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Topic: Red Summer of 1919

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	A Killing Season: 'Red Summer' of 1919
		In September 1919, after the fervor of the "Red Summer" had abated, the U.S. Bishops had a meeting on the campus of Catholic University in Washington, D.C. A committee of 15 eventually became the Federated Colored Catholics.
		The "Red Summer" did not reach Baltimore and the members of the St. Francis Church did not vocalize against lynching, or if they did, the documents have not been located.
		Father N.R. Denis was pastor during "Red Summer." There was a vacant house across the street from the priest house that had been occupied by the Christian Brothers for the School of the Cathedral.
	www.africawithin.com /maafa/a_killing_season.htm (665 words)

	Red Summer - Knoxville
		The general public is invited to view 1919: Knoxville’s Red Summer, beginning with an opening reception on Friday, March 3, 5-9pm with a performance by Kuumba Watoto Drum and Dance Company.
		Red Summer, adapted by Steve Kent from a play by Mayta Haley, depicts the impact of the night Maurice Mays, a prominent African-American business man and ex-deputy sheriff, was accused of murdering a white woman in Knoxville.
		Red Summer tells the story of a fl community that could not escape the horrors of racial conflict in the post-WWI era.
	www.knoxvilletennessee.com /red-summer.html (369 words)

	The Red Scare
		A panic that "Reds" were behind the strike took over Boston despite the lack of any radicalism on the part of the striking police officers.
		The American Legion was founded in St. Louis on May 8, 1919 "[t]o uphold and defend the Constitution of the United States of America; to maintain law and order; to foster and perpetuate a one hundred per cent Americanism." By the fall, the Legion had 650,000 members, and over a million by year's end.
		The Red Scare quickly ran its course and, by the summer of 1920, it was largely over.
	www.law.umkc.edu /faculty/projects/ftrials/SaccoV/redscare.html (1522 words)

	Red Scare Summary
		The Seattle General Strike of February 1919 earned national notoriety for Seattle Mayor Ole Hanson, who insisted that the Industrial Workers of the World (better known as the IWW or Wobblies) were trying to use 35,000 shipyard strikers to overthrow democracy and set up a Bolshevik state.
		In the summer of 1919, as fls and whites competed for jobs, major race riots broke out in both the North and the South.
		In June 1919, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer was one of the targets of another series of attempted bombings.
	www.bookrags.com /Red_Scare (3751 words)

	Red Summer of 1919 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Red Summer, coined by author James Weldon Johnson, is used to describe the summer and autumn of 1919.
		The unrest was intensified by the Red Scare; African Americans who wanted racial equality were branded as radicals.
		There, racial tension had erupted into violence because of fear of political movements, such as the Red Clydeside, which was at the time campaigning for the forty-hour workweek.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Red_Summer_of_1919 (379 words)

	Barbara Foley / Spectres of 1919
		In Spectres of 1919 Barbara Foley examines the turbulent year 1919, viewing it as the political crucible in which the radicalism of the 1920s was forged.
		Dissent was stifled as labor activists and minority groups came under intense attack, culminating in the racist and antiradical violence of the "Red Summer" of 1919.
		Spectres of 1919 draws from a wealth of primary sources, taking a bold new approach to the origins of African American radicalism and adding nuance and complexity to the understanding of a fascinating and vibrant era.
	www.press.uillinois.edu /f03/foley.html (463 words)

	WTTW - 1919 Race Riots, Chicago's
		A race riot rocked Chicago's south side in the summer of 1919, leaving 38 dead, more than 500 injured, and many more homeless.
		The conflict was sparked by the killing of a fl teenager at the 26th Street beach--but racial tension had been brewing in Chicago for years.
		Read "Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919" by William M. Tuttle, Jr.
	www.wttw.com /main.taf?p=1,7,1,1,33 (154 words)

	Jacob Lawrence: Exploring Stories
		Red Summer of 1919 with the worst occuring over 13 days in Chicago, Illinois.
		Research the "Red Summer" riots of 1919 and other 20th-century protests.
		Beginning with the incident known as the Red Summer of 1919, trace major racial conflicts and protests in the United States throughout the 20th century.
	www.whitney.org /jacoblawrence/resources/webqst_struggle_9.html (1012 words)

	A A World . Reference Room . Articles . Red Summer \| PBS
		During the summer of 1919, racial tensions between white and fl Americans erupted into a series of violent and deadly riots throughout the United States.
		This period, named the Red Summer by fl leaders, witnessed 26 race riots in which hundreds of people, mostly African American, were killed or injured.
		The heightened racial tensions underlying the riots of 1919 were largely a product of the recent northern migration of Southern fls.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/aaworld/reference/articles/red_summer.html (265 words)

	Homicide in Chicago :: 1919 Race Riot (cont)
		The trigger for the riot was the drowning of Eugene Williams at the 298th Street beach on a sweltering July afternoon.
		Although more officers, eleven, were killed in 1919 than in any year prior to that time, the only police officer killed in the riot was Patrolman John Simpson, 31, an African American working out of the Wabash Avenue Station.
		It was called the ‘hot and cold’ because the effluence from the brewery and ice company poured into the lake could turn the water hot or cold, and was so potent in chemicals that it temporarily bleached a fl person, white.
	homicide.northwestern.edu /crimes/raceriot1 (473 words)

