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Topic: Reconnaissance satellite

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	Imaging Space Reconnaissance Opprations during the Cold War: Cause, Effect and Legacy
		Serious satellite studies began with that 1946 RAND study, which showed that it was technically feasible to launch Earth satellites and that using them for reconnaissance -as "observation aircraft" -- would be an obvious mission.
		Reconnaissance and surveillance -- the former is active, while the latter amounts to passively observing -- would have three basic functions for both sides during the remainder of the Cold War: technical intelligence collection; targeting; and arms control monitoring and verification.
		Unlike other reconnaissance satellites built for foreign governments, which are supposed to remain under U.S. control, Space Imaging said that it in effect wanted to hand over the satellite's keys with the spacecraft itself.
	webster.hibo.no /asf/Cold_War/report1/williame.html (10985 words)

	Spy satellite -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The term "reconnaissance satellite" is preferred, as "spy satellite" often has negative connotations.
		Some information about programs prior to that time is still (additional info and facts about classified) classified, and a small trickle of information is available on subsequent missions.
		A few up-to-date reconnaissance satellite images have been declassified on occasion, or leaked, as in the case of KH-11 photographs which were sent to (additional info and facts about Jane's Defence Weekly) Jane's Defence Weekly in 1985.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sp/spy_satellite.htm (540 words)

	reconnaissance satellite. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		artificial satellite launched by a country to provide intelligence information on the military activities of foreign countries.
		There are two subtypes: close-look satellites provide high-resolution photographs that are returned to earth via a reentry capsule, whereas area-survey satellites provide lower-resolution photographs that are transmitted to earth via radio.
		Other satellites use radar to provide images of enemy activity when there is cloud cover or it is dark.
	www.bartleby.com /65/re/reconnais.html (210 words)

	[FPSPACE] Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of the KH-11 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The KH-11, which is the grandfather of the current class of reconnaissance satellites currently spying on Afghanistan, revolutionized intelligence collection because it allowed for near real-time transmission of photos to the ground, whereas previous satellites took days or longer to return their film.
		The satellite operated in a typical reconnaissance orbit and made a number of propulsive maneuvers during its time in orbit, all of which would have indicated an active reconnaissance satellite.
		The satellites took daytime imagery of the other side of the earth, meaning that NPIC analysts had to work when it was nighttime in Washington, apparently working 10-hour shifts for four days on, three days off.
	www.friends-partners.org /pipermail/fpspace/2001-December/003232.html (1262 words)

	Terrorism - Satellite Reconnaissance
		A series of satellites that costs around $1.5 billion, Key Hole enables identification of objects 6 to 8.5 inches across, although it is speculated that the actual resolution may even be as good as 4 inches.
		satellites have a higher orbit than their predecessors—operating with perigees (the point in the orbit closest to the Earth) of about 150 miles and apogees (the point in the orbit furthest from the Earth) of about 600 miles.
		An electro-optical/IR satellite, it is an improved version of the KH12 that, unlike previous models, is undetectable by radar or infrared sensors as a safeguard against the possible use of anti-satellite weapons.
	www.cdi.org /terrorism/satellites.cfm (2152 words)

	American Overhead Visual Reconnaissance Systems
		In addition to the four visual reconnaissance satellites, pictures also being received from commercial satellites for reconnaissance of natural resources, such as LANDSAT-4 and -5 (the U.S. EOSAT consortium) and also Spot-1 and -2 (France), were actively used in the interests of visual surveying of the theater of military operations.
		Visual reconnaissance assets were used to detect the transfer of Iraqi troops to the southern border four days before the invasion into Kuwait, which, according to American officials, enabled the CIA to predict the possibility of an attack on Kuwait.
		The KH-11 and Lacrosse were developed primarily for conducting strategic visual reconnaissance in the interests of the CIA and the Joint Chiefs of Staff and, therefore, were not used earlier for operational reconnaissance to support the operations of the troop grouping in the theater of military operations.
	www.fas.org /spp/military/program/imint/andronov.htm (2523 words)

