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Topic: Red River Delta

	DELTA INITIATION AND HOLOCENE SEA-LEVEL CHANGE: EXAMPLE FROM THE SONG HONG (RED RIVER) DELTA, VIETNAM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Delta initiation and subsequent delta growth were investigated by using radiocarbon-dated borehole cores from the Song Hong (Red River) delta, Vietnam.
		The landward part of the initial delta was characterized by an active tide-influenced accumulation of sandy sediments.
		The seaward part of the initial delta is composed of muddy prodelta and seafloor sediments that accumulated slowly.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/inqu/finalprogram/abstract_54409.htm (433 words)

	AllRefer.com - Red River, river, China and Vietnam, East Asia, East Asia (East Asian Physical Geography) - Encyclopedia
		Red River, Chinese Yuan Chiang, Vietnamese Song Hong, chief river of N Vietnam, 730 mi (1,175 km) long, rising in Yunnan prov., S China, and flowing southeast, in deep, narrow gorges, through N Vietnam to form a great delta before entering the Gulf of Tonkin.
		The Red River delta, c.75 mi (120 km) long and 75 mi wide, is the economic center of N Vietnam, whose chief port, Haiphong, is on the delta's north branch.
		The Red River has an irregular flow and is subject to flooding, especially during the June–October high water period; dikes and canals protect the delta from floodwaters.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/R/RedRivViet.html (308 words)

	Red River (Vietnam) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In colonial days, the French and other powers attempted to establish the Red River as a trading artery with China, with some success.
		The Black River is the Red River's chief tributary.
		The Red River, between Honghe and Nansha in Yunnan province, China.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Red_River_(Vietnam) (161 words)

	Red River Delta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The mean annual discharge of the Red River at Sontay is 114 cubic kms, equivalent to an average flow of 3,640 cubic metres per second.
		Water temperatures vary both seasonally and with distance from the coast; in summer the surface temperature of the rivers is 27-30°C (somewhat higher than the temperature of the adjacent sea), while in winter the temperature is 24-26°C (somewhat lower than that of the sea).
		The principal land use throughout the delta is the cultivation of rice.
	www.arcbc.org.ph /wetlands/vietnam/vnm_redrivdel.htm (669 words)

	ViêtNam - A very special destination \| WomPom.ca \| ...
		The country is divided into the highlands and the Red River Delta in the north; and the Giai Truong Son (Central mountains, or the Chaîne Annamitique, sometimes referred to simply as the Chaine), the coastal lowlands, and the Mekong River Delta in the south.
		The narrow, flat coastal lowlands extend from south of the Red River Delta to the Mekong River basin.
		The effect is to reduce significantly the danger of devastating floods in the Mekong delta, where the river floods the surrounding fields each year to a level of one to two metres.
	www.wompom.ca /vietnam/vngeog01.htm (1177 words)

	[No title]
		Crest Streamlines in the river will converge to the upstream edge of the crest, where the flow will be nearly parallel to the crest if the ratio of flow depth (H) to crest width is in the range of 1:3 to 1:12.
		The encroachment of residential areas within flood drainage corridors and the deterioration of flood drainage capability of the Red River are the main reasons causing the riverbed to rise, the floodwater level to increase and the flood-control capacity of the Hoa Binh and Thac Ba reservoirs to decrease.
		The recent increase of flash floods in upstream areas of the Da, Thao and Lô rivers is a sign of increased danger of floods in rivers of the northern delta and the Thanh and Nghe Tinh provinces in recent years.
	www.unescap.org /esd/water/disaster/2001/vietnam.doc (7954 words)

	Vietnam - Land Aspects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Red River Delta: This region extends from the Northern highlands to the gulf of Tonkin.
		The Red River Delta is very, very populated because of the fertile soil but floods intensely almost every year.
		The lowlands slope from the mountains to the South China Sea and extend from the Mekong Delta to the Red River Delta.
	www.sjr.mb.ca /ms/geo/countries/vietnam/page3.htm (359 words)

	Remote sensing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Red River delta is extended to the northern side of the Lake, also the main flow is oriented west - east along the northern shore of the lake.
		Delta progradation is not large, less than 1 km, probably because river discharge for period 1997-2000 wasn’t very high or because sediments were deposited predominantly in deltaplain area.
		The delta tend to be deflected to the right relative to the flow direction, due to Coriolis force or by deflection of the main stream from the northern shore of the lake.
	www.utdallas.edu /~cornelo/Research/RSweb (2179 words)

	Haivenu
		The Red River delta is about 120 km long and 140km wide, and is expanding an astonishing 100 metres a year.
		It is the economic centre of northern Vietnam - Haiphong, Vietnam’s main port, lies on a branch of the delta.
		Rice is the principal crop of the delta, but wheat, beans, rapeseed, corn, and subtropical crops are also grown.
	www.haivenu-vietnam.com /des-red-river-delta.htm (316 words)

	worldsurface.com - sustainable tourism for backpackers and independent travellers
		In the north the densely populated Red River delta, roughly triangular in shape, is intensively cultivated (wet rice is the chief crop).
		The Red River and its tributaries are subject to severe and frequent flooding and are important for irrigation and local freight transportation.
		The fertile Mekong River delta is almost four times larger than the Red River delta and is one of the richest rice-growing areas in the world.
	www.worldsurface.com /browse/static.asp?staticpageid=443 (361 words)

	The Land of Vietnam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		North of the Red River the relief is moderate, with the highest elevations occurring between the Red and Lo (Clear) rivers; there is a marked depression from Cao Bang to the sea.
		Compared with the area north of the Red River, the vast massif extending southwest across Laos to the Mekong River is of considerably higher elevation.
		In the densely populated Red River delta, villages often are tightly nucleated settlements, usually enclosed by a bamboo hedge or an earthen wall.
	www.tuvy.com /Countries/vietnamese/land_of_vietnam.htm (2077 words)

	Red River on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The river carries a large quantity of silt, rich in iron oxide, that gives it a red color.
		The Red River has an irregular flow and is subject to flooding, especially during the June-October high water period; dikes and canals protect the delta from floodwaters.
		Tourists sunbathing and having lunch on the seashore of the Red Sea at the tourist village of Rafi NELSON.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/R/RedR1ivV1iet.asp (617 words)

	Salinity Intrusion in the Red River Delta
		In the main river and tributaries with high freshwater discharge, the maximum salinity concentration is observed in January while for the tributaries with low freshwater discharge, the maximum salinity concentration is observed in March.
		C the Chezy coefficient, g gravitational acceleration, R the average hydraulic radius of the river at the cross-section, q the lateral flow into the river, S the salinity concentration, Dx the apparent longitudinal dispersion coefficient of salinity and G(S) the source or sink of salinity due to lateral flow.
		At the river junction, the condition of mass conservation requires that the flux of water towards the junction must equal the ones leaving it; and the solutions for water level an salinity concentration must have unique values there disregarding they are computed from the discretised equations for any of the branches joining the junction.
	coombs.anu.edu.au /~vern/env_dev/papers/pap08.html (2160 words)

	Morphology of a Modern Lacustrine Delta Changes with River Discharge; Red River Delta, Lake Texoma, Texas-Oklahoma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Red River delta is an excellent place to examine the morphometric evolution of a modern, unconstrained lacustrine delta in a temperate setting.
		In the earliest images, the delta is not distinguished as it is largely subaqueous.
		Delta morphology is interpreted to relate to river discharge.
	aapg.confex.com /aapg/sl2003/techprogram/paper_79051.htm (327 words)

	RED RIVER DELTA
		The situation was a virtual stalemate, with the VC team actually having the upper hand by controlling the west river crossings.
		Our squad was almost close enough to open up, when form behind us we heard a voice call out "red star five", it was a two man enemy patrol returning to the village and calling out their password.
		We traded shots and insults across the river for about 5 minutes, and it seemed that we had the upper hand, but all the while we wanted out of there.
	members.aol.com /hammer863/delta.htm (6717 words)

