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Topic: Red Spruce

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	Forest Trees of Maine - Red Spruce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Red spruce is found commonly in all parts of the state.
		Red spruce is shade tolerant and will become established in the understory of mixed stands.
		It is used for joists, sills, scantlings and heavy construction timbers, and is the principal wood used in the manufacture of paper pulp.
	www.scarborough.k12.me.us /high/projects/trees/redspruce.htm (312 words)

	Red spruce - A Native Tree of the Macphail Woods, P.E.I.
		Red spruce can hybridize with fl spruce, so it is best to collect from areas with only large red spruce.
		Red spruce grows in rich mixed wood stands and is not nearly as bell-shaped as fl spruce.
		Red spruce seeds are the preferred food of white-winged crossbills, red-winged crossbills and pine siskins, although many other species of bird and mammal also rely on them.
	www.macphailwoods.org /tree/redspruce.html (685 words)

	WildWNC.org : Trees : Red Spruce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Red spruce attains maximum development in the higher parts of the southern Appalachian Mountains where the atmosphere is more humid and the rainfall heavier during the growing season than in other parts of its range (47).
		Red spruce seedlings and the commonly associated balsam fir seedlings are similar in many ways and are controlled by the same factors, but as a rule spruce is the weaker, slower growing species during the establishment period (22).
		Red spruce is a medium-size tree at maturity, reaching 30 to 61 cm (12 to 24 in) in d.b.h.
	wildwnc.org /trees/Picea_rubens.html (4224 words)

	Plant Information Center - NC Trees - Red Spruce
		Red spruce is found on the summits and upper slopes of a few of our highest mountains.
		Red spruce wood is light, moderately soft, strong and elastic.
		Though red spruce is a long-lived tree (400 year-old trees have been found), its continued existence on the high peaks of North Carolina may be questionable because, in part, of air pollution.
	www.ibiblio.org /pic/NCTrees/redspruce.htm (239 words)

	Red Spruce - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Red Spruce (Picea rubens) is a spruce tree native to eastern North America.
		Red Spruce can be easily damaged by windthrow and acid rain.
		Red Spruce is the Provincial tree of Nova Scotia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Red_Spruce (305 words)

	The Red Spruce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Red Spruce, part of the Pine family, is found along the east coast of North America.
		The Red Spruce is 18.3 meters to 24.4 meters (60 feet to 80 feet) high, although in warmer climates it grows higher.
		The Red Spruce's seeds are commonly referred to as cones.
	www.units.muohio.edu /dragonfly/itb/spruce.htmlx (293 words)

	Red spruce dynamics in an old southern Appalachian forest1 Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society - Find Articles
		Wind-related mortality of canopy red spruce was substantial after the loss of Fraser fir from the canopy circa 1985 (>70% of the dead spruce had broken or uprooted boles; 1983-2003).
		The elevated mortality of red spruce at Mt. Collins was not associated with reduced diameter growth.
		Red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) is a dominant tree species in the high-elevation coniferous forests of the Appalachians.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa4017/is_200410/ai_n11850553 (869 words)

	Maine Tree Species Fact Sheet - Red Spruce
		The Red Spruce is distinguished from the Black Spruce by its longer needles and cones.
		Red spruce is a winter cover for deer and moose, ruffed grouse, snowshoe hare, songbirds and woodcock.
		Pests of the Red Spruce include the spruce budworm, eastern spruce beetle, the European spruce sawfly and the yellowheaded spruce sawfly, eastern spruce gall, and the pine leaf adelgid.
	www.umaine.edu /umext/mainetreeclub/FactSheets/RedSpruce.htm (676 words)

	Red Spruce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Spruces are usually tall and cone-shaped but climate, altitude and soil conditions may alter their shape.
		The Red Spruce (Picea rubens), pictured here, is the only spruce that is not found in the western U.S. The timber is used for pulp, furniture, and in making sound boards of violins.
		The Norway Spruce, which is also found in West Virginia, is a close relative but is easily identified and can not be confused with the Red Spruce.
	webpages.charter.net /svmiller/redspruce.html (160 words)

	Red Spruce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Nova Scotia's provincial tree, the red spruce is found mainly in the Maritimes, eastern Quebec, and the Appalachian Mountains in the United States.
		The red spruce is found in mature forests mixed with eastern white pine, balsam fir, eastern hemlock, and some broadleaf trees, such as yellow birch and sugar maple.
		A particular feature of the red spruce is that it hybridizes with the fl spruce, making identification difficult where the ranges of red and fl spruce overlap.
	www.domtar.com /arbre/english/p_eprou.htm (149 words)