	Satellite Reconnaissance: Secret Eyes In Space
		hotography from spy satellites is a significant legacy of the Space Race and the Cold War.
		Reconnaissance was one of the first priorities of spaceflight.
		rom 1960 to 1972, in a reconnaissance project code-named Corona, the United States routinely photographed the Soviet Union from space.
	www.nasm.si.edu /exhibitions/GAL114/SpaceRace/sec400/sec400.htm (198 words)

	ipedia.com: Reconnaissance satellite Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A reconnaissance satellite is an Earth observation satellite or communications satellite deployed for military or intelligence applications.
		A reconnaissance satellite (often referred to as a recon sat or spy satellite in colloquial language) is an Earth observation satellite or communications satellite deployed for military or intelligence applications.
		Until the 1970s and even the 1980s, many reconnaissance satellites that took photographs would eject canisters of photographic film, which would descend to earth and be plucked from the air as they floated down on parachutes.
	www.ipedia.com /reconnaissance_satellite.html (283 words)

	Space Today Online - The Satellite Wars - Iraq, Afghanistan and Yugoslavia
		The satellite was launched in 2001 from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California to a polar orbit ranging from 256 to 530 miles altitude.
		The satellite was launched in 1996 from Vandenberg to a polar orbit ranging from 256 to 530 miles altitude.
		The satellite was launched in 1995 from Vandenberg to a polar orbit ranging from 256 to 530 miles altitude.
	www.spacetoday.org /Satellites/YugoWarSats.html (5038 words)

	Coalition Reconnaissance Satellite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		These satellites have no provision for movement or remote operations: they are designed for long-term monitoring of the planetary surface and nearby aerospace traffic.
		When the satellite runs out of space, it begins taping over its earliest observations, although it is able to store priority observations permanently (such as starships in orbit or nuclear detonations).
		The satellite¹s EMM masking is not used to hide the satellite from view but rather to disguise it¹s appearance as useful equipment.
	www.chara.gsu.edu /~lewis/bard/vera/vera6500.html (437 words)

	:: Welcome to the National Reconnaissance Office ::
		The NRO is a joint organization engaged in the research and development, acquisition, launch and operation of overhead reconnaissance systems necessary to meet the needs of the Intelligence Community and of the Department of Defense.
		In February 1995, CORONA, a photoreconnaissance program in operation from 1960 to 1972, was declassified and 800,000 CORONA images were transferred to the National Archives and Records Administration.
		In December 1996, the NRO announced for the first time, in advance, the launch of a reconnaissance satellite.
	www.nro.gov (265 words)

	AIM Mission
		The AIM satellite mission will explore Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMCs), also called noctilucent clouds, to find out why they form and why they are changing.
		Built by Orbital Sciences, the Pegasus is a unique vehicle that begins its flight secured to the underbelly of a modified L-1011 passenger jet known as the "Stargazer." Once the L-1011 reaches an altitude of 39,000 feet, the Pegasus was released for its 10-minute powered flight into space.
		On June 11, 2007 the cameras on the AIM satellite returned some of the first data documenting noctilucent clouds over the Arctic regions of Europe and North America.
	aim.hamptonu.edu (227 words)

	Reconnaissance Satellite Systems — EADS Astrium
		Space is the ideal platform for observation and monitoring tasks as remote-sensing satellites can cover a far greater surface area of the earth than either airborne or ground facilities.
		Data from high-resolution optical satellite systems and all-weather, day-and-night vision radar satellite systems are complementary – together generate an information base of much increased power which strengthens operational interpretation and analysis.
		The next-generation French optical satellites, Pleïades, are also under development in conjunction with Cosmo-Skymed in the Franco-Italian Orfeo dual programme.
	www.space.eads.net /families/a-safer-world/recon (238 words)