	University of Michigan, NRE545, 1997 Monograph
		The Red River Delta of Vietnam is an area of dense human settlement and intensive land use.
		The north consists of the highlands and the Red River Delta; the south is divided into coastal lowlands, the central mountains, and the Mekong River Delta.
		All land was confiscated by the government and redistributed to the residents of the village, the former tenants and landless workers.
	www.umich.edu /~csfound/545/1997/kim/paper.htm (5381 words)

	Red River (Vietnam) -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The river begins in China's (A province of southern China) Yunnan province.
		In colonial days, the (The Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France) French and other powers attempted to establish the Red River as a trading artery with China, with some success.
		The (additional info and facts about Black River) Black River is the Red River's chief tributary.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/re/red_river_(vietnam)1.htm (183 words)

	ABSTRACT: Basin Topographic Influence on Delta Progradation, in the Modern Lacustrine Red River Delta, Lake Texoma, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Red River inflow is hyperpycnal most of the time because total dissolved solids and suspended sediment concentrations are higher in the river water than in the lake water.
		During high discharge periods, the hyperpycnal delta prograded straight and the influence of slope gradient is minimal.
		The results show that delta progradation direction is a result of the interplay between the inertial and gravitational forces which act on sediment load.
	www.searchanddiscovery.com /documents/abstracts/annual2004/Dallas/Olariu01.htm (292 words)

	Earliest Known History of Vietnam
		The first of these was the introduction into the Red River delta of the more advanced civilization of China, including technical and administrative innovations and the more sophisticated level of Chinese learning, which made the Vietnamese the most advanced people of mainland Southeast Asia.
		China's main interest in holding the Red River delta, however, was its value as an important stopover for ships engaged in the Han dynasty's nascent maritime trade with the East Indies, India, and even the Middle East.
		The Ly rulers established their capital at Hanoi, in the heart of the Red River delta, modernized the agricultural system, and replaced the divisive local lords with a system of state officials trained in a civil service institute set up on the Chinese model in 1076.
	www.tuvy.com /Countries/vietnamese/history/earliest_known_history_of_vietna.htm (8938 words)

	Red River Workshop
		The Red River is selected because it derives sediment directly from the flanks of eastern Tibet.
		In addition, the Red River is sited on the southeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau and is believed to have once been a much larger system that was reduced through time as drainage capture transferred the original headwaters to other major rivers in Asia (e.g., Mekong, Yangtze, Salween).
		The Red River in particular is significant because of its proposed role as the ancestral river of SE Asia (Clark et al., 2004).
	www.abdn.ac.uk /~wpg008/RedRiverWorkshop.html (1575 words)

	THE RED RIVER DELTA, LAKE TEXOMA: A REMOTE SENSING STUDY OF DELTA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Because the river is mostly uncontrolled, this high sediment load is deposited where the Red River flows into Lake Texoma, forming a rapidly changing delta.
		Study of turbidity in front of the delta suggests that the river outflow is hyperpycnal at discharges less than 1000 ft3/s but homopycnal at discharges more than 1000 ft3/s.
		The remote sensing data sets we used were obtained during relative low discharge of the Red River, but for a discharge of 3500 ft3/s (July 2nd 1997) suspended sediments are visible as far as 8 km away from the delta front.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2002SC/finalprogram/abstract_33033.htm (410 words)

