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Topic: Rectrices

	Rectrices - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A rectrix (plural: rectrices) is a type of vaned flight feather in the tail of most modern birds and possibly some species of maniraptoran dinosaurs.
		The rectrices are absent in grebes and some ratites and greatly reduced in penguins.
		The rectrices are paired and their number is almost always constant within a sex, species and sometimes even throughout a whole order, six pairs being most frequent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rectrices (172 words)

	Snipe - LoveToKnow 1911
		Again, a slight deviation from the ordinary formation of the tail, whose rectrices normally number 14, and present a rounded termination, has led to the belief in a species, S.
		stenura, in which the number of rectrices is still greater, varying from 20 to 28, it is said, though 22 seems to be the usual number.
		This curious variability, deserving more attention than it has yet received, only occurs in the outer feathers of the series, which are narrow in form and extremely stiff, there being always 10 in the middle of ordinary breadth.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Snipe (937 words)

	glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		rectrices 4 and 5 on the left are pressed together.
		the rectrices are numbered by pairs from the central pair outward.
		hummingbirds retain their first set of rectrices from the time of fledging until sometime during their first winter, when these feathers are shed and replaced with "adult"-type rectrices.
	home.earthlink.net /~zoiseaux/anat.html (421 words)

	rufous hummingbird (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		luckily, the shape and size of the rectrices is different enough to allow identification of an in-hand adult male, or even of an adult male seen well in the field.
		although some adult females show fairly extensive rufous on the central rectrices, for the most part female-plumaged birds showing solid rufous on the basal 2/3 or more of r1are immature males.
		in such a case, the adult rectrices can be used as a guide to identity.
	home.earthlink.net /~zoiseaux/ruhu.html (1150 words)

	Migration Research Foundation - McGill Bird Observatory - Photo Library - Slate-coloured Junco
		The amount of white on the outer three rectrices tends to be most extensive on ASY males, but there is considerable variation among and between races, and this feature cannot be used alone to age or sex individuals.
		The amount of white on the outer three rectrices tends to be least extensive on SY females, but there is considerable variation among and between races, and this feature cannot be used alone to age or sex individuals.
		The amount of white on the outer three rectrices tends to be least extensive on HY females, but there is considerable variation among and between races, and this feature cannot be used alone to age or sex individuals.
	www.migrationresearch.org /mbo/id/scju.html (1112 words)

	SOME FUNCTIONS OF THE RECTRICES AND THEIR COVERTS IN THE LANDING OF PIGEONS
		In the four pigeons of this study in which removal of rectrices started medially, braking force exceeded down force in the first 600 landings and the two forces were approximately the same at the end of all experiments.
		When the rectrices are removed in sequence from outermost to innermost, removal finally of the coverts causes no great increase; when the removal starts medially, taking off the coverts as a last procedure results in significant increases in downward vectors.
		The braking functions of the tail were less disturbed by removal of rectrices, probably because it is easier for the bird to compensate by varying its landing speed, its rate of wing-beat, and its angle of inclination at the moment of landing.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/Wilson/v071n03/p0267-p0273.html (2818 words)

	Dark-eyed Junco with 13 rectrices (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		An immature female (wing chord 73 mm, pale gray plumage) Dark-eyed Junco (/unco hyemalis) possessing 13 rectrices was captured during the summer of 1974 on its natal grounds at lenny Lake, near Corinth, Saratoga County, New York.
		The outer three right rectrices [RR-4, 5 and 6] were plucked routinely as part of an on- going study to determine changes in tail patterns of subsequent plumages.
		It is possible that this bird fledged with 13 rectrices and, prior to capture on 3 August, accidentally lost RR-7, and was in the process of regrowing it.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/NABB/v002n01/p0006-p0006.html (459 words)