	Spruce - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Spruce (etymologically from Polish "z Prus" meaning "from Prussia") refers to trees of the Genus Picea, a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the Family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the earth.
		Spruces are large trees, from 20–60 (–95) m tall when mature, and can be distinguished by their whorled branches and conical form.
		Spruce wood, often called whitewood, is used for many purposes, ranging from general construction work and crates to highly specialised uses in wooden aircraft and stringed musical instruments including guitars, mandolins, cellos, and violins.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spruce (552 words)

	Spruce
		spruce is the traditional wood for guitar soundboards, although quality material is in short supply.
		Considered to be the holy grail in top woods, Adirondack or Red spruce is one of the most difficult woods to obtain in decent quality.
		In other words an AA grade red spruce (or Adirondack) top is similar in appearance and quality to any other AA grade spruce top, be it Sitka, European, or Engelmann.
	www.alliedlutherie.com /spruces.htm (890 words)

	White Spruce, Picea glauca
		Red squirrels clip twigs and feed on vegetative and reproductive buds in the spring.
		White Spruce habitats are favored by red squirrels because of the highly palatable seeds; squirrel density is much greater in White Spruce stands than Black Spruce stands.
		Red squirrels are so dependent that population density is directly related to seed crop cycles.
	www.rook.org /earl/bwca/nature/trees/piceaglauca.html (1441 words)

	Spruce
		Spruce has scaling or flaking bark, and, in general, its needles are short enough for use in most sizes of bonsai, with many dwarf varieties available.
		Spruce, in general, need to keep a decent-sized root ball, and may need to be planted in a deep pot to achieve this.
		Picea abies: Norway spruce - With its red brown bark, conical shape, and shiny green needles, Norway spruce is traditionally used as a Christmas tree.
	www.bonsai-bci.com /species/spruce.html (1762 words)

	National Christmas Tree Association: ARIZONA CYPRESS
		Additionally, spruce cones fall from the tree after seeds are disseminated, whereas fir cones disintegrate.
		One of the most important pests is the eastern spruce gall aphid, which lays eggs at the base of partially developed leaves near the tips of the twigs.
		For Christmas trees, overall color of Norway spruce is fair to excellent, but needle retention is considered poor unless the trees are cut fresh and kept properly watered.
	www.realchristmastrees.org /treetype/nrwy_spr.html (618 words)

	Spruce Knob
		Spruce Mountain is part of a syncline in which the highest part is composed of erosion-resistant Pottsville sandstone of Pennsylvanian age (Cardwell et al, 1968).
		At present much of the summit of Spruce Knob is covered by a spruce-heath type vegetation in which a variety of ericads vie with thickets of stunted or shrubby and densely-foliated Red Spruce (Picea rubens) with branches spreading over the ground.
		The summit area of Spruce Knob, in contrast to the sub-summit forests, is exposed to such severe conditions of low and variable temperatures, high winds, ice and other climatic stresses that recovery from natural or man-made impacts is more difficult and far slower.
	www.asecular.com /forests/sprucek.htm (2823 words)

	Red Spruce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The red spruce is found in the western mountains of the State.
		The red spruce is narrowly conical in outline.
		Unlike those of the balsam, the cones of the spruce hang down and soon after the seeds are scattered they fall without breaking apart.
	www.dof.virginia.gov /trees/spruce-red.shtml (229 words)

	Eastern Spruce Gall Adelgid- Penn State Entomology Department Fact Sheet
		The eastern spruce gall adelgid is a key pest of Norway spruce, Picea abies, in northeastern United States.
		This pest overwinters on spruce as female nymphs in bark crevices on the current year's twigs, especially at the bases of buds.
		Be sure to monitor for outbreaks of spruce spider mite when using treatment materials that may impact mite predators.
	www.ento.psu.edu /extension/factsheets/e_spruce_gall_adelgid.htm (501 words)

	CSC Virtual Herbarium - Red Spruce
		Form/Habitat: Red spruce is an eco-indicator of acidic, cool, moist to dry soils.
		Red spruce roots are often shallow and fine, leaving this tree exposed to windthrow.
		Red spruce that has significant sunlight can be sawtimber size by 50 years of age.
	www.colby-sawyer.edu /academic/ces/herbarium/gymnosperms/prubens.html (240 words)

