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Topic: Recoil temperature

Related Topics

Doppler temperature

Laser cooling

Spontaneous emission

Velocity

Sufism

Islamic invasion of India

Mahmud of Ghazni

	Apparatus for preventing heat damage in an electromagnetic clutch - Patent 4799578
		A temperature fuse is disposed on the rotor of the electromagnetic clutch adjacent to the frictional surface of the rotor and armature plate and stops the operation of the clutch by melting itself.
		Thus, a temperature fuse is not able to precisely control the operation of an electromagnetic clutch in response to the temperature of a frictional surface of the rotor.
		Also, since the temperature fuse is placed on the outer portion of the compressor, the temperature fuse may detect the heating of the compressor and unnecessarily cease the operation of the electromagnetic clutch.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4799578.html (3214 words)

	Laser cooling - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The result of the absorption and remission process is to reduce the speed of the atom, provided its initial speed is larger than the recoil velocity from scattering a single photon.
		Since the temperature of an ensemble of atoms is a measure of the random internal kinetic energy, this is equivalent to cooling the atoms.
		Lower temperatures, down to the recoil temperature, may be obtained by sub-Doppler cooling.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Laser_cooling (1074 words)

	Low temperature method for making a photovoltaic material - Patent 5501745
		The temperature at which the present invention is practiced can be controlled by controlling the amount of heat that is transferred to the vacuum chamber via thermal radiation from (1) the reservoir from which the precursor is released by vaporization, or (2) the ion source.
		The temperature of the hearth will be regulated so that the flux of boron atoms is suitable for the speed at which the conducting film and precursor pass through the boron atom flux.
		In the elastic recoil detection method, energetic heavy ions are projected toward a target at a grazing angle to the surface of the target.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5501745.html (5245 words)

	Standard conditions for temperature and pressure Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In chemistry and other sciences, STP or standard temperature and pressure is a standard set of conditions for experimental measurements, to enable comparisons to be made between sets of data.
		In industry and commerce, it is necessary to define the standard reference conditions of temperature and pressure when expressing a gas volume or a volumetric flow rate because the volume of a gas varies with the temperature and pressure of the gas.
		It is equally as important to indicate the applicable reference conditions of temperature and pressure when stating the molar volume of a gas as it is when expressing a gas volume or volumetric flow rate.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/Standard_conditions_for_temperature_and_pressure.html (1949 words)

	Halfbakery: recoil powered machine gun cooling system
		recoil of the weapon would force a small piston to pump cooling media through a series of coils around the machine gun barrel, to a radiator(perhaps mounted under the barrel) then back to the piston pump.
		During the lockup period, I'm guessing that a large percentage of the recoil energy is transmitted from the face of the bolt to the receiver and to the frame of the weapon.
		The recoil is the "equal, opposite" reaction to the action of accelerating the bullet down range.
	www.halfbakery.com /idea/recoil_20powered_20machine_20gun_20cooling_20system (1052 words)

	The VHA Ballistics Information Page
		Another 30 percent is wasted on heating the barrel and the 40 percent balance goes to recoil, noise, and escaping at the muzzle.
		When the temperature is lowered to 20 degrees Fahrenheit, the velocity at 300 yards drops from 2,527 fps (at the standard 59 degree Fahrenheit.) to 2,436 fps.
		When the temperature is raised to 110 degrees Fahrenheit, which is common here in the Southwest, the 300-yard velocity goes up to 2,630 fps and the 500-yard figure goes up to 1,979 fps.
	www.varminthunter.org /ballistics.shtml (3289 words)

	Scientific American: How are temperatures close to absolute zero achieved and measured?
		The lowest temperature recorded so far, described in a publication from our group in the September 12, 2003 issue of Science, is 450 picokelvins, which beat the previous record holder by a factor of six.
		If the temperature of the air were 10 times smaller (which is about 30 K or —240 degrees C), the atmosphere would be only one kilometer thick.
		The achievement of lower and lower temperature is monitored by a shrinking shadow.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=00037290-04B2-1007-84B283414B7F0000 (1403 words)