	Another Dark-eyed Junco with 13 rectrices (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Rectrices 5, 6, and 7 on the right matched the patterns of left 4, 5, and 6:R7 and L6 were all white; R6 and L5 had some gray to about one-third of their lengths; R5 and L4 had about 4 cm of each rachis white and the rest of these feathers gray.
		Further examination showed that right rectrices 3 and 4 (by count) were essentially identical and 2 was shorter than either of these.
		In the days when morphology dominated ornithology the counting of rectrices was, no doubt, a much more frequent procedure than it is today among banders.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/NABB/v005n02/p0051-p0051.html (438 words)

	Bird Flight Feathers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The contour feathers used for flight are known as remiges and rectrices, can be divided into three groups: primaries, secondaries and tertiaries.
		The rectrices are mainly concerned with steering and balancing; they are used as a rudder, allowing the bird to twist and turn in flight.
		The number of rectrices varies among species, but is usually between 10 and 12.
	www.paulnoll.com /Oregon/Birds/feather-flight.html (293 words)

	Feathers
		Rectrices (singular, rectrix) are the large, vaned flight feathers of the tail.
		In some groups, as woodpeckers, the rectrices have adapted and strengthened to act as props, helping birds remain vertical as they forage on tree trunks.
		In the Rock Dove, there are twelve rectrices, six on each side of the tail, as well as in most passerines.
	www.innvista.com /science/zoology/ornithology/feathers.htm (2015 words)

	[No title]
		They agree in the brownish color of the nape; but a far better character is the shape of the longest pair of rectrices, which do not taper towards the tip in aucupum, as in so many of the birds from eastern and southern Africa.
		The long rectrices are however much better developed than in S. aucupum aucupum, and in the two other males from Faradje they measure 284 and 295 mm., the wings being 78 and 79 mm.
		On the other hand the long rectrices differ more than ever from those of paradisæa, for they are shorter and broader than in the other races of aucupum.
	diglib1.amnh.org /xml/000051.xml (3369 words)

	INTERRELATION OF VARIABLES IN POSTJUVENAL MOLT OF CARDINALS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Scott (1967) found that Cardinal rectrices were pointed in juveniles and blunt in adults and suggested these shapes be used to identify retained juvenal feathers.
		For study, I plucked and saved adult rectrices and found that 157 matured replacements were 2-11% short of the original feathers, and were often closer in color, size, and shape (sometimes pointed) to juvenal rectrices.
		I frequently noticed that when the central rectrices were molting and thus short, the remaining full- length rectrices extended abnormally outward and were highly vulnerable to loss.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/JFO/v048n03/p0206-p0223.html (14258 words)

	Lump Amazilia cupreicauda with A. viridigaster
		In females the lateral rectrices are brownish to bronzy towards the edges or tip, the crissum feathers mostly dark grey with whitish fringes (Weller 2000).
		cupreicauda), rectrices flish-brown as opposed to violaceous-brown (cf.
		Rectrices with bases and centers rufous to chestnut, broadly edged coppery to bronze.
	www.museum.lsu.edu /~Remsen/SACCprop168.html (1783 words)

	Odd 2003 birds at RRBO
		These did not appear to be formed by the wearing away of some of the feather barbs, but were actually extensions of some of the feathers.
		Tail feathers, or rectrices, are numbered from the outside in and considered "left" or "right".
		Wrens have 12 rectrices, and the feathers with the unusual tips were r2 and r1 (i.e., rectrix right 2 and 1), and l3, l2, and l1.
	www.umd.umich.edu /dept/rouge_river/odd.html (287 words)

	The Birds of North America Online: Yellow Warbler
		Yellow less extensive on inner web of outer rectrices than in Definitive Basic male, and underparts duller and greener (Dunn and Garrett 1997).
		Includes 3–10 inner greater-coverts, usually 1–3 tertials, and sometimes one or both of the inner-most secondaries, but no rectrices (Pyle 1997).
		Rectrices dusky olive on outer webs (and on entire R1); r2–R6 extensively pale yellow on inner webs, forming yellow tail spots, R5 and R6 averaging more yellow than in Definitive Alternate female.
	bna.birds.cornell.edu /BNA/demo/account/Yellow_Warbler/APPEARANCE.html (1510 words)

