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Topic: Red nucleus

	IX. Neurology. 4b. The Mid-brain or Mesencephalon. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		The principal gray masses of the tegmentum are the red nucleus and the interpeduncular ganglion; of its fibers the chief longitudinal tracts are the superior peduncle, the medial longitudinal fasciculus, and the lemniscus.
		The fibers of the rubrospinal tract (bundle of Monakow) arise in the red nucleus, cross the midline in the decussation of Forel and pass downward in the formatio reticularis of the brainstem into the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord ventral to the crossed pyramidal tract.
		The nucleus of the trigeminal nerve extends along the entire length of the aqueduct, and occupies the lateral part of the gray stratum, while the nuclei of the oculomotor and trochlear nerves are situated in its ventral part.
	www.bartleby.com /107/188.html (3293 words)

	Neuronal Premotor Networks Involved in Eyelid Responses: Retrograde Transneuronal Tracing with Rabies Virus from the ...
		nucleus, and, to a lesser degree, in the rostral periolivary nucleus
		in the dorsolateral quadrant of the contralateral red nucleus
		that rabies-immunolabeled neurons in the oculomotor nucleus are
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/22/20/8808 (6849 words)

	Red nucleus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The red nucleus (nucleus ruber) is a structure in the rostral midbrain involved in motor coordination.
		Because the red nucleus has little control over the hands, fine control of the fingers is impaired should only the red nucleus be functioning.
		The red nucleus receives many inputs from the contralateral cerebellum and an input from the ipsilateral motor cortex, and sends efferent axons (the rubrospinal projection) to the contralateral half of the rhombencephalic reticular formation and spinal cord.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Red_nucