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Topic: Red Pyramid of Sneferu

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	Sneferu's Pyramid
		Sneferu's predecessor was considered to be king Huni, yet, all what was certainly known was that Sneferu followed Huni to the throne, and he may have been related to the previous royal house.
		Its entrance is still sealed with the outer casing of the pyramid and the only means of approaching it is through hewn passage running from a hole in the southern side of the roof of the lower chamber to a point in the horizontal section of the upper corridor.
		This pyramid was commonly known as the Red Pyramid, because the colour of limestone used in its construction was red.
	library.thinkquest.org /C0121761/15.htm (1244 words)

	Sneferu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sneferu, also spelt as Snefru or Snofru (in Greek known as Soris), was the founder of the Fourth dynasty of Egypt, reigning from around 2613 BC to 2589 BC.
		Sneferu and Hetepheres were the parents of Egypt's most famous pyramid builder, Khufu.
		Sneferu was actually more prolific than his heir, being responsible first for completing the pyramid of Huni at Meidum, transforming it from a step pyramid to a true pyramid, the first of its kind.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sneferu (394 words)

	Sneferu, father of the pyramids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Sneferu is the first king to build a true pyramid, having had a few unsuccessful attempts beforehand.
		Three major pyramids are associated with him - The Red Pyramid and Bent pyramids in Dashur, and the oddly shaped collapsed pyramid at Maidum.
		There are a number of different theories as to why the pyramid was altered, it was done on purpose, it was because the angle was too steep to continue building, it began to collapse or it was too heavy, or to lessen the workload to finish it.
	www.egyptbc.com /sneferu.php (298 words)

	Dahshur
		To the immediate east of the Bent Pyramid is the 12th dynasty mudbrick pyramid of Amememhet II, called by the locals "The Black Pyramid", because of its dark appearance.
		The 12th dynasty mudbrick pyramid of Senwosret III is located a few hundred meters on the right to the road that leads to the Red Pyramid.
		To the south of the Red Pyramid is the 12th dynasty pyramid of Amememhet II and the Central Dashur Pyramid.
	egyptphoto.ncf.ca /Dahshur.htm (388 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Red Pyramid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Red Pyramid, named for the light crimson hue of its exposed granite surface, is the largest of the three major pyramids located at the Dahshur necropolis, and the third largest Egyptian pyramid, after those of Khufu and Khafre at Giza.
		The outcome of this was the change in inclination of the Bent Pyramid, and the commencement of the later Red Pyramid at an inclination known to be less susceptible to instability and therefore less susceptible to catastrophic collapse.
		A rare pyramidion, or capstone, for the Red Pyramid has been uncovered and reconstructed, and is now on display at Dahshur — however whether it was actually ever used is unclear, as its angle of inclination differs from that of the pyramid it was apparently intended for.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Red_Pyramid (336 words)

	Pyramidion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Most of those that have are made of polished fl granite inscribed with the name of the pyramid's owner.
		Among them is the pyramidion from the so-called Black Pyramid of Amenemhet III at Dahshur.
		A badly damaged red granite pyramidion thought to have been created for the Red Pyramid of Sneferu at Dahshur has been reconstructed and is on open-air display beside that pyramid - however it presents a minor mystery as its angle of inclination is steeper than that of the edifice it was apparently created to surmount.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pyramidion (450 words)

	The Evolution of the Egyptian Pyramid
		Evidenced by the existence of several sarcophagi in unfinished pyramids of the Third Dynasty, it is more likely that the sarcophagus would have been placed during the construction of the burial chamber, before the corbelled ceilings were introduced, and thus their function is the subject of some debate.
		While Sneferu’s beautiful Valley Temple at the Bent Pyramid is well investigated, in the contextual study of pyramid development the most important aspect of this temple is that it is the first known temple of the sort (Verner 181).
		Sneferu truly was the king of the pyramid builders, but his son, Khufu, would construct for himself a pyramid which would never be matched in complexity and sheer volume.
	touregypt.net /featurestories/pyramidevolution.htm (4584 words)

