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Topic: Red Guards (Finland)

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Red Guards (Russia)

Red Guards (China)

	Red Guards - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Red Guards (Bavaria), in the Bavarian Soviet Republic.
		Red Guards (Hungary), in the Hungarian Soviet Republic (1918-1919)
		The Red Guards in China were a rather different case, being largely composed of students, and being formed under an established communist state to advance the interests of one faction of Chinese Communist Party against other factions, during the period of conflict known as the Cultural Revolution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Red_Guards (224 words)

	Red - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Red is the color of the passion (emotion), romance and sex, (because of its association with blood, which is responsible for arousal) thus the red of a Valentine heart and of a "red-light district".
		In the history of Japan red is the color of military flags used by the Heike (or Taira) clan and of the Genji (or Minamoto) clan, two clans that struggled for power at the close of the Heian era, in the late 12th century.
		Red is the color used for critical or important systems (such as emergency lighting) that operate in low-light or night-time conditions, as rod cells in the human eye do not respond to it and therefore does not interfere in the eye's ability to focus in dim environments.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Red (2273 words)

	White Guard (Finland) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The White and Red Guards were typically disguised as fire-brigades, a matter of great national concern in Finland.
		"Red Guards" were set up in some towns, as the Police in Finland was virtually abolished by the Provisional Government of Russia, although few Red Guards were established before November due to resistance from the Social Democratic leadership.
		In Winter War members of the Guard provided the fourth of the manpower of the field army, the contribution made more important as they were the best trained and equipped personnel as they had had to purchase their own rifle and overcoat during their membership of the Guard.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/White_Guard_(Finland) (1213 words)

	Finland
		Finland had been assigned to the Soviet sphere of influence by the Nazi–Soviet Nonaggression Pact (the Ribbentrop–Molotov Pact) of August 1939, and the USSR went on to demand from Finland a small part of the Karelian Isthmus, some islands in the Gulf of Finland, and the right to establish a naval base at Hanko.
		Finland appealed in vain to the Swedish government for military assistance, and by the end of February the Russian offensive on the Karelian Isthmus had brought their forces close to Viipuri (Vyborg) and compelled the Finns to evacuate the important fortress of Kovisto.
		Finland was ordered to expel all German troops on its soil, and Finnish troops were to be withdrawn behind the frontiers fixed by the treaty of March 1940.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0019975.html (2381 words)

	Finnish Civil War - QuickSeek Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Reds were alarmed by the government's decision to employ the White Guards as the nucleus of a national army and to use "the Butchers" -- as the Left described them -- to disarm the 40,000 Russian troops that remained in Finland, since the Left believed that Red Finns would also be targeted.
		The Reds seized control of the capital, Helsinki, in the early hours of January 28, and members of the Senate of Finland were relocated to the city of Vaasa on the Finnish west coast, where the White Guards had a strong position and the contacts to the west were good.
		When Finland, in the mid-1930s, again oriented towards Scandinavia, the reception was less enthusiastic than the Finns had expected, and ultimately Finland had to fight the Winter War on her own.
	finnishcivilwar.quickseek.com (3054 words)

	Finland Civil War 1918
		The Red Guards suffered from several major disadvantages: poor leadership, training, and equipment; food shortages; the practice of electing officers democratically, which made discipline lax; and the general unwillingness of the Red troops to go on offensive operations or even to operate outside their local areas.
		The Red Terror was disavowed by the Red leadership and illustrated the extent to which the Red Guard evaded the control of the leadership.
		The Red Terror confirmed the belief of the Whites that the Reds were criminals and traitors and were therefore not entitled to the protection of the rules of war.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/foxtrot/finncivwar1918.htm (1723 words)