	Crested Fireback Pheasant, Lophura ignita
		Female: Head, crest and upper parts rufous chestnut, the wings and tail coverts finely vermiculated with fl; rectrices fl, finely vermiculated with dark chestnut edges; chin and throat white; feathers of breast, sides and thighs chestnut to flish brown with white borders producing a scaly effect; abdomen white.
		Lophura ignita rufa, Male: Resembles ignita, but heavier in shape, with a larger tail, the central rectrices white instead of cinnamon; whole breast and sides of body dark blue, the feathers of the latter with white shaft-stripes of variable width; the coppery patch on the back redder, less maroon.
		The face wattles are different in shape, consisting of four lobes regularly disposed around the eyes, much as in Swinhoe's Pheasant, rather lighter blue than in ignita, with a red spot on the border of the lower lobe.
	www.gbwf.org /pheasants/fireback_crested.html (1180 words)

	The Dove Page - Species
		The mantle is reddish-pink with greyish wash. The scapulars, tertials, wing-coverts, back, rump, uppertail-coverts and inner two pairs of rectrices are reddish-brown.
		The outer rectrices are dark brown with white tips.
		The tertials and inner wing-coverts are ashy-brown grading to more rufescent outer wing-coverts (covert and tertial markings identical to those in male).
	www.dovepage.com /species/exotic/ruddyground.html (264 words)

	Migration Research Foundation - McGill Bird Observatory - Photo Library - Purple Finch
		Rectrices of ASY Purple Finches are noticeably more broad and truncate than those of SY birds, which are usually quite pointed.
		The shape of the outer rectrices are the easiest indicator of age, and moult patterns on the wing are also useful.
		SY birds have relatively pointed outer rectrices prior to their prebasic moult; the individual in the photo below has just replaced its tail and is showing broader rectrices typical of an AHY bird.
	www.migrationresearch.org /mbo/id/pufi.html (675 words)

	Winged Wisdom Pet Bird Magazine - Feathers Part I - Pet Birds
		The remiges that arise from the periosteum of the metacarpus are known as primaries, while those arising from the periosteum of the ulna are known as secondaries.
		The rectrices are the large flight feathers of the tail.
		The number of remiges and rectrices varies with the species.
	www.birdsnways.com /wisdom/ww46eiv.htm (839 words)

	FLBS - catbird banding
		This measurement is done by placing a thin rule between the two center rectrices (r1) and measuring the length of the exposed feathers from their insertion to their tips.
		The amount of color present in the central pair of feathers comprising the crissum has been studied extensively, but the pattern of the coloration of the crissum appears to be unique to each bird and therefore has not been found to be useful for indicating either age or sex.
		HY birds may have all of the tips of their rectrices tipped grayish, but in older birds only the outer pair of rectrices (r6) will show a gray coloration.
	www.princeton.edu /~goldberg/flbs/catbird.html (889 words)

	Wiley and Lee 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		An adult in full plumage is a magnificent sight, with its twisted central rectrices often much more elongated than shown in illustrations.
		The Pomarine's methods of parasitism are less elegant than those of the smaller jaegers; they often rely on surprise and brute force to tackle shearwaters and gulls feeding on the water rather than on acrobatics in flight.
		The distinctive twisted rectrices of breeding Pomarine Jaegers are often lost soon after birds leave the Arctic.
	www.unc.edu /~rhwiley/refsj/pojaintro.html (506 words)

	Green-backed Rufous Hummingbirds
		In an effort to confirm the identifications made of the m ale and female hummingbirds caught 1988, I sent their measurements to Dr. Gary Stiles in Costa Rica and Dr. Robert Bleisweiss in Massachusetts.
		The only way to conclusively prove otherwise would be to somehow get the bird in hand, measure the tail and rectrices and examine the 2nd rectrix for emarginations as was done with the two birds caught in 1988.
		I also collected 1st, 2nd and 5th rectrices from the right side of the tail of all birds caught.
	www.pacifier.com /~mpatters/bird/humm/HUMMREPORT.html (1509 words)