	The Directorate of Science and Technology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Corona was the world's first imaging reconnaissance satellite and operated during the height of the Cold War to collect pictures over the denied areas behind the Iron and Bamboo Curtains.
		He explains how experiences from the high-altitude balloon reconnaissance era and the technological culture of the time were able to be adapted to the complex challenge of space imaging.
		The development of the Corona imaging reconnaissance satellite was a challenge during an era of limited knowledge about space physics and limited experience in space operations.
	www.odci.gov /cia/dst/corona.html (6658 words)

	Israel launches new photo-reconnaissance satellite - Jane's Civil Aerospace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The naming of the new satellite is an attempt to 'hide' the true identity of the Israeli launch failure in January 1998.
		Later literature from the company that operates the related EROS satellites has confirmed that it was the first EROS satellite on the failed launch (albeit using an Ofeq satellite bus), as opposed to a domestic Ofeq payload.
		Thus, the new satellite is actually the sixth Ofeq to be launched, and the fourth to reach orbit.
	www.janes.com /aerospace/civil/news/jsd/jsd020529_1_n.shtml (462 words)

	National Reconnaissance Office (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) is a department of the United States Department of Defense (DoD) which designs, builds and operates the reconnaissance satellites of the United States government.
		The NRO was established in 1960 to develop the nation's revolutionary satellite reconnaissance systems.
		The NRO's first photo reconnaissance satellite program was called "Corona." The Corona program, whose existence was declassified February 24, 1995, existed from August 1960 to May 1972, although the first test flight occurred on February 28, 1959.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/N/National-Reconnaissance-Office.htm (510 words)

	Radiation and Satellite Surveillance Existing Technologies Article
		This literally means the gathering of data from the satellite and transmittal to the ground station and the "observers" on the ground, all as it happens.
		Collateral: Military Satellite with a primary mission is other than space surveillance but either there is a second set of sensors on board or the primary sensor can be used for overhead reconaissance.
		There are two types of overhead reconnaissance, that performed by surveillance aircraft such as the SR-71 (retired and rehired), the TR-1 (U-2), the RC-135 (with the versions sporting side looking narrow aperture radar such as Joint STARS), the F-117 (with its ability to sneak in undetected) and that performed by Satellites.
	www.rhfweb.com /hweb/shared2/usexist.html (4477 words)

	israelinsider: security: Israel readies Ofek spy satellite for launch
		The satellite will be launched on a Shavit rocket, an offshoot of Israel's Jericho surface-to-surface missile.
		The Ofek-5 satellite is planned to have an eight-year lifespan.
		Reconnaissance satellites can help intelligence agencies get an up-to-date view of developments in enemy states, including troop movements, the positioning of missiles, expansion of weapon production and the building of nuclear sites, Maariv reported.
	www.israelinsider.com /channels/security/articles/sec_0268.htm (568 words)

	USATODAY.com - Satellite reconnaissance is getting itself noticed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Satellite photos of Iraqi palaces, North Korean nuclear plants and U.S. airbases now appear daily in newspapers and on television.
		Along with the Internet and cell phones, space reconnaissance in private hands is a continuation of a new era of open information worldwide, international affairs experts say.
		Private U.S. satellites could be shut down under "shutter control" rules that allow the military to halt operations during war, but the Pentagon seems more content to buy up images, as was done last year during the war in Afghanistan.
	www.usatoday.com /tech/news/techinnovations/2002-12-16-satellites_x.htm (523 words)

	Satellite Vulnerability: a post-Cold War issue?
		Because the USA does not release the orbital elements of its classified satellites, American 'spy satellites' are regarded by the amateur community as a special challenge, and systematic efforts are often mounted to detect the payloads of classified launches.
		Vulnerability of satellite systems to jamming and component damage of various sorts depends strongly on particulars of design, and so it is very difficult to make general statements about potential threats.
		Hiding satellites in very high or unusual orbits may be an effective alternative to 'launch on demand', but the operational and budgetary impacts could be a major impediment.
	www.fas.org /spp/eprint/at_sp.htm (5852 words)

	Economic Logistics » Blog Archive » India Building A Military Satellite Reconnaissance System
		India is building up a satellite-based Military Surveillance and Reconnaissance System that will become operational by 2007, allowing it to keep watch on developments in its area.
		While India’s procurement system has a reputation for being very risk-averse and missing deadlines most of the time, this sort of issue is not uncommon in American satellite programs either.
		This entry was posted on Wednesday, August 10th, 2005 at 1:39 pm and is filed under Asia, Military.
	www.economiclogistics.com /2005/08/10/india-building-a-military-satellite-reconnaissance-system (211 words)

	israelinsider: security: Ofek-5's successful launch gives Israel "eyes in space"
		The Ofek-5 reconnaissance satellite was successfully launched into orbit Tuesday evening, and will soon begin providing Israel's intelligence agencies with high-resolution images of the Middle East.
		The satellite will orbit the earth in an ellipse spanning from 370 km to 600 km (229 to 372 miles) high.
		The satellite's projected lifetime is four years, and it replaced Ofek-3, which burned up in the atmosphere after if finished five years of service a year and a half ago.
	www.israelinsider.com /channels/security/articles/sec_0271.htm (442 words)

	Cox Report - May 25, 1999
		The first satellite operated for only 39 days of its one-year planned design life; the second satellite lost attitude control five months into its on-orbit life, was recovered 50 days later, and was again lost due to radiation damage.
		The design change for the UAE satellite was the result of a requirement by Hughes' Thuraya satellite customer, who wanted to reduce the power used by the handsets when transmitting.
		The satellite, however, is designed to collect and process only communications in the same bandwidth as is allocated to the handsets.108 Communications satellite antennas are designed to receive their own frequency and reject all others.
	www.cnn.com /ALLPOLITICS/resources/1999/cox.report/missiles/page7.html (1592 words)

	Chronology of Spy Satellites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Jan. 21, 1959: The first attempt to launch a rocket designed to carry the Corona satellite, as sembled at the Hiller Aircraft plant in Menlo Park, ends in failure 60 minutes before blast off at Vandenberg Air Force Base near Santa Barbara when explosive bolts are triggered accidentally, damaging the rocket.
		Aug. 10: Discoverer Xlll is a partlal successÑthe satellite successfully reaches orbit and ejects a capsule, carrying an American Hag and test equip ment.
		June 15, 1971: A new-genera tion spy satellite called "Hexa gon" is launched from Vanden berg.
	infomanage.com /international/intelligence/spychron.html (643 words)

	Reconnaissance - Satellites - Articles - R-Z (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Robinson reviews the U.S. spy satellite program from the early days to the present, and notes the role of the National Reconnaissance Office in collecting and collating the imagery received from space.
		This is primarily a look at the early days of the Corona photo-reconnaissance satellite project through the eyes of Walter Levison and Frank Madden.
		The conference, "Piercing the Curtain: Corona and the Revolution in Intelligence," was held in Washington, DC, on 23 May 1995, under the sponsorship of George Washington University and the CIA's Center for the Study of Intelligence.
	intellit.muskingum.edu /recon_folder/reconsats_folder/reconsatsartsr-z.html (1366 words)

	WorldNetDaily: Beijing continues anti-satellite work
		The Chinese military is continuing to develop an anti-satellite capability in order to counter superior U.S. and Western reconnaissance technology, according to one organization that monitors Beijing's military and foreign-policy initiatives.
		Earlier reports say China's anti-satellite capability centers on "parasitic satellites" – mini-satellites designed to "stick" to the body of an enemy satellite, which could then be activated during times of war or national emergency for the purpose of jamming or destroying the enemy's orbiter.
		Such weapons could be used against single or constellation satellites; constellations are groups of satellites linked together to provide global, or near-global, coverage.
	www.wnd.com /news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=26304 (405 words)

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