	Additional background material on the Nobel Prize in Physics 1997
		This effect was actually used to estimate the temperature of the atoms in the intersection region by monitoring the decay of the fluorescence as the cooling lasers were turned off for a variable time interval.
		For sodium atoms the recoil temperature is 2.4 µK while for cesium atoms it is as low as 0.2 µK. The experimental results quoted above thus seemed to indicate that it is possible to reach a temperature of about ten times the recoil limit using polarization gradient cooling of a disordered cloud of atoms.
		The reason that the recoil energy of a single photon sets a limit to both Doppler cooling and polarization gradient cooling is that in both cooling schemes there is a continous cycle of absorption and emission processes taking place.
	www.nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1997/back.html (2645 words)

	FM 9-207 Chapter 4
		On self-propelled guns, the recoil fluid surrounds the gun tube and is subject to a larger range of temperature changes and subsequent pressure variations.
		To ensure that recoil parts are free from frost binding, exercise the recoil mechanism prior to firing whenever the weapon is subjected to freezing rain, windblown snow and ice, or fluctuating temperatures.
		At lower temperatures, operators may be required to discontinue battery operation and connect the power cable and adapter to a vehicle auxiliary power (slave) receptacle.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/policy/army/fm/9-207/ch4.htm (7812 words)

	No-Recoil Armor Annihilator
		Speaking of heat, the maximum temperature of the AA-12 has been measured at 256 degrees F at the gas port and 150 degrees F to the barrel.
		Mounted on the left side of the gun, the selector is moved to the forward position to allow the trigger to be pulled and it is moved to the rear to prevent the trigger from being pulled.
		In the constant recoil system, the bolt group never bottoms out (slams into a fixed object) at the end of its rearward travel, but stops gradually against the long recoil spring.
	www.military.com /soldiertech/0,14632,Soldiertech_AA12,,00.html (3151 words)

	Recoil Screw Thread Inserts , Thread Repair Kits and Tooling
		Recoil stainless steel inserts are manufactured in a full range of thread forms and lengths and available in convenient replacement packets, or bulk.
		Recoil inserts are the quick and easy method for repairing damaged threads, or creating stronger original threads in alloys and composite materials in original equipment manufacture.
		Recoil inserts are made from high quality stainless steel wire, with a diamond shaped cross section, wound to the shape of a spring thread.
	www.newmantools.com /recoil1.htm (603 words)

	Electroimpact Research Papers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Although this alleviated the recoil shock, operators were disappointed with the increased mass of the actuator.
		Calculations were made based upon the mass of the body, the impulse produced by the electromagnetic coil, and the linear recoil stroke distance to size the coil springs.
		Once the recoil is complete, the springs push the body back to its rest position at a rate set by the adjustable damper.
	www.electroimpact.com /research/handheldSae.asp (2018 words)

	Physics News update 753
		Unlike the case of mammals, which maintain their body temperature by constant metabolism in cells all over the body, heat in the skunk cabbage is produced chiefly in the spadix, the plant’s central spike-like flowering stalk through chemical reactions in the cells’ mitochondria.
		Moreover, the researchers, studying subtle oscillations in the plant’s internal temperature, claim that the thermo-regulation process is chaotic and that this represents the first evidence for deterministic chaos among the higher plants.
		The resultant trajectory in the abstract phase space (where, typically, one plots the plant’s temperature at one time versus the temperature at another time) is a strange attractor, which the authors refer to as a Zazen attractor, a "Zen meditation" attractor.
	www.aip.org /pnu/2005/753.html (902 words)

	Press Release: The 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics
		He developed several new methods of measuring the temperature, including one in which the atoms are allowed to fall under the influence of gravity, the curve of their fall being determined with the help of a measuring laser.
		For sodium atoms the recoil limit is 2.4 µK and for the somewhat heavier cesium atoms about 0.2 µK. In collaboration with Cohen-Tannoudji and his Paris colleagues Phillips showed that cesium atoms could be cooled in optical molasses to about ten times the recoil limit, i.e.
		All his experiments use helium atoms, for which the recoil limit is 4 µK. In the first experiment two opposed laser beams were used and a one-dimensional velocity distribution was achieved which corresponded to half the recoil limit temperature.
	nobelprize.org /physics/laureates/1997/press.html (2340 words)