	Egyptian Pharaohs : Old Kingdom : Dynasty 4 : Sneferu
		It is assumed that he was buried in the Red Pyramid, as the mummy of a middle-aged man was found in the burial chamber.
		Three major pyramids are associated with him: The Red Pyramid and Bent pyramids in Dashur, and the oddly shaped collapsed pyramid at Maidum.
		The pyramid at Maidum was probably started by his predecessor, Huni (although there is little to link the earlier pharaoh to the building of the pyramid) and that Sneferu merely completed it.
	www.phouka.com /pharaoh/pharaoh/dynasties/dyn04/01sneferu.html (703 words)

	Department of Ancient Egypt & Sudan: FAQs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The first pyramid to be built from the outset in the true form is the northern or 'red' pyramid of King Sneferu at Dahshur.
		The pyramid remained the standard form of royal tomb from its beginnings in 2680 BC to about 1550 BC, but the pyramids at the end of this long sequence were very much smaller than the earlier ones.
		The pyramid is a solar symbol, perhaps associated with the shape of the benben stone which was at the centre of the solar cult at Heliopolis.
	www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk /aes/faqs/pyramid.html (379 words)

	Sneferu at AllExperts
		Sneferu, also spelt as Snefru or Snofru (in Greek known as Soris), was the founder of the Fourth dynasty of Egypt, reigning from around 2613 BC to 2589 BC.
		Sneferu was actually more prolific than his heir, being responsible first for completing the pyramid of Huni at Meidum, transforming it from a step pyramid to a true pyramid, the first of its kind.
		While the pyramids built under Sneferu are individually smaller than the Great Pyramid of Khufu, the total volume of stone used in Sneferu's monuments is the largest of all pharaohs.
	en.allexperts.com /e/s/sn/sneferu.htm (479 words)

	The Egyptian Dream, the pyramids (Explorer) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The pyramid was built during the reign of Djoser, pharaoh of the third dynasty who ruled in the period between 2700 and 2600BC.
		The first pyramid is the pyramid of Dashur with its strange shape and the second one is the pyramid of Sneferu.
		Pyramids were built to help the pharaoh to reach the sky, they were considered as steps that the pharaoh would climb until he reaches the sky.
	www.geocities.com /TheTropics/Shores/7037/pyramids/pyramids.htm (1325 words)

	World Mysteries - Mystic Places, The Red Pyramid of Snofru (Sneferu) at Dashur
		Significantly, the Red Pyramid was the first successful, true, cased Pyramid built in Egypt, ushering in the era of the Giza style pyramids.
		Interestingly, during the reign of Pepi I of the 6th Dynasty, this pyramid along with its southern neighbor, the Bent Pyramid, was considered as one estate.
		The internal structure of this pyramid is a further continuation of the pyramid at Meidum and the Bent Pyramid.
	www.world-mysteries.com /mpl_redpyramid.htm (1289 words)

	Bent Pyramid
		Like most Egyptian pyramids, the Bent Pyramid has an entrance on its north face, but if you look closely at this photo of the west side, you'll see a fl square half-way up and to the right of center, which is another entrance.
		The Red Pyramid (sometimes also called the North Pyramid) was built by Sneferu straight after the Bent Pyramid, and is visible on the left of this photo.
		The casings of the other pyramids were largely pilfered by later generations who took the materials to build their own temples, churches and mosques.
	www.richard-seaman.com /Travel/Egypt/Dahshur/BentPyramid/index.html (458 words)

	Old Kingdom Egypt - Pyramids
		The Old Kingdom pyramids have survived and outlived their Middle and New Kingdom counterparts and still have humans gaping in awe as to how they were constructed, as we still don't possess the abilities to recreate such a wonder.
		The pinnacle of pyramid construction was in the fourth dynasty, with the pyramids of Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure on the Giza Plateau.
		Credit for this pyramid has been given to Huni, as it is hard to believe that Sneferu could have built three pyramids in his reign.
	alex.edfac.usyd.edu.au /blp/websites/egypt/pyramids.htm (556 words)

