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	Red Guards (China) - MSN Encarta
		Red Guards (China), self-proclaimed militant groups of high school and university students who were extremely loyal to Chinese leader Mao Zedong during the early stages of the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976).
		In the chaos that ensued, violence and destruction occurred throughout China, thousands died, and millions were imprisoned or exiled.
		By the summer of 1968 the Red Guards were being disbanded.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761588402/Red_Guards_(China).html (347 words)

	Discovering China: The Cultural Revolution
		Red Guards-some were overcome in battle; others were driven into remote regions of China-all part of China's lost generation of youth.
		Red Guards in Beijing and everywhere in China had taken to the streets from their schools.
		The people in the crowd felt the Red Guards were "class enemies" who only wanted to hurt and pillage their homes, and as a result, the people were attacked many of them.
	library.thinkquest.org /26469/cultural-revolution/redguards.html (497 words)

	RED GUARDS (CHINA) FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Most Red Guards were youngsters in their mid-teens summoned by Chairman Mao Zedong to protect the forward progression of the Chinese Communist Party against "evil forces" such as imperialism and corruption, including those within the Communist Party who were identified as deviationists.
		Red Guards could be found in all aspects of Chinese society from the Foreign Ministry down to supervision of siblings.
		Those who suffered from the Red Guard barbarism during the Cultural Revolution are allowed to claim back the property they lost from the PRC government as long as they have some sort of "evidence" to prove their property; for example, a photo or ownership paper.
	www.bellabuds.com /Red_Guards_(China) (1245 words)

	china red guards directory - China-Lifestyles.com
		Red Guards China self-proclaimed militant groups of high school and university students who were extremely loyal to...
		Her uncle was a famous Red Army general and revolutionary martyr - but she was thrown out of the Red Guards.
		Red Guards in China were composed of students and formed during the conflict within factions of the Chinese Communist...
	www.china-lifestyles.com /china-red/china-red-guards.php (613 words)

	Red Guards Summary
		An important factor in the Cultural Revolution, particularly from 1966 to 1968, the Red Guards were groups formed from junior and senior high school students and university students, who made it their cause to be the personal guards of Mao Zedong (1893–1976) and of the socialist revolution.
		Red Guards (Russia), during the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War.
		The Red Guards in China were a rather different case, being largely composed of students, and being formed under an established communist state to advance the interests of one faction of Communist Party of China against other factions, during the period of conflict known as the Cultural Revolution.
	www.bookrags.com /Red_Guards (677 words)

	THE RED GUARDS: Today, China; Tomorrow, The World - TIME
		Thus in Peking was born the strangest phenomenon of China's current convulsions: the Red Guards.
		Later, Red Guards accompanied Mao and his men on the Long March in the mid-1930s to the safety of the caves of Yenan.
		The organizer and initial commander of the Guards was Mao's longtime ghostwriter, Chen Pota, 62, and he loosed his youthful minions in public for the first time at an August 18 pep rally for the cultural revolution in Peking's Gate of Heavenly Peace.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,842810,00.html (697 words)

	Red Guards (China) - Wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Red Guards nevertheless achieved Mao's objectives of removing from power other leaders within the Chinese Communist Party (who were viewed as trying to take China back to capitalism).
		By 1969, the Red Guard factions were dismantled; Mao feared that the chaos they caused might harm the very foundation of the Communist Party of China.
		Those who suffered from the Red Guard's during the Cultural Revolution are allowed to claim back the property they lost from the PRC government as long as they have some sort of "evidence" to prove their property; for example, a photo or ownership paper.
	en.wikilib.com /wiki/Red_Guards_(China) (603 words)

	BBC News \| Special Reports \| China's Communist Revolution
		Red Guards or hong wei bing militants were people in their teens and 20s who supported the shake-ups within the Communist Party in the Cultural Revolution.
		Entire schools were closed by units of Red Guard students, and the movement soon spread from the classroom out onto the streets.
		Chinese people who were between the ages of 15 and 25 during the period of the Cultural Revolution are now referred to as the "lost generation", having missed out on a proper education.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/static/special_report/1999/09/99/china_50/red_guard.htm (141 words)

	Current Events (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In 1950, China intervened in the Korean War to save the North Koreans from being wiped off the map, and by 1953, the Korean War was over (actually, South Korea and North Korea are still technically at war with each other, even though the fighting stopped in 1953).
		At one point, Red Guards were fighting pitched battles with Government troops outside of the Foreign Ministry building.
		IN A move that could embarrass Zhu Rongji, China's new Prime Minister who was f?ed by European politicians in London yesterday, Chinese security police arrested the leading dissident, Xu Wenli, in Beijing and seized his computer, letters and photographs, according to his wife.
	www.bergen.org /AAST/Projects/ChinaHistory/CURRENT.HTM (1321 words)

	china education - china - history
		In 206 BC, when the Han dynasty was founded, China stretched from modern Shenyang (some 500 km north of Beijing) in the north to around Guilin in the south; from the Pacific in the east to well past Chongqing in the west.
		It was introduced into China around the middle of the first century AD (probably about the same time that the early Christians were writing the Gospels), but really didn't catch on until the fall of the Han dynasty.
		The northern half of China was conquered by barbarians, forcing the dynasty to abandon a northern capital in the early 1100's.
	www.aaronmartini.com /historychina.html (3932 words)

