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Topic: Recombination

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	Carrier recombination and generation
		Recombination of electrons and holes is a process by which both carriers annihilate each other: electrons occupy - through one or multiple steps - the empty state associated with a hole.
		In the case of non-radiative recombination, it is passed on to one or more phonons and in Auger recombination it is given off in the form of kinetic energy to another electron.
		Recombination in a depletion region and in situations where the hole and electron density are close to each other cannot be described with the simple model and the more elaborate expressions for the individual recombination mechanisms must be used.
	ece-www.colorado.edu /~bart/ecen3320/newbook/chapter2/ch2_8.htm (1474 words)

	What's Driving Evolution; Mutations or Genetic Recombination?
		In contrast, genetic recombination is performed by the cell during the preparation of gametes (sperm, egg, pollen) which are used for sexual reproduction.
		Both recombination and mutations can contribute to the evolution of an organism, but genetic recombination is the primary source of the genetic distinctions between individuals in a population, and must therefore be the principal driving force behind evolution.
		Since homologous recombination is performed by the cell, it therefore occurs by design, and we do not understand these reactions well enough to recognize the capability of these genetic modifications.
	www.nwcreation.net /geneticrecombination.html (1009 words)

	Homolgous Recombination & Knockout Mouse
		The recombination may take place anywhere within the flanking DNA sequences and the exact location is determined by the cells and not the investigators.
		This is usually accomplished by using homologous recombination to replace one allele followed by two or more generations of selective breeding until an breeing pair are isolated that have both alleles of the targeted gene inactivaated or knocked out.
		This embryo is from a strain of mice with gray fur.
	www.bio.davidson.edu /courses/genomics/method/homolrecomb.html (1036 words)

	2.11 Carrier generation and recombination
		Recombination of electrons and holes is a process by which both carriers annihilate each other: the electrons fall in one or multiple steps into the empty state which is associated with the hole.
		Band-to-band recombination occurs when an electron falls from its state in the conduction band into the empty state in the valence band which is associated with the hole.
		Recombination in a depletion region and in situations where the hole and electron density are close to each other can not be described with the simple model and the more elaborate expressions for the individual recombination mechanisms must be used.
	ece-www.colorado.edu /~bart/book/recomb.htm (1500 words)

	Genetic Linkage
		Recombination can occur between any two genes on a chromosome, the amount of crossing over is a function of how close the genes are to each other on the chromosome.
		The allelic composition of parental and recombinant gametes depends upon whether the original cross involved genes in coupling or repulsion phase.
		This is the direct result of the reduced recombination that occurs between two genes that are located close to each other on the same chromosome.
	www.ndsu.nodak.edu /instruct/mcclean/plsc431/linkage/linkage2.htm (876 words)

	FHA Group - In vitro Protein Recombination
		Methods of laboratory recombination that are annealing-based (Stemmer, 1994; Zhao et al., 1998) or that are sequence-independent and random, (Ostermeier et al., 1999; Sieber et al., 2001) generate libraries of chimeras with unknown sequences and often limited diversity.
		Contacts that cannot be broken by recombination events, those where one or both of the interacting amino acids are conserved in the two parents, are removed from the contact matrix.
		Using site-directed recombination guided by SCHEMA we are now creating artificial protein families of cytochromes P450 to explore determinants of structure and function free from many of the constraints of natural selection.
	www.che.caltech.edu /groups/fha/recombination.html (1836 words)

	Drosophila Recombination Rates
		Recombination rates are often estimated based on the relationship between the physical and genetic maps of the Drosophila genome.
		Recombination rates are now estimated by plotting Marey maps of the genetic positions of molecular markers (in centimorgans, cM) against their physical position (in Megabase pairs, Mbp).
		The recombination rate at any given nucleotide coordinate is estimated by taking the slope of the curve relating the genetic to the physical maps in one of two ways.
	www.stanford.edu /~lipatov/recombination/methods.html (666 words)

	Evolutionary Algorithms 4 Recombination
		Intermediate recombination is capable of producing any point within a hypercube slightly larger than that defined by the parents.
		Line recombination [MSV93a] is similar to intermediate recombination, except that only one value of a for all variables is used.
		However, extended line recombination is not restricted to the line between the parents and a small area outside.
	www.geatbx.com /docu/algindex-03.html (1852 words)

	Recombination data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		We present new calculations and analytic fits to the rates of radiative recombination towards H-like, He-like, Li-like and Na-like ions of all elements from H through Zn (Z=30).
		Recombination line intensities for hydrogenic ions: the fine structure components of HI and HeII.
		Fits to H and He recombination rates, and fits to the rates of atomic processes for describing molecular hydrogen formation.
	www.pa.uky.edu /~verner/rec.html (283 words)