	News & Letters - The Journal of Marxist-Humanism - March '99
		The color red was not only a reference to the streets running red with blood from the race war that ignited in cities, towns, and rural areas across this nation that fateful year.
		But whereas the "causes" of the 1919 Chicago Riot appeared, from a sociological point of view, to be only a question of shifting demographics, sociologists were at a loss to explain the new militant consciousness of the new arrivals from the rural South.
		This legacy of Black radicalism, born from spontaneous events like the 1919 Chicago Riot and from the organizational initiatives of early Black Marxists, is one we recollect at the end of this century of ongoing Black struggle and carry with us into the twenty-first century.
	www.newsandletters.org /Issues/1999/March/3.99_bw.htm (637 words)

	The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow . Jim Crow Stories . Red Summer \| PBS
		The Red Summer refers to the summer and fall of 1919, in which race riots exploded in a number of cities in both the North and South.
		On the afternoon of July 27, 1919, a stone-throwing melee between fls and whites began after a fl youth mistakenly swam into territory claimed by whites off the 29th Street beach in Chicago.
		Claude McKay wrote the poem "If We Must Die" in response to the race riot in Harlem in 1919.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_red.html (623 words)

	1960s Violence
		It was the government, not the anti-war movement, that resorted to clandestine break-ins, wiretaps, and assorted fl bag jobs to defeat a legitimate, if unruly, social and political movement.
		Prior to the Long Hot Summers, the twenty-five race riots of the Red Summer of 1919 had been the worst period of urban unrest in our history.
		By contrast the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (the Kerner Commission) reported 130 separate race riots in the summer of 1967 alone — now initiated by fls in response to police brutality, poor housing, no jobs, and exclusion from the benefits and promises of American life.
	www.fred.net /hsmead/60sviol.htm (747 words)

	CPL Chicago 1919 Race Riots
		On the afternoon of July 27, 1919, Eugene Williams, a fl youth, drowned off the 29th Street beach.
		This witness was one of the boys swimming and playing with Eugene Williams in Lake Michigan between 26th Street and the 29th Street Beach.
		Coroner's Report of 1919 are followed by his recommendations to deal with the festering social and economic conditions that were the underlying factors of the riots.
	www.chipublib.org /004chicago/disasters/riots_race.html (381 words)

	NewsMine.org - hoover red scare 1919 ch1.txt
		Fear of a radical takeover in the United States led to suppression and persecution of anyone perceived as "un-American." This era of intolerance and paranoia engulfed Nevada, and its citizens responded harshly to the "Red Menace." Nevada's response was both a part of and a reaction to the volatile national scene during 1919-1920.
		Hysteria gained momentum throughout the spring and summer of 1919, and climaxed in January 1920.
		In November and December of 1919 and in January of 1920 the Justice Department led by Attorney General Palmer and special investigator John Edgar Hoover conducted a series of "Red Raids" and arrested thousands of alien radicals.
	newsmine.org /archive/coldwar-imperialism/hoover-red-scare-1919-ch1.txt (3290 words)

	Poetry Daily Feature: Amaud Jamaul Johnson - Red Summer
		As the first poet to win the new $10,000 Dorset Prize, Amaud Jamaul Johnson writes in Red Summer, his debut volume, of lynching, domestic abuse and love as he examines race riots that swept the United States during the summer of 1919.
		The poems are haunting and passionate, marked by a tender lyrical quality reminiscent of the Blues, underscored by music so unsettling it leaves the voices and names of the dead lingering in the ear.
		Johnson's poems remind us that the human record is at last a mixed one: violence, shame, betrayal, and fear, but also joy, courage, love and, yes, hope.
	www.cstone.net /~poems/redsujoh.htm (384 words)

	Gapers Block : Airbags : 1919: Chicago's Red Summer
		It was called the "Red Summer." In just a few short months, the United States experienced an unprecedented period of interracial conflict.
		During the summer of 1919 more than 20 race riots broke out in cities across the country.
		On July 19, 1919, a drunken mob of white men began attacking fl men after police in Washington, D.C. released a fl man from custody, questioned regarding an attempted sexual assault on a white woman.
	www.gapersblock.com /airbags/archives/1919_chicagos_red_summer (864 words)

	Bood in Their Eyes (Book Review) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The tragedy of the Elaine massacres is not only that they occurred but that we have ignored them.In late September 1919, fl sharecroppers met to protest unfair settlements for their cotton crops from white plantation owners.
		Blood in Their Eyes reports the events which started on the night of September 30, 1919 at the Hopp Spur Church in Phillips County, near Elaine, Arkansas, where a group of fl sharecroppers had gathered for a meeting of the Progressive Farmers and Household Union.
		Farming conditions in the Arkansas Delta in 1919 are not what they are today, and the sharecroppers, with grievances over cotton prices paid by their white landlords, attended the meeting.
	www.nathanielturner.com /boodintheireyes.htm (1559 words)