	Working Papers: Revolutionary Rudeness: The Language of Red Guards and Rebel Workers in China's Cultural Revolution
		In the Red Guard posters, by contrast, this vulgar phrase was being used in a formal essay to clinch a political argument.
		Another Red Guard, searching for his friend and her grandmother, was informed by an inhabitant of their former village: "People said they were monsters and ghosts.
		The influential role of the brash young Red Guards from Beijing lent the language of this period a peculiar uniformity.
	www.indiana.edu /~easc/resources/working_paper/noframe_2a-revol.htm (5300 words)

	Modern China: Communist China
		China and Russia had for almost three hundred years been mortal and suspicious enemies; the common bond of proletariat revolution could not undo centuries of Russian expansion and imperialism and Chinese suspicion.
		The efficiency of the mass organization of the youth of the Red Guards became a model for the student rebellions in the West in the late 1960's.
		China benefitted in other ways as well: the détente allowed China to import airplanes, technology, and other products; this, more than anything else, led to rapid modernization in the late 1970's and 1980's.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/MODCHINA/COMM2.HTM (2458 words)

	Wei Jingsheng hero file
		China's high inflation is curbed, the economy is restored, and many war-damaged industrial plants and infrastructure facilities are rebuilt.
		Many of the leaders of the Red Guards are arrested, universities are reopened, skilled workers are returned to the positions from which they were previously removed, and foreign companies are allowed to invest in selected projects.
		The Red Guards, meanwhile, are withdrawn from the political equation, with millions being forced to resettle in remote parts of the country, where they will remain until the 1980s.
	www.moreorless.au.com /heroes/wei.html (4646 words)

	Untitled Document
		Not only was China then far more heavily stratified than today, millions of people were starving to death, arbitrarily imprisoned, murdered by the state, subject to forced abortions, robbed of millennia-old cultural touchstones, prevented from attending college, deported to concentration camps, and denuded of all of their property.
		China's leaders today tend to be very intelligent, colorless, cautious bureaucrats, and the average IQ in the Politburo Standing Committee in Beijing is almost certainly higher than the average IQ in the American President's cabinet.
		The alternative is the ossified bureaucracies prevalent in China or India until recently, where the ambition of every schoolboy was to pass the entrance exams and then laze around for the rest of their lives as bureaucrats.
	gnxp.com /blog/oldarchives/2004_07.html (17710 words)

	The Birth of Modern China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		What the Western powers were interested in was the carving up of China for their own purposes, and that, paradoxically, required keeping China together.
		The movement that was born at that rally (called, not unsurprisingly, the May Fourth Movement) was the first true nationalist movement in China and has consequently served as an inspiration for Chinese patriots of all shades, stripes, and ideologies since.
		Curiously, while the Red Army was busy re-unifying the south, they didn't bother re-unifying either Macau or Hong Kong, even though it would have been extremely easy, and neither Britain or Portugal would have been in much of a position to protest.
	www.asterius.com /china/china4.html (2630 words)

	Cultural Revolution - China History - China
		A year later the Red Guard factions were dismantled entirely; Mao feared that the chaos they caused and could still cause might harm the very foundation of the Chinese Communist Party.
		The start of the Cultural Revolution brought huge numbers of Red Guards to Beijing, with all of their expenses paid by the government, and the railway system was in turmoil.
		The authority of the Red Guards surpassed that of the army, local police authorities, and the law in general.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Cultural_Revolution (6148 words)

	RW ONLINE: the Red Guards: Hong Wei Bing
		Among the Red Guards from the western region of China, which for centuries has been the crossroads of various migrations, one could see, next to local types, close to the Turks ethnically, a smattering of blue-eyed blonds.
		Later, when the Red Guards were encouraged to stop using the trains because transport was being so disrupted, they traveled hundreds of miles on foot to places as far as Manchuria and Tibet.
		And he encouraged and supported the Red Guards to not allow such attacks to stop their rebellion: "In a big country like ours one should not be upset by the disturbances caused by a handful...it tempers the young...helps them to understand that the revolutionary road does not run smoothly."
	rwor.org /a/v20/960-69/966/redgrd.htm (3144 words)

	Commanding Heights : China Overview \| on PBS
		The dynasty is unexpectedly toppled, and the Republic of China is born.
		By 1955 all of China's 600 million peasants live in collectives, and all of China's agricultural output is under government control.
		With his visit to China in February 1972, President Richard Nixon takes the first step in normalizing relations with China and begins to establish the "strategic triangle" of China, the United States, and the Soviet Union.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/commandingheights/lo/countries/cn/cn_overview.html (1475 words)