	Red Guards - TheBestLinks.com - People's Republic of China, Democracy, English language, Imperialism, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Red Guards is, with regard to the Russia and the Soviet Union, just another English name for the Red Army.
		Most Red Guards were youngsters in their mid-teens summoned by Chairman Mao Zedong to protect the forward progression of the Chinese Socialist Movement against "evil forces" such as imperialism and corruption.
		Those ex-Red Guards who escaped punishment are not rejoicing either, as most have missed their chance for education; they are now left helplessly at the bottom of the food-chain despite mainland China's booming economy.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Red_Guards.html (478 words)

	general strikes in finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		red guards (which had been formed in the spring of 1917) took control of most of the country and had some clashes with bourgeois "protection guards" (also reformed during 1917).
		in many parts of the country, national guards were split between bourgeois "protection guards" ("butcher guards", as workers called them) and workers' red guards (which were stronger).
		on november 4, the russian czar issued a declaration which promised to restore autonomy and a new constitution for finland, which would be based on universal and equal suffrage.
	www.sonic.net /~figgins/generalstrike/europe/finland.html (522 words)

	Red Guards articles on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Red Guards RED GUARDS [Red Guards] in Chinese history, politically active students of the Cultural Revolution (1966-69), who organized units to carry out Mao Zedong 's aim of rerevolutionizing Chinese society.
		It borders on the Mediterranean Sea in the north, Israel and the Red Sea in the east, Sudan in the south, and Libya in the
		It borders on the Gulf of Bothnia and Sweden in the west, on Norway in the north, on Russia in the east, and on the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic Sea in
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Red+Guards (480 words)

	Red (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Red is the color of warmth, for instance used to indicate warmer areas on a weather map, or for heat-related warnings.
		The colour was also associated with political vehicles such as the Red Guards (China)Red Guard in China and the Red Guards (Russia)Red Guards during the Russian Revolution as well as with left wing paramilitary groups such as the Red Army Faction in Germany and the Japanese Red Army/.
		In the history of Japan red is the color of military flags used by the Heike (or Taira) clan and of the Genji (or Minamoto) clan, two clans that struggled for power at the close of the History of JapanHeian era/, in the late 12th century.
	www.infothis.com /find/Red (1628 words)

	ipedia.com: Red Guards Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In the Civil War in Finland, 1918, the Red Guards were the supporters of revolution who were defeated by the White Guardss and German forces.
		Red Guards is, with regard to the Russia and the Soviet Un...
		During the Civil War in Russia, 1918-1920, the Red Guards defeated the White guards, or simply "the Whites," who together with West-European intervening forces supported the monarchists, democrats and conservatives who opposed the Russian Bolshevist October Revolution supported by the Red Guards.
	www.ipedia.com /red_guards.html (492 words)

	The Civil Guard Of Finland
		The Red Guard had no such shortage as Russian garrisons were arming them voluntarily and trainloads of weaponry were transported to them from Russia.
		After the Reds lost Tampere, their front fell apart, and further successful attacks by the White Army and the German Ostsee Division sealed the fate of the Red Guards.
		The Red Guards naturally had Bolshevik-minded Russian soldiers and sailors fighting at their side from the beginning, but their number seems to have been relatively small.
	www.mosinnagant.net /finland/TheCivilGuardOfFinland.asp (5431 words)

	Articles - Red (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		* Red is the color of sex and romance, (because of its association with blood, which is responsible for arousal) thus the red of a Valentine heart and of a "red-light district".
		* In the history of Japan red is the color of military flags used by the Heike (or Taira) clan and of the Genji (or Minamoto) clan, two clans that struggled for power at the close of the Heian era, in the late 12th century.
		*Red and fl are colors associated with Satanism (the life force, excitement, arousal etc, sustained by ruthless self interest and idolatrous materialism, represented in "darkness") and were also the colors of the Nazi party, and are sometimes claimed by neo-Nazis or sympathizers.
	www.zdiamond.net /articles/Red (1889 words)

