glory of their dramatic spoken declamations for the complication and restriction of wholly sung roles.
		Giustiniani, however, was capable of finding a common recitational element in liturgical psalmody, singing formulas used in performances of sacre rappresentazioni, the solo madrigals of Giulio Caccini and of Giuseppino Cenci, the operatic recitative of Florence and of Rome, and the declamatory aspects of the Spanish romance.
	sscm-jscm.press.uiuc.edu /jscm/v9/no1/Stein.html (6298 words)

	Performance practice: Plain recitative in Bach's vocal works
		As recitative notation and other accompanimental practice grew from this mostly improvisational art, it was simply a swap of one shorthand for another without getting much more specific on paper.
		It is the way I choose to play continuo in plain recitative in the Bach vocal works: both from the set of sources noted above, and (at least as importantly) from practical experience in the music.
		Changes of registration during a recitative are both unnecessary and distracting, drawing attention away from the singing.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~bpl/recits.htm (4587 words)

	Recitative (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In an opera, oratorio, cantata, or other multi-movement vocal compositions, a recitative is a narrative song that describes some action, thought, or emotion.
		The recitative follows the natural flow of the language, and is more a speaking composition than a singing composition.
		The two styles of recitative are the dry (secco) style and the accompanied (stromentato, or accompagnato) style.
	www.music.vt.edu /musicdictionary/textr/Recitative.html (120 words)

	MSN Encarta - Opera
		The principal Italian opera centre during the middle and late 17th century was Venice.
		The next most important was Rome, where a clear differentiation was made for the first time between the singing styles of aria (used for emotional reflection) and recitative (derived from monody and used for plot information and dialogue).
		They developed two kinds of recitative: recitativo secco (Italian for “dry recitative”), which was accompanied only by basso continuo, and recitativo accompagnato (“accompanied recitative”), which was used for tense situations and accompanied by the orchestra.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761570299/Opera.html (1045 words)

	Messiah (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Apart from those cuts, the only aria Mozart significantly re-works is the famous trumpet aria, which became “Sie schallt, die Posaune.” Alas, by Mozart’s time the great clarino technique of the baroque trumpet had gone, and trumpeters were more used to playing simple fanfares than high melodic lines.
		Of course, part of the reason Mozart’s reworkings succeed so well is because he is so masterful a composer himself, and much of his mastery here lies in recognizing the power of Handel’s effects and leaving many of them untouched.
		Most of the accompanied recitatives are left as Handel composed them, as is the overture itself (with only the addition of brass to double the string parts in the opening section).
	www.providencesingers.org /Concerts/Dec03Concert.html (1980 words)

	Mozart's Insert Arias of 1788-1790 - MozartForum
		Martin y Soler's aria was prefaced with simple recitative, but original Vienna performance score of Mozart's Aria is proceeded by an unattributed accompanied recitative of 35 measures beginning with the words "Ahi cosa veggio".
		This accompanied recitative is attributed to Mozart in the score.
		The Cimarosa Aria with the attributed to Mozart accompanied recitative is Nr.20 in the 2nd Act.
	www.mozartforum.com /VB_forum/showthread.php?t=363 (830 words)

	recitative - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about recitative
		As we proceeded on our way, bands of young girls, darting from the surrounding groves, hung upon our skirts, and accompanied us with shouts of merriment and delight, which almost drowned the deep notes of the recitative.
		Dorothea raised her eyes, brighter than usual with excited feeling, and said in her saddest recitative, "How I wish I had learned German when I was at Lausanne
		Now, then,--the recitative, for the sake of the moral.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /recitative (192 words)

	VARIATIONS Sound Recording akb3682 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Recitative, "Thus far, ye glorious partners of the war"
		Recitative, "Be it my chief ambition there to rise"
		Recitative, "Yes he was false, my daughter, false to you"
	www.dlib.indiana.edu /variations/html/akb3682.html (251 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Recitative
		Recitative, style of musical composition for solo voice, in which the melodic contours and note values are based largely on the natural inflections...
		Arioso, in music, a type of recitative (sung narration), of more lyrical than speechlike quality.
		Some composers use the arioso to initiate or...
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Recitative.html (75 words)

	Journal of Seventeenth-Century Music \| Vol. 9 No. 1 \| Hill: Beyond Isomorphism toward a Better Theory of Recitative (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In this example, Peri’s recitative (audio 3b) is notably close to the recorded speech (audio 3a), and where the two diverge—as at the word “stilla” and at Peri’s ascending scale segments on “dell’infinito mare” and “che di dolcezza”—the spoken version could have conformed to Peri’s setting with little difficulty.
		Peri’s strong and unusual accent on “liete,” which was deliberately mimicked in audio 4b, raises an issue of isomorphism because Italian is thought to resist displacing the accent from the end of the sentence, even when the last word is redundant.
		Raymond Monelle, “Recitative and Dramaturgy in the Dramma per Musica,” Music and Letters 59 (1978): 245–67, is the only study known to me that aims to show that dramatic characterization in operas (here, opere serie of the early eighteenth century) can be established or fostered by the control of declamation, or delivery, in recitative.
	sscm-jscm.press.uiuc.edu /jscm/v9/no1/Hill.html (5241 words)