	First Red Scare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In American history, the First Red Scare took place in the period 1917-1920, and was marked by a widespread fear of anarchism and communism, as well as the effects of radical political agitation in American society.
		The communist revolution in Russia and the ensuing Russian Civil War (1917-1923) inspired a widespread campaign of violence in the U.S. by various anarchist groups and aggressive labor unions, which American politicians, the media and the public blamed on "communists".
		The First Red Scare's origins lie in alleged subversive actions of foreign and leftist elements in the United States, particularly militant followers of Luigi Galleani, and in the attempts of the U.S. government to quell protest and gain favorable public views of America's entering World War I.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/First_Red_Scare (1811 words)

	Upcoming.org: 1919 Race Riot Documentary & Director Talk at AFSC Friends Center (Wednesday, July 12, 2006)
		THE FORGOTTEN SUMMER chronicles the African American struggle for equality and self-preservation during the ultra-violent summer of 1919.
		With important historical footage and exclusive testimony from a survivor of the riots, The Forgotten Summer publicizes a chapter of the African American experience that has much to bear on the United States' current racial divide.
		JULIAN BERRIAN is the producer/director of THE FORGOTTEN SUMMER.
	upcoming.org /event/87346 (289 words)

	79.02.04: The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States,1880-1950
		In 1919 the NAACP published Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889-1918, which was a revelation of the causes of lynching and the circumstances under which the crimes occurred.
		The summer of 1919, called “The Red Summer” by James Weldon Johnson, ushered in the greatest period of interracial violence the nation had ever witnessed.
		It began late in July 1919 when a young Black “encroached” upon a swimming area that the whites had marked off for themselves, and was stoned until he drowned.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/1979/2/79.02.04.x.html (5745 words)

	Lynching
		It is unlikely that Specter meant to evoke the actual lynch mobs roaming the streets of Washington D.C. for four days during the “Red Summer” of 1919, attacking African-Americans in a frenzy whipped up by racism, anti-communism, fears of joblessness, and post-war jingoism.
		These emphatic proclamations of Cameron’s unique position, whatever their intentions, seemed to erase lynching as American phenomenon even as reporters documented a supposed moment of remembrance, implying that such hateful violence was tucked deep in the past.
		The same could be said for Lamar Alexander’s presumptuous decree that he “prefer [red] to look ahead.” It was as if the 1,000-plus incidents of anti-Arab, anti-Moslem, and anti-Sikh violence occurring in a vitriolic five-month window ending in early 2002 had never even been conceived – let alone perpetrated.
	www.americanlynching.com /DavisAsen.htm (1985 words)

	Amazon.com: Red Summer: Books: Amaud Jamaul Johnson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This haunting debut collection explores a rash of race riots that swept the United States during the summer of 1919.
		Race Riot: CHICAGO IN THE RED SUMMER OF 1919 (Blacks in the New World) by William M. Tuttle on page 14, and page 226
		Red Summer is a collection of free-verse poetry unafraid to experiment with both lyric and narrative modes.
	www.amazon.com /Red-Summer-Amaud-Jamaul-Johnson/dp/1932195327 (1000 words)

	Jazz Age Chicago -- Chicago Race Riot of 1919
		Racial tensions steadily escalated until, in the summer of 1919, race riots erupted in no less than twenty American cities.
		While improvements in these areas would be slow and difficult to attain, the commission's recommendations at least envisioned a future in which racial equality, not racial segregation, would be the standard for all municipal policies.
		· William M. Tuttle, Jr., Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919 (University of Illinois Press, 1997).
	chicago.urban-history.org /scrapbks/raceriot/raceriot.htm (897 words)

	American Passages - Unit 10. Rhythms in Poetry: Authors
		His electrifying sonnet "If We Must Die" made him famous; it also worked as a call to arms for African Americans living through the Red Summer of 1919.
		In the poem, McKay urges African Americans to "face the murderous, cowardly pack" and to "nobly die" while "fighting back." These images of fls rising up against their white oppressors gave voice to the frustration and rage of the African American people at a time when racism seemed to be spiraling out of control.
		Although McKay is often credited with helping to spark the Harlem Renaissance, he took great pains to distance himself, both physically and philosophically, from the movement in its heyday.
	www.learner.org /amerpass/unit10/authors-5.html (488 words)

	Amazon.com: Race Riot: CHICAGO IN THE RED SUMMER OF 1919 (Blacks in the New World): Books: William M. Tuttle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		However, since his stated goal is to write a study of "individuals as well as groups", this approach is understandable, and, in places, even desirible.
		This is one of the only books on the subject of the Chicago Race Riot of 1919, and, as such, it should be of interest to anyone studying the history of Chicago or the history of race relations in the United States.
		As far as I know, this is the only book on the subject, which is an absolutely fascinating one for me. It is well written and very coherent, but unfortunately the author spends most of the book of the causes and results of the riots, not on the riot itself.
	www.amazon.com /Race-Riot-CHICAGO-SUMMER-Blacks/dp/0252065867 (1259 words)

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