	Finland and the Second World War
		Finland was united with Sweden from the early Middle Ages and by the 12th century was largely an autonomous state until 1809 when it became a self-governing Grand Duchy of Russia.
		Stalin is the aggressor in Finland, Hitler the abettor.
		Faced with the threat of war, the Soviet government proposed that the USSR and Finland sign a mutual assistance pact and the border between the two countries on the Karelian isthmus be moved westwards as a compensation for which the USSR would cede to Finland a far larger territory of South Karelia.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /2WWfinland.htm (2400 words)

	Finnish Civil War - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		White Guards were organized by leaders of the local societies, usually Conservative academics and industrialists, while the Reds were often collectively invited through their employers or their local labor union.
		Finland saw agricultural strikes, skirmishes over food and inflation, local strikes intended to support or influence local government, and finally the aformentioned general strike in November.
		This was followed by another Red defeat at Viipuri on April 28-29, and the last Red strongholds fell by May 7.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Finnish_Civil_War (2951 words)

	Finland - Finnish Security Policy Between the Wars
		Finland's relations with the Soviet Union had been problematic from the beginning, because of the Finns' strong historical distrust for Russia and the inherent incompatibility of the two political systems.
		From the Soviet viewpoint, the Greater Finland agitation and the blossoming of ideological anti-communism in Finland posed a threat.
		In 1932 the Soviet Union and Finland signed a ten-year non-aggression pact, which, however, did not mitigate the mutual distrust--illustrated in part by the Soviets' cessation of all trade between the two countries in 1934--that was to culminate in war.
	countrystudies.us /finland/17.htm (1109 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Main events in Finland's history
		Finland is a small republic in north-east Europe between Sweden and Russia, with a population of around 5,200,000 and land-area of 338,000 square kilometres.
		Finland retained its own legislation and its old form of society, including the free status of peasantry, the Lutheran religion and the old Swedish system of law and government.
		Left-wing Red guards tried to seize power, but were defeated by white guards in four months.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A2198577 (754 words)

	FREE In-depth report - Military Heritage - Finland
		When Finland became the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire in 1809, the Finnish units of the Swedish army were disbanded.
		Only one regiment of dragoons and one battalion of guards from the Finnish army were to be retained; the rest were to be incorporated in the imperial army.
		Soon after Finland gained independence in December 1917, a nationalistic, middle-class militia known as the White Guards, which had been secretly established in 1904 and 1905 and which had remained underground since then disguised as athletic clubs and other groups, was officially proclaimed the army of the Finnish government under General Mannerheim.
	www.exploitz.com /Finland-Military-Heritage-cg.php (1672 words)

	Red Guards (Russia) - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Red Guards (Russia), volunteer armed bands of industrial workers during the Russian Revolution of 1917.
		Although the Bolsheviks had forces loyal to them, such as the Red Guards, many professional officers joined the Whites.
		On January 28, 1918, the Red Guards, reacting to a government order to expel all Russian troops,...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Red_Guards_(Russia).html (101 words)

	1918: Chaos in Russia and Germany's Last Offensive
		Finland had been recognized as independent, but the Bolsheviks disliked the government there.
		Germany and the Soviet regime were still negotiating at Brest-Litovsk, the Germans demanding Poland, Lithuania, part of Belarus, Estonia, and Finland, and for their ally, the Ottoman Empire, the Germans were demanding Batum, Ardahan, and Kars - all parts of what had been the tsar's empire.
		In Finland, meanwhile, a civil war was raging between the pro-Bolshevik regime and an army of conservatives.
	www.fsmitha.com /h2/ch08.htm (8642 words)

	Red - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Red is the traditional color of race cars sponsored by Italian companies.
		It is also considered the color of the Church, since red can also symbolize the blood of martyrs.
		Red is the color of sex and romance, (because of its association with blood, which is responsible for arousal) thus the red of a Valentine heart and of a "red-light district".
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Red (1965 words)