	The Harbinger. A Letter from China: Who Were Red Guards?
		The following is a real interview between a former member of the Red Guard and his daughter who is 24 years old and was not even born at the time it happened.
		Father: the Red Guard at first were only middle school students who could not have any connection with land owners, industrialists, educators or relatives living in Taiwan, Hong Kong or foreign countries.
		Father: No, what really happened is that the Maoist wing of the Red Guard had become so violent and radical in their zeal and desire to reform Chinese culture that Mao had to call in the army to stop their destruction.
	www.theharbinger.org /xix/010327/china.html (1275 words)

	China
		China's competition with Japan in East Asia during the 1800s.
		China would welcome European advisors to modernize her bureacracy, military and taxation system.
		China renounced her Treaty of Peace and Friendship with the USSR.
	school.discovery.com /quizzes16/raiforngr/China.html (765 words)

	Morning Sun \| Library
		Red Guards Destroy the Old and Establish the New
		Elizabeth J. Perry and Li Xun, "Revolutionary Rudeness: The Language of Red Guards and Rebel Workers in China's Cultural Revolution," Indiana East Asian Working Paper Series on Language and Politics in Modern China 2 (Summer 1993): 7.
		Michael Schoenhals, "Talk about a Revolution: Red Guards, Government Cadres, and the Language of Political Discourse," Indiana East Asian Working Paper Series on Language and Politics in Modern China 1 (Spring 1993): 39.
	www.morningsun.org /library (459 words)

	Truth About China: Red Guards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Yet there is a peculiar amnesia at play in China, where the regime, whose legitimacy depends on protecting the record of the Communist Party and its founder Mao Zedong, suppresses discussion of the past.
		Indeed, in the context of today’s rapidly changing China, the nightmare of denunciations by Red Guards, widespread torture, Mao worship, book burnings and government-orchestrated mass relocations seems a distant memory.
		Yet until China comes to terms with the root causes of the Cultural Revolution, it is unlikely that a genuinely open polity and legal system will emerge to support the economic freedoms that have dramatically transformed Chinese lives.
	www.truthaboutchina.com /archives/2006/10/red_guards.html (354 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series/ China / Glossary
		Cadres are required to be both red and expert, the emphasis on one or the other depending on the current political milieu.
		The 12,500-kilometer-long trek made by the Red Army in the face of the Guomindang's "annihilation campaigns." Began in October 1934 in Jiangxi Province and ended in October 1935 in Shaanxi Province.
		Acting under the leadership of Mao and his radical adherents, Red Guards were the "soldiers" and the vanguard of the Cultural Revolution.
	memory.loc.gov /frd/cs/china/cn_glos.html (2744 words)

	The Other Red Guards
		When I was your age I was loading bullets." As one of the founders of the Red Guard Party, Hing is a revolutionary who memorized Mao's red book and believed in making revolution in the U.S. The history of the Red Guards began in Leway, a hangout place which stood for Legitimate Ways.
		Before the Red Guard Party was formed, some of the founding sisters dated Panther members.
		In the U.S. the Red Guard Party battled the Kuomintang in Chinatown and later the U.S. government.
	www.aamovement.net /art_culture/filmreviews/comrades2.html (656 words)

	China
		Thousands of years of Chinese culture were expunged, as Red Guards smashed priceless artwork and looted ancient Buddhist monasteries, in a relentless campaign against the "ghosts and monsters" of the "feudal" past.
		The man who had faced down Madame Mao and her fanatic Red Guards, and even replaced Mao as the great helmsman of the nation, was not about to turn the country over this latest bunch of self-proclaimed student revolutionaries.
		China's long march toward capitalism and freedom is in danger of stalling: "capitalist-roaders" like Deng and his successors, have had to face not only domestic enemies who long to restore Maoism, but enemies abroad intent on putting obstacles in their path.
	www.antiwar.com /justin/justinchina1.html (3599 words)

	Ex-Red Guard recalls China's Cultural Revolution - The Boston Globe
		He was among the 1 million members of the new cadre of radical students called Red Guards who stood at rapt attention and waved their Little Red Books as Mao Zedong exhorted them to destroy China's ``four olds" -- old ideas, old culture, old customs, and old habits.
		Since some of the ex-Red Guards now work almost half the year in Jiasang, they've made a deal with the village to get a share of the profits being made from the persimmon and walnut trees, and this is helping many of them through what might otherwise have been a tough retirement, Tian said.
		Lin Baoguo, 30, who was born in Jiasang and works as a migrant laborer in nearby cities, said he's grateful for the work the former Red Guards have done in the village.
	www.boston.com /news/world/asia/articles/2006/08/27/ex_red_guard_recalls_chinas_cultural_revolution?mode=PF (1404 words)

	China's Great Wall future more secure: campaigner - Boston.com
		Mongol hordes, Japanese soldiers and Red Guards -- China's Great Wall has seen them all off in its more than 2,000-year history.
		BEIJING (Reuters) - Mongol hordes, Japanese soldiers and Red Guards -- China's Great Wall has seen them all off in its more than 2,000-year history.
		"They've realized that people come to China, and top of the list is the Great Wall of China," said the British geographer, who has just finished a project documenting how the wall has changed since the first pictures of it were taken 135 years ago.
	www.boston.com /news/world/asia/articles/2006/12/15/chinas_great_wall_future_more_secure_campaigner (580 words)

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