	Egyptian Pyramid Design II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The derivation diagram for the Red Pyramid places the north end of the Horizontal Passage at a point that is 24.17 meters north of the center of the pyramid.
		It would therefore seem that, as with the chambers of the Red Pyramid, once the derivation protocol had supplied the location of one of a chamber's walls, the distance to the wall sitting opposite to it was then determined by a separate desire to utilize a specific royal cubit length for that distance.
		Instead of using a perpendicular dropped from the pyramid's side at a point at which a radial line passes through, a perpendicular was instead dropped from the point at which the top horizontal line of the 'S/2 =.7857' square passes through the inner pyramid's north side.
	atara.net /pyramids/part2 (10612 words)

	Bent Pyramid - TheBestLinks.com - Cairo, Egypt, Pharaoh, Old Kingdom, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The southern or "Bent" Pyramid of Sneferu at Dashur.
		The lower part of the pyramid rises from the desert at a 54 degree inclination, but the top section is built at the shallower angle of 43 degrees, lending the pyramid its very obvious "bent" appearance.
		This theory appears to be borne out by fact that the adjacent Red Pyramid, built immediately afterwards by the same Pharaoh, was constructed at an angle of 43 degrees from its base.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Bent_Pyramid.html (317 words)

	Message from Gods
		Symbolically, pyramids are thought to unite heaven and earth; their solid base rests on the earth, and four faces, representing the four cardinal points of the compass rise to a peak in the heavens.
		The idea that the pyramid, essentially the vehicle used to transport a pharaoh to this state of immortality and stand as a permanent earthly monument to commemorate his reign, would be left nameless and undecorated is at odds with current understanding of Egyptian culture and indeed common sense.
		Perhaps all that remained of the pyramid builders’ ancient knowledge was the understanding that the pyramid represented a connection with the heavens and with the continuation of existence beyond that which we know on Earth.
	www.meta-religion.com /Paranormale/Pyramids/message_gods.htm (3313 words)

	Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Whereas the later pyramids were built at what came to be considered the 'correct' angle of 52 degrees, the Bent Pyramid begins at an angle of 55 degrees, but this proved too steep, so the angle was changed half way up to 43 degrees, giving it a bent appearance.
		We are accustomed the think of pyramids as having a fairly coarse surface, but this is only due to the robbing of the outer casing: originally they were encased in a beautifully finished outer masonry.
		This nevertheless was the first of the great pyramids, and when his successor, Khufu, came to build his pyramid, a dozen miles to the north, all he had to do was to change the angle to the greater angle of 53 degrees.
	www.cix.co.uk /~archaeology/civilisation/egypt/sneferu/sneferu.htm (259 words)

	Pyramidions in Egypt
		True pyramids (at least the larger ones), as opposed to step pyramids in Egypt were topped by a special stone called a pyramidion, or sometimes a capstone, which was itself a miniature pyramid.
		Her pyramid is located on the northeast corner of Pepi II's primary pyramid, where an inscribed block was found by Jequier in his 1925-1926 excavations.
		Fragments of pyramidions made of red granite have been found near two of the queens' pyramids in the complex of Senusret I, who was the second king of Egypt's 12th Dynasty.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/pyramidions.htm (1567 words)

	Red Pyramid information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Red Pyramid, named for the light crimson hue of its exposed granite surface, is the largest of the three major pyramids located at the Dahshur necropolis (29.809° N 31.206° E), and the third largest Egyptian pyramid, after those of Khufu and Khafre at Giza.
		The outcome of this was the change in inclination of the Bent Pyramid, and the commencement of the later Red Pyramid at an inclination known to be less susceptible to instability and therefore less susceptible to catastrophic collapse.
		A rare pyramidion, or capstone, for the Red Pyramid has been uncovered and reconstructed, and is now on display at Dahshur — however whether it was actually ever used is unclear, as its angle of inclination differs from that of the pyramid it was apparently intended for.
	domainhelp.search.com /reference/Red_Pyramid (632 words)