	H5N1 Evolution in Action via Recombination
		Increased efficiency in human-to-human transmission of a recombinant virus that produces milder disease is the formula for a pandemic.
		The recombinant H5N1 could achieve the type of efficiency seen in human flu viruses, which are almost impossible to control.
		These changes of course set the stage for more recombination, when more humans are infected, and the H5N1 that has a 100% case fatality rate in southern Vietnam and Cambodia is still circulating.
	www.recombinomics.com /News/05040501/H5N1_Evolution_Action_Recombination.html (892 words)

	Genetic Recombination
		Intermolecular recombination can occur with a variety of types of DNA templates: the DNA templates may be linear DNA acquired via transduction, transformation, or conjugation, or linear chromosomes and plasmids; in bacteria with circular dsDNA chromosomes or circular plasmids, the recombination may occur between linear and circular dsDNA templates or between two circular dsDNA templates.
		Hence, recombination between two DNA positions that are very close to each other occurs less often than recombination between two DNA positions that are farther apart -- or the further apart two DNA positions are the greater the probability that there will be a recombination event between them.
		However, recombination can also be considered from a molecular perspective or from a biochemical perspective.
	www.sci.sdsu.edu /~smaloy/MicrobialGenetics/topics/genetic-analysis/recombination/rec-genetic.html (871 words)

	Evolution - A-Z - Recombination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Recombination is an event, occurring by the crossing-over of chromosomes during meiosis, in which DNA is exchanged between a pair of chromosomes.
		Like mutation, recombination is an important source of new variation for natural selection to work upon.
		As David Haig explains, the reason for recombination has been a puzzle for evolutionary biologists.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /ridley/a-z/Recombination.asp (90 words)

	RECOMBINATION AND EXPRESSION OF ANTIGEN RECEPTOR GENES
		These elements recombine in the genome of developing B and T lymphocytes to form contiguous coding segments (V(D)J or VJ) for a diverse array of Ig and TCR variable regions.
		The first phase of V(D)J recombination consists of recognition of a pair of RSS with unlike spacers, and cleavage at the signal-coding borders of a given pair of coding segments.
		Ig gene recombination (rearrangement) is ordered and occurs at distinct stages of B cell development.
	www.fccc.edu /research/reports/current/bosma.html (1576 words)

	Introduction to Recombination
		Recombination is a process or set of processes by which DNA molecules interact with one another to bring about a rearrangement of the genetic information or content in an organism.
		Examples of recombination in prokaryotic systems are (i) integration of the bacteriophage lambda prophage, (ii) recombination of bacterial DNA following conjugation between bacteria, and (iii) formation of plasmid multimers.
		Recombination in a bacterial system was first demonstrated independently by Al Hershey and Max Delbrück in 1947.
	www.mun.ca /biochem/courses/3107/Topics/Recombination_intro.html (1225 words)

	Genetic recombination - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Genetic recombination is the transmission-genetic process by which the combinations of alleles observed at different loci in two parental individuals become shuffled in offspring individuals.
		In evolutionary biology, genetic recombination, be it inter- or intra-chromososomal, is thought to have many advantages including that of allowing sexually reproducing organisms to avoid Muller's ratchet.
		Loosely speaking, one may say that this is because recombination is greatly influenced by the proximity of one gene to another.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Genetic_recombination (1197 words)

	Recombination during Early Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection Is Mediated by Cellular Proteins -- Yao and Elias 276 ...
		Expression of Luciferase-dependent on Recombination-- The plasmid pXY2 was used as a substrate for recombination.
		It is a striking fact that homologous recombination is easily demonstrated in BHK cells using functional assays.
		A separate function of homologous recombination is to repair strand breaks occurring during the replication of HSV-1.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/276/4/2905 (5953 words)

	Recombination hotspots and block structure of linkage disequilibrium in the human genome exemplified by detailed ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Recombination hotspots and block structure of linkage disequilibrium in the human genome exemplified by detailed analysis of PGM1 on 1p31 -- Rana et al.
		Recombination hotspots and block structure of linkage disequilibrium in the human genome exemplified by detailed analysis of PGM1 on 1p31
		With the heightening exploration of the genome and its recombination
	hmg.oxfordjournals.org.cob-web.org:8888 /cgi/content/full/13/24/3089 (6813 words)

	Sloan-Kettering - Projects: Meiotic Recombination in the Mouse
		We have cloned the mouse homolog of the yeast SPO11 gene and have shown that it is expressed primarily in reproductive tissues, as expected for a meiotic gene.
		Defects in meiotic recombination in many organisms result in arrest due to activation of a meiotic checkpoint(s).
		The proximal defect that triggers this checkpoint in mammalian germ cells is not understood but has been suggested to involve either the presence of DNA damage in the form of unrepaired recombination intermediates or defects in homologous chromosome pairing and synapsis independent of DNA damage per se.
	www.mskcc.org /mskcc/html/10257.cfm (752 words)