	knudsen
		For vapor pressure measurements they have, when compared with recoil momentum sensors, the considerable disadvantage that the fate of the impinging molecules, i.e., whether they condense on, or revaporize from, the target, must be known [2].
		The recoil of the 2n antiparallel escaping vapor beams causes the momentum of the TORKER cell, which twists the supporting torsion fibre until it is counteracted by the elastic torsion momentum of the fibre (see figure 2).
		For vapor pressure measurements at high temperatures the equation of motion when the TORKER cell is at the experimental temperature is compared with the equation of motion when the cell is at room temperature to determine the torque due to effusing vapor and thence the vapor pressure inside the TORKER cell [28].
	www.univie.ac.at /tomiska/f1-knudsen.html (4077 words)

	Physics News Update Number 343
		This is important since a helium atom absorbing or emitting a single photon recoils by 9.2 cm/second, corresponding to a temperature of 4 microkelvins.
		Applying this technique to subrecoil helium atoms, the researchers have measured a temperature (at least in the one dimension probed by their laser) of 5 nanokelvins, 1/800 of the recoil limit.
		This is the lowest fraction of the recoil temperature ever measured for an atom; the lowest absolute temperature, 3 nanokelvins for much heavier cesium atoms, was measured by the same group in 1995.
	www.aip.org /pnu/1997/physnews.343.htm (495 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		It was once thought that conservation of momentum requires the recoil of the emitting nucleus and that the photon would not have the full transition energy and hence would not resonantly excite the absorber.
		The temperature dependence of the absorption cross-section of Ir led Mössbauer (1958) to be the first to realize that a photon could be emitted with the entire solid recoiling as one rigid mass.
		To allow isomer shifts to be measured independently of the nature of the source, the centroid of the room temperature spectrum of metallic iron has been adopted as the zero of energy and all shifts are measured relative to it.
	www.webres.com /mossbauer_detail.html (2561 words)

	A Revolution in Timekeeping
		And in London in 1671, William Clement began building clocks with the new "anchor" or "recoil" escapement, a substantial improvement over the verge because it interferes less with the motion of the pendulum.
		John Harrison, a carpenter and self-taught clock-maker, refined Graham's temperature compensation techniques and developed new methods for reducing friction.
		By 1761, he had built a marine chronometer with a spring and balance wheel escapement that won the British government's 1714 prize (worth more than $10,000,000 in today's currency) for a means of determining longitude to within one-half degree after a voyage to the West Indies.
	physics.nist.gov /GenInt/Time/revol.html (874 words)

	Physics news Update 799
		Boiling, a sort of accelerated evaporation, is usually a very efficient form of energy transfer because of the transport of latent heat (the heat required for a substance to change its phase); energy moving from a heater to a liquid by the formation of vapor bubbles.
		This potentially dangerous situation comes about as follows: at high enough temperatures the formation of bubbles becomes so great that the entire surface of the heating element (the part of the heater in contact with the liquid) can be covered with a vapor film, which insulates the liquid above from absorbing heat.
		This theory was upheld by experimental work performed not at the blazing temperature of high-pressure steam but near the chilly critical temperature of liquid hydrogen, where boiling would occur very slowly, in a way that could be glimpsed more completely.
	www.aip.org /pnu/2006/799.html (575 words)

	BlackHand Paintball Team -- Southern California
		CO2 changes pressure as the temperature changes, the higher the temperature the higher the pressure.
		As the temperature of the Cylinder increases more of the liquid is boiled into a gas, causing the pressure to increase.
		If the two areas are the same temperature, which is normally the case, the valve will draw and use a combination of both liquid and gas.
	www.freewebs.com /blackhandpaintballteam/paintballtips.htm (1428 words)

	Physics and Astronomy Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		When the atoms are cooled to near the photon recoil temperature, thermal atomic collisions can be neglected.
		If the electron temperature is thermalized to the ion temperature (and if the ion temperature is not too different from the neutral atom temperature), then the electron system is quantum-mechanically degenerate.
		The study of Rydberg systems at low temperatures is in its infancy, with the first papers appearing in 1998.
	www.physics.byu.edu /Undergraduate/ProjectDescription.aspx?ProjectNum=8 (252 words)