	Vacation in Vietnam with Asian Vacations, Inc. - History
		Vietnamese history is the story of the struggle to develop a sense of nationhood throughout this narrow 1,500-kilometer stretch of land and to maintain it against internal and external pressures.
		As the Red River Delta prospered, its population began expanding southward along the narrow coastal plains.
		The period from the twelfth century to the eighteenth century was marked by warfare with both the Cham and Khmer, the peoples of the Indianized kingdoms of Champa and Cambodia, who controlled lands in the Vietnamese line of march to the south.
	www.vacationsinvietnam.com /History.htm (2592 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Indochina mangroves (IM1402)
		In Vietnam, the largest area of remaining mangroves is around Camou Point at the southern tip of Vietnam, with smaller areas in the Mekong delta region, in south central Vietnam around Cam Ranh Bay, and in northern Vietnam in the Red River delta area.
		Mangrove forests in the Red River delta and associated estuaries and mud flats have lower diversity than mangrove habitats in the south.
		This low mangrove diversity in the Red River delta area is the result of a combination of cooler growing conditions and a longer and more intense period of human impact.
	www.worldwildlife.org /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/im/im1402_full.html (954 words)

	Rebecca Anthopolos 2
		There are three types of topography in the RRD: the Rim plain, which is characterized by soil suitable to grow sweet potatoes, ground nuts, beans and tobacco; the Central plain, which is characterized by its water rice agriculture and dense population; and the Coastal plain, which undergoes salinity and aluminum removal for rice cultivation.
		Finally, with the August Revolution, land in the RRD was reclaimed and used for intensive farming purposes.
		In the RRD, 80.1 percent of the people are from rural areas, and 19.9 percent of the people are considered urban.
	www.conncoll.edu /ccacad/economics/classes/TRIP/Anthopolos2.htm (1086 words)

	Becky Anderson 2
		Critical Summary: The country life in the Red River Delta by Phan Huy Le This article attempts to summarize various aspects of life in the red river delta and how these relate to the importance of land in the Vietnamese economy.
		Much of what is the delta today is a result of hard work by the people to reclaim the land when the sea receded.
		The population density in the RRD is the highest in the country, leading to low per capita land levels.
	www.conncoll.edu /ccacad/economics/classes/TRIP/anderson2.htm (790 words)

	America in Vietnam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		At first the French were successful; paratroops quickly seized the town and linked up with armored forces driving southwest from the delta down RC 6 and with a riverine force of gunboats and landing craft pressing down the Black River from the north.
		With the onset of the dry monsoon in October, the Vietminh emerged from their base areas in the Bac Viet and crossed the upper Red River to invade the Tai highlands.
		The Tai tribes had rallied to the French in 1947 and their allegiance was one of the few French political successes, but little had been done to capitalize on it and within weeks Giap's divisions had swept it away.
	ehistory.osu.edu /vietnam/books/aiv/0010.cfm (964 words)

	Jewel of the Delta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Red River winds through northern Vietnam flooding the surrounding plains and enriching the soil providing the farmers with the nutrients they need for their crops.
		The Delta is home to numerous villages specializing in a range of products including silk, ceramics and paintings.
		We explore on foot and by bicycle and in so doing we will witness the timeless way of life of the Red River Delta and her charming people.
	www.buffalotours.com /jeweldelta/redriver.asp (144 words)

	VN Wars: Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		They administered Vietnam in three sections: Cochinchina, the area around the Mekong River Delta at the south end of Vietnam, was the most prosperous section because land was so plentiful.
		Tonkin, centering on the Red River Delta in the North, was more densely populated and therefore less prosperous.
		In the lowlands there were also a few Chams (remnants of the kingdom of Champa), Khmers, and Chinese (most of the Chinese had come in the 19th and 20th centuries, and lived in the towns.) The hills and mountains--northern and western Tonkin and the inland areas of Annam--were occupied mostly by non-Vietnamese minority groups.
	hubcap.clemson.edu /~eemoise/viet1.html (907 words)

	Red River National Wildlife Refuge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		According to legislation, the refuge shall consist of approximately 50,000 acres of Federal lands and water along that section of the Red River between Colfax, Louisiana and Arkansas state line, a distance of approximately 120 miles.
		The proposed lands for Red River NWR are mostly bottomland hardwood forests that were cleared for agriculture during the mid-1900s.
		Because most of the Red River delta has been converted to agriculture, one of the first management objectives on refuge lands will be to reforest these areas back to bottomland hardwood trees.
	www.fws.gov /refuges/profiles/index.cfm?id=42653 (167 words)

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