	Nearctica - Native Conifers of North America - Picea rubens
		The cones of Red Spruce are usually longer than those of Black Spruce (1.5 to 2 inches versus 0.5 to 1 inch for Black Spruce) and the apical margin of the cone scales is evenly rounded, not notched as in Black Spruce.
		Measurements: Red spruce is a medium-size tree at maturity, reaching 12 to 24 in diameter and 60 to 75 feet in height in the Northeast, and up to 115 feet in the Appalachian Mountains.
		Native Range: The range of Red Spruce extends from the Maritime Provinces of Canada west to Maine, southern Quebec, and southeastern Ontario, and south into central New York, eastern Pennsylvania, northern New Jersey, and Massachusetts.
	www.nearctica.com /trees/conifer/picea/Prubens.htm (357 words)

	Indicators of Population Viabllity in Red Spruce, Picea rubens. I. Reproductive Traits and Fecundity
		Indicators of Population Viabllity in Red Spruce, Picea rubens.
		Red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) has experienced a substantial decline across most of its range in eastern North America over the past centmy and probably also in the disjunct Ontario populations where it now occurs only in small isolated stands.
		Measurements of cone and seed traits from natural populations were used as indicators of the reproductive and genetic status of red spruce across the northern margins of its range in Canada.
	www.srs.fs.usda.gov /pubs/viewpub.jsp?index=1989 (629 words)

	Allagash Wilderness Waterway A Natural History Guide
		In addition, there are pockets of aspen, areas of white and red pine, bog forests of fl spruce and tamarack, swamps of northern white cedar, and northern riverine species, such as silver maple and elm.
		Balsam fir and red spruce are indicator trees.
		The understory is composed of white, or sugar, maple, white birch, northern white cedar, and red spruce.
	www.state.me.us /doc/parks/Pubs/AWWBroc/AWW13.html (1092 words)

	New evidence from mitochondrial DNA of a progenitor-derivative species relationship between black spruce and red spruce ...
		of mitotype III in the northernmost populations of red spruce
		I, was absent from populations of red spruce (Fig.
		the neutral genetic diversity of red spruce to be a subset of
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/90/12/1801 (3551 words)

	Evidence from sequence-tagged-site markers of a recent progenitor-derivative species pair in conifers -- Perron et al. ...
		Based on allozymes, red spruce seems to be genetically depauperate in comparison to other boreal conifers (29, 30).
		The genetic variation found in red spruce essentially seemed to be a subset of that observed in fl spruce.
		red spruce at 10 of 14 polymorphic loci.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/97/21/11331 (4426 words)

	Red Spruce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Red Spruce is a heavy wood and has a high velocity of sound impact plus has the highest stiffness across and along the grain of all the topwoods.
		Red Spruce will also have a rich fullness of tone that remains clear at all dynamic levels.
		Steve: The Red Spruce soundboard we received from you is a MUCH better top than what your competitor tried to foist off on us!
	www.colonialtonewoods.com /pages/red_spruce.htm (338 words)

	Red Canyon/Spruce Spring loop
		Red Canyon has a stream through part of it.
		Trails 89 and 189 are both on the same trail at first as it heads behind the horse campground.
		This is the Spruce Spring for which the trail is named.
	www.explorenm.com /hikes/RedCanyon (1130 words)

	RedOrbit - Science - Phylogeography of Masked (Sorex Cinereus) and Smoky Shrews (Sorex Fumeus) in the Southern ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This study focuses on the spruce-fir (Picea rubens and Abies fraseri) habitat of the southern Appalachian mountain range and the effect of its historical fragmentation on the population genetics of associated soricid fauna.
		Appalachian red spruce-Fraser fir habitat is confined to a series of relictual mountaintop populations, primarily as the result of a post-Pleistocene vicariance event.
		A possible clue to the history of this region might be that spruce alone dominates the Whitetop forest at elevations at which spruce and fir codominate on nearby Mount Rogers (Ware 1999).
	www.redorbit.com /news/display/?id=102759 (6128 words)

	Facts on Red Spruce
		It was on November 27, 1995 when I for the first time learned of the existence of red spruce (Picea rubens) trees.
		I further learned that the red spruce is the most valuable of the spruces its used in log home construction, among many other uses it is also the provincial tree of Nova Scotia, Canada.
		This result indicated that acid mist had a direct negative impact on cell membrane stability on red spruce trees independent of low temperature and it clearly pointed to the needles and their cells plasma membranes where the critical calcium loss took place.
	www.uvm.edu /~hwerner/spruce.html (489 words)

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