	Chapter 8. Counter-Revolution. Reed, John. 1922. Ten Days That Shook the World (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		At seven in the morning the Vladimir yunker school was visited by a patrol of soldiers, sailors and Red Guards, who gave the yunkers twenty minutes to lay down their arms.
		Red Guards are incapable of handling a complicated business like the railways; as for the Provisional Government, it has shown itself incapable of holding the power…
		The gold and red epaulettes of officers were conspicuous, the familiar faces of the Menshevik and Socialist Revolutionary intellectuals, the hard eyes and bulky magnificence of bankers and diplomats, officials of the old régime, and well-dressed women….
	www.bonus.com /contour/bartlettqu/http@@/www.bartleby.com/79/8.html (6174 words)

	Espoo City Museum/Who dug the moats?
		The Red Guards sought refuge in the fortifications at Leppävaara.
		The Red Guards were in their positions on Nupukivenkallio, and the Germans sought protection in the Kilo stone cowshed and storehouse.
		The Reds' casualties in Leppävaara were particularly staggering, whilst the German cavalry brigade had got off lightly with just three fallen and fourteen wounded.
	weegee.espoo.fi /museot/verkko/e_valli/evakay.htm (374 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Europe \| Country profiles \| Timeline: Finland
		1809 - Finland is ceded to Russia by the Swedes.
		Finland launches military campaign to retake territory lost under Treaty of Moscow.
		Finland concedes more land to the Soviet Union and agrees to pay hundreds of millions of dollars in war reparations.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/1032683.stm (581 words)

	Timeline of 1917
		Red Guards (a militia of regular factory workers) accompany the sailors, following their pledge to protect them.
		By nightfall, Trotsky has led the Red Guards and soviet workers to control all the bridges that cross the Neva (except the Dvortsovyi) and key positions throughout the city, including all roads into the city.
		Frunze leads the Red Guards of Petrograd, sailors of the Baltic Fleet, and Red Guard detachments from Ivanovo-Voznesensk to reinforce the Moscow workers.
	www.marxists.org /history/ussr/events/timeline/1917.htm (6385 words)

	The Avalon Project : Foreign Relations 1918 - The Conclusion of the Peace of Brest Litovsk
		Germany is ready after the general conclusion and full Russian demobilization to clear all countries towards the eastward from the line in question, as long as nothing else follows therefrom.
		Finland and Estland are immediately cleared from Russian troops and Red Guards and the Red Guards will be substituted by German police up to the time when the reconstruction of the country will guarantee safety and governmental order.
		Ukraine and Finland immediately will be cleared of Russian troops and Red Guards.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/forrel/1918rv1/bl23.htm (723 words)

	FINNISH ARMY 1918 - 1945: ARMOURED TRAINS AND RAILWAYS OF FINNISH CIVIL WAR
		Maybe the most visible example to show lack of discipline and it results came with the tendency of Red Guards units sent to the frontline to keep the trains they had been transported to front with for their accommodation.
		As Red Guards had the railway connection to their Bolshevik ally, they could ask Russian armour trains from Bolsheviks as their support and they did.
		The source artillery pieces the Reds used as main weaponry of their armoured trains seem to have been Russian military arsenal in Helsinki, which the Red Guards and their Bolshevik supporters had taken over.
	www.jaegerplatoon.net /TRAINS1.htm (4155 words)

	Gene Expression: Follow up on Hollywood
		The Red Guards were revolutionists who fought against the 4 olds.
		The Red Guards were pupils from China’s colleges and universities who were denied the ability to succeed academically.
		The Red Guards ate some of the citizens that the Red Guards killed.
	www.gnxp.com /MT2/archives/001819.html (957 words)

	Six Red Months in Russia: Ch 17 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		It was the Red Guards that made me realise that Germany will never conquer Russia in a hundred thousand years.
		It is very necessary, if America and Russia are ever going to enjoy the natural friendship that they ought to enjoy that we in America understand what the Red Guards, the Cossacks, the Tcheko-Slovaks and other warring factions continually in the public eye actually stand for.
		The Red Guards are simply the rank and file of the working people of the towns and cities.
	www.marxists.org /archive/bryant/works/russia/ch17.htm (1675 words)

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