	EIC July 2002 - The beginnings of Mössbauer spectroscopy
		Thus by emitting and/or absorbing ?-rays at high enough temperatures, Malmfors reasoned that there might be overlap between the photon distribution from the source and that required by the absorber.
		Still pursuing the notion of temperature and the degree of overlap between the absorption and emission lines, Maier-Leibnitz was keen that his student should follow Malmfors' method in achieving overlap at higher temperatures.
		Mössbauer, however, felt it would be easier to construct a cryostat and work at the temperature of liquid nitrogen rather than build the high temperature furnace necessary to repeat Malmfors' work.
	www.rsc.org /Education/EiC/issues/2002July/july2002Adetunji.asp (1870 words)

	Dr. Abhiraman's Abstracts
		Results from a study of the 'recoil from tension' method for estimating the compressive strength of the polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibers are reported here.
		Analysis of the effect of different gauge lengths on the recoil strength distribution and the fracture morphological features of cross sections of the tested filaments simply that both axial recoil and bending influence the recoil failure of PAN-based carbon fibers.
		This analytical expression can be used to obtain a physically meaningful extrapolated average 'zero gauge length' recoil strength, which might be appropriate for estimating the true axial compressive strength of fibers.
	www.tfe.gatech.edu /faculty/abhiraman/abhiabs.html (839 words)

	CEA : Clefs CEA n° 46 Glass packages guaranteed for millions of years (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Computers can be used to study the phenomenology of these atomic displacements, even if current computation tools impose restriction on the energy of the nuclei to avoid going outside a "cell" of 500,000 modeled atoms.
		In static leaching conditions or with the very low renewal rates typical of deep disposal, this phase is quickly followed by an intermediate phase during which the concentrations in solution increase at a slower rate.
		Scores of leaching tests have been conducted at the typical temperature of 90 °C; it is generally accepted in the international community that glass packages in a disposal site will be below this temperature when the water arrives (figure 4).
	www.cea.fr /var/cea/storage/static/gb/library/Clefs46/pagesg/clefs46_68.html (589 words)

	Section 4B
		Recoil lines originating from various locations on a demagnetization curve are plotted on the diagram to the right.
		Notice that the excursion of the operating point in recoil does not track exactly up and back along a unique line, but the very narrow loops that are plotted are always assumed to be lines for calculation purposes.
		For operation in recoil, it is the recoil line (rather than the demagnetization curve) and the load line which are the two characteristic equations describing a particular magnet in a particular magnetic circuit, the intercept between which gives a unique
	www.magnetweb.com /Sect4B.htm (758 words)

	Recoil Did You Mean recoil? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The recoil when firing a gun is the backward momentum of a gun, which is equal to the forward momentum of the bullet or shell, due to conservation of momentum.
		However, the smaller size of the bullet, compared to the gun-and-shooter system, allows significantly higher energy to be imparted to the bullet than to the shooter.
		As the barrel is forced backwards by the recoil force, the energy is reduced by friction, resulting in less of an overall "kick".
	www.did-you-mean.com /Recoil.html (456 words)

	TION
		Tion ("tee-ion") is an ion temperature diagnostic based on the timing of individual neutron interactions in many scintillators.
		Since n-p scattering is isotropic in the center-of-mass frame, the proton recoil energy distribution is uniform up to the neutron energy.
		Comparison of ion temperatures from a current mode detector with those obtained from Tion for shots with DD yields in a range which allowed both instruments to be used.
	fjwsys.lanl.gov /oertel/TION/TION.html (692 words)

	[No title]
		A plano-convex thin lens, which is flat on the front surface with radius of curvature of 50 cm on the back surface, is made out of transparent material with an index of refraction of 1.6.
		Determine the energy of the out-going X-ray, as well as the recoil kinetic energy of the electron, in electron Volts.
		Calculate the momentum, total energy, and velocity of the particle, as expressed in terms of its mass and the velocity of light.
	www.iit.edu /%7Ejohnsonp/f02tests223.html (1393 words)

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