	News Views - Travel
		The pyramids were built by the Ancient Pharaohs of Egypt to securely house their body and possessions from tomb raiders so that they would be able to enter the after-life with themselves and all their possessions in tact.
		The pyramids were thought to be a safe haven (but all of them fell victim at some point to the thieves), as well as a place of worship for people, as Pharaohs were the mortal Gods of ancient Egypt.
		Next to the pyramids of Giza is the mysterious Sphinx with the body of a lion and the head of a man or God.
	www.newsviews.info /travel05.html (2107 words)

	Khufu's "unique" interior? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Quite literally, every pyramid was built specifically for an individual, apparently based on the specific needs, wants or religious purposes of each individual being buried.
		The interior design of the Red Pyramid, with its northern entrance and corbelled chambers is striking in its similarity to the interior of Khufu's pyramid...as it should be, considering the Red was built by Khufu's father, and many of the workers, engineers, designers and priests were probably the same.
		Within that pyramid, we find a beautiful "model" of the Grand Gallery, as it would eventually be built within his son's pyramid at Giza.
	www.megaliths.info /mysteries/interior.html (803 words)

	Egyptian Pharaohs : Middle Kingdom : Dynasty 12 : Amenemhet II
		He built his pyramid complex at Dashur,near the Bent Pyramid and Red Pyramid built by Sneferu in the 4th Dynasty.
		The pyramid, called "Amenemhet is Well cared For" is east of the Red Pyramid of Sneferu.
		The pyramid itself is in ruins, the same "compartmentalized" architecture used by Amenemhet I and Senusret was used here, but the interior spaces were filled with sand., but it is not the structure of the pyramid that interested Egyptologists -- it is the finds of exquisite jewelry and other artifacts that are of interest.
	www.phouka.com /pharaoh/pharaoh/dynasties/dyn12/03amenemhet2.html (512 words)

	The educational encyclopedia, piramids and temples of Egypte (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Chephren's pyramid Khafre (Chephren) was the son of Cheops, who succeeded his brother Dedefre to the throne,...
		Khufu's great pyramid it's 756 feet long on each side, 450 high and is composed of 2,300,000 blocks of stone, each averaging 2 1/2 tons in weight.
		Pyramid of Djedefre Djedefre, son of Khufu chose to build his pyramid at a different site from that of his father.
	users.pandora.be /educypedia/education/ancientegyptepyramids.htm (956 words)

	Virtual Globetrotting: Bent pyramid of Sneferu
		For unknown reasons 4th dynasty pharaoh Sneferu had three pyramids, this one 101 meters high.
		It is called bent pyramid because the inclination of the walls changes from 54 to 43 degrees in the upper part.
		Remains of the pyramid of Merenre I (6.6km)
	virtualglobetrotting.com /map/5695 (77 words)

	Dahshur pyramids
		Thieves were breaking into burial chambers even from the earliest days, so the passageways inside the pyramids were deliberately made to be difficult to follow, with deep pits for unwary grave robbers to fall into and stone blocks called portcullises which were lowered from the ceiling to block the path.
		As you can see, much of the outer limestone covering is still intact, and yet this pyramid is older than the Black Pyramid, the Red Pyramid, or any of the pyramids at Giza, all of which have lost most of their outer layers to the ravages of time and pilfering by later generations of builders.
		For such an early structure, the Bent Pyramid is massive, the same height as the Red Pyramid, which also makes it the third-highest in all of Egypt.
	www.richard-seaman.com /Travel/Egypt/Dahshur/AllPyramids (948 words)

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