	Pernambuco Pygmy Owl - Glaucidium mooreorum - Information, Pictures, Sounds
		Tail is dark brown with 12 rectrices that have five incomplete white bands that appear as irregularly shaped dots.
		The outer rectrices have the inner side presenting five white bands while the outer side presents none or only one white band.
		The centre of the underparts from the chin to the crissum are white.
	www.owlpages.com /owls.php?genus=Glaucidium&species=mooreorum (517 words)

	EXTERNAL ANATOMY
		Tail -- The paired tail feathers or rectrices (singular, rectrix) are the flight feathers of the tail.
		Stiffened rectrices of woodpeckers and Chimney Swift.
		Forked (barn swallow) - the rectrices increase in length successively from the middle to the outermost pair in abrupt gradations.
	www.zoo.ufl.edu /dlevey/avianbio/Lab/ExtAnat.htm (3570 words)

	[No title]
		Other examples in which buff or rust-colour pre-dominates have also been deemed distinct, and to those has been applied the epithet russata.
		Again, a slight deviation from the ordinary formation of the tail, whose rectrices normally number 14, and present a rounded termination, has led to the belief in a species, S. brehmi, now wholly discredited.
		This curious variability, deserving more attention than it has yet received, only occurs in the outer feathers of the series, which are narrow in form and extremely stiff, there being always so in the middle of ordinary breadth.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?content_id=61899&locale=en (667 words)

	Yellow-bridled finch - AVES DE CHILE
		Tail with yellow external rectrices; intermediate with yellowish spot and central feathers brownish.
		The male presents phases in which prevails a yellow greenish tone in the upper parts and external rectrices.
		Similar to the typical race, is difference by its bill more long and thick; the chest more yellowish; and white spots in the lateral rectrices instead of yellowish.
	www.avesdechile.cl /299en.htm (493 words)

	phorum - IDFrontiers - [BIRDWG01] Slate-throated Redstart in AZ-- White in rectrices
		The photo shows white in the three outer rectrices on both sides.
		rectrices appear tatty, it could be speculated that feather wear has =
		rectrices of Slate-throated Redstarts is that individuals vary and that
	www.surfbirds.com /phorum/read.php?f=51&t=3647&a=2 (814 words)

	Black (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The first prebasic/pre-alternate molt on the wintering grounds includes all greater coverts, 1-3 tertials and 1-12 rectrices.
		These fler newer feathers contrast well the the browner, retained juvenile primaries, secondaries and rectrices.
		The SY female has fresher contrasting tertials and rectrices not easily seen in this photo.
	www.sfsu.edu /~sierra/black.htm (152 words)

	Split Acestrura from Chaetocercus
		This group includes the North American genera and Acestrura, which is separated from the others by its "filiform" outer rectrices (4 and 5) which are indeed "needle-like" (being little more than the rachises) in mulsanti, the type species.
		Examination of male specimens of Chaetocercus jourdani shows that rectrices 1 and 5 are indeed very short, the latter sharp-pointed and spinelike; 2 is longer and blunt, while 3 and 4 are much longer, narrow but blunt-tipped.
		The tails of the females of all these species are double-rounded with rufous tips and bases and flish subterminal areas on the lateral rectrices, differing in whether the central rectrices are more rufous or green.
	www.museum.lsu.edu /~Remsen/SACCprop231.html (717 words)

	Pheasants of Pakistan (Indian Peafowl)
		Delacour (1977) reported that adult (third-year or older) males have wing lengths of 440-500 mm and tail-covert lengths of 1400-1600 mm (rectrices of 400-450 mm), while females have wing lengths of 400-420 mm and tail lengths of 325-375 mm.
		The erection of the male's train is brought about by the cocking of the rather long but non-decorative rectrices, and the lateral tail-coverts extend out horizontally and even downward, so that they hide the wings, which partially droop, with the secondaries folded but the primaries extended loosely downward.
		The whole body is inclined forward somewhat, and the head and neck are erect, in the middle of the radiation pattern of ocelli formed by the tail-coverts.
	www.wildlifeofpakistan.com /Indian_Peafowl.htm (1795 words)

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