	Naxos.com, Your World of Classical Music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Recitative: And they came to a place named Gethsemane (Tenor)
		Recitative: He made Himself of no reputation (Bass)
		Recitative: After this, Jesus knowing that all things were now accomplished (Tenor, Chorus)
	www.naxos.com /mainsite/NaxosCat/Naxos_Cat.asp?item_code=8.557624 (277 words)

	Written Quiz 15, Chapter 10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		_________________________ is the recitative style that is accompanied by a basso continuo
		_________________________ is the recitative style that is accompanied by an orchestra.
		__________________________ is the recitative style that is somewhere between free recitative and the rhythmically regular aria.
	www.vc.cc.tx.us /~mlfletch/musiclit/quiz15.htm (291 words)

	Telarc International:
		Recitative (Elijah, Ahab) with Chorus - "As God the Lord of Sabaoth liveth"
		Recitative (Elijah) and Chorus - "Call him louder, for he is a god!"
		Recitative (Elijah, Queen) and Chorus - "The Lord hath exalted thee"
	www.telarc.com /gscripts/title.asp?gsku=0389&mscssid=19RNAB2LMHSR2PA70G05AFURQ6S672L7 (351 words)

	Telarc International:
		Iphigénie en Tauride was Gluck’s greatest success, and the culmination of his operatic "reforms." The music is simple, direct, and nearly continuous.
		"With recitative and aria melting into each other, with the musical line cleansed of excessive ornament, with the orchestra’s psychological commentary, it penetrates right to the heart of its characters’ horrific dilemmas," wrote Ellen Pfeifer in the Boston Globe.
		Recitative: "Puisque le Ciel a vos jours s'interesse"
	www.telarc.com /gscripts/title.asp?gsku=0546 (605 words)

	Amazon.com: Mozart: Arias, Vocal Ensembles, Canons: Music: Bryn Terfel,Anton Scharinger,René Pape,Robert Lloyd,Walter ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Se al labbro...Il cor dolente, recitative and aria for tenor & orchestra, K. Composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
		Ma che vi fece...Sperai vicino il lido, recitative and aria for soprano & orchestra, K. Composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
		A questo seno deh vieni...Or che il cielo, recitative and aria for soprano & orchestra, K. Composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/B000004114?v=glance (1669 words)

	SonyMusicStore: Herbert von Karajan Mozart: Don Giovanni (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Recitative: In questa forma dunque/No. 5 Chorus: Giovinette che fate all'amore
		Recitative: Di molte faci il lume/No. 19 sextet: Sola sola in buio loco
		Recitative: Calmatevi, idol mio/No. 23 Accompanied Recitative and Rondo: Crudele!
	www.sonymusicstore.com /store/catalog/MerchandiseDetails.jsp?merchId=3938&mname=DVD (321 words)

	Musicroom.com - Sheet Music for Musicians - Search Results
		Recitative, Trio And Chorus (Soprano, Tenor And Bass Soli, Choruses)
		Recitative And Cabatina From Les Pêcheurs De Perles [Bizet]
		Recitative And Prayer (Grand Symphony For Band) [Berlioz, Hector]
	www.musicroom.com /search.aspx?category_id=store1&searchtype=songtitle&kbid=1708&searchtext=Recitative (112 words)

	A guide to opera for the beginner
		Monteverdi introduced the idea of a musical line into his opera, and from this point onward monody was used to move plot forward in the form of recitative, or speech-song.
		This rise was supported by the works of the librettist Metastasio, the most influential opera writer of his time.
		Opera today is a reflection of this school of thought; it consists of alternating periods of recitative and aria, where the recitative introduces an occurrence and the aria is a reflection on the new event.
	ctct.essortment.com /operaguide_rwts.htm (786 words)

	Search Results for recitative - Encyclopædia Britannica
		The earliest significant form of monody, recitative developed in the late 1500s in opposition to...
		The cante jondo developed a distinctive melodic style, the foremost...
		in Japanese literature and music, a type of chanted recitative; often the script for a bunraku (q.v.) puppet drama.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=recitative&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (335 words)

	CLASSICAL MUSIC ARCHIVES: Definition of RECITATIVE
		Serves for dialogue or narrative (as a means of advancing the plot), whereas the subsequent aria is often static or reflective.
		opera, especially opera seria, the distinction between recit.
		by instr.; recitativo secco (It., dry recit.), in which the notes and metre of the singing followed the verbal accents, accompanied only by occasional hpd.
	www.classicalarchives.com /dict/recitative.html (164 words)

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