	Introduction to DNA Double Strand Break Recombination
		The appearance of non-Mendelian patterns such as 1+:3- (a "gene conversion") or the presence of "sectored" colonies (colonies with a divided phenotype) gave rise to a series of models to explain these events.
		Which donor is preferred depends on a sequence called the recombination enhancer which we consider in another part of this web site (Link to donor preference).
		To study DSB-induced recombination we have placed the HO gene under the control of a galactose promoter and moved the HO endonuclease recognition sequence from its normal position at the MAT locus and placed it in other contexts.
	www.bio.brandeis.edu /haberlab/jehsite/resdsbr.html (855 words)

	SAP Design Guild -- Process Recombination - An Ontology Based Approach for Business Process Re-Design (via CobWeb/3.1 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Recombination consists of two approaches, both of which work by allowing systematic exploration along different process design dimensions; they differ only in which dimensions they address.
		Subactivity Recombination is useful when you wish to focus on alternatives for the core activities in your process, and makes it convenient to do so for subactivities at any level in the process decomposition hierarchy.
		Once we have used the different components of Process Recombination to produce a number of candidate process redesigns, then the user can make use of a tradeoff matrix to help assess each redesign from the perspective of the criteria that are meaningful to her.
	www.sapdesignguild.org.cob-web.org:8888 /editions/edition7/process_arch.asp (4551 words)

	RNA recombination in animal and plant viruses. -- Lai 56 (1): 61 -- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
		A model for this recombination mechanism is presented.
		Gauss-Muller, V., Kusov, Y. Replication of a hepatitis A virus replicon detected by genetic recombination in vivo.
		Figlerowicz, M. Role of RNA structure in non-homologous recombination between genomic molecules of brome mosaic virus.
	mmbr.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/56/1/61 (1172 words)

	Genetics Glossary QR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Recombinant DNA refers to the molecule formed by joining a DNA of interest to vector DNA.
		Recombinant DNA constructs are made in which the reporter gene is attached to a promoter region of particular interest and the construct transfected into a cell or organism.
		Synthesis of a coordinated group of enzymes, involved in a single synthetic (anabolic) pathway, is repressible if excess quantities of (usually) the end product of the pathway leads to cessation of transcription of the genes encoding the enzymes of the pathway.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/glossary/qr.htm (1889 words)

	Crossing-over: Genetic Recombination
		Genetic recombination happens during meiosis, a special type of cell division that occurs during formation of sperm and egg cells and gives them the correct number of chromosomes.
		Genes that tend to stay together during recombination are said to be linked.
		Sometimes, one gene in a linked pair serves as a "marker" that can be used by geneticists to infer the presence of the other (often, a disease-causing gene).
	www.accessexcellence.org /RC/AB/BC/Genetic_Recombination.html (489 words)

	SMART Recombination Primitive Actions
		For SMART recombination operator programs this specification should take the form of ``Here are the subsets of the two input programs to be exchanged.'' Like the main population programs, the SMART recombination programs are given the standard PADO actions (see section 3.3.2).
		When a SMART recombination program is run, it continues until it executes special action 13 or the time-threshold is reached, whichever comes first.
		Otherwise, as will be discussed in section 3.4.5, random recombination is performed on the two input programs and the SMART recombination operator receives 0 fitness for that trial.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs/usr/astro/mosaic/chapterII/node10.html (470 words)

	Bird Flu Recombinants in Korea
		There was also some commentary on recombination vs reassortment and the Korean situation addresses both of these issues.
		Many sequences are only partial sequences, so the extent of the recombination is unknown from the public information, but the existence of the recombination is quite clear.
		An examination of the public data shows that the Korean isolates have clear cut recombination in PB2, NA, and NP genes.
	www.recombinomics.com /News/02130504/Recombinants_Korea.html (517 words)

	Comparative Recombination Rates in the Rat, Mouse, and Human Genomes -- Jensen-Seaman et al. 14 (4): 528 -- Genome ...
		Recombination is known to occur nonuniformly across the genomes
		Boulton, A., Myers, R.S., and Redfield, R.J. The Hotspot conversion paradox and the evolution of meiotic recombination.
		Dumas, D. and Britton-Davidian, J. Chromosomal rearrangements and evolution of recombination: Comparison of chiasma distribution patterns in standard and Robertsonian populations of the house mouse.
	www.genome.org /cgi/content/full/14/4/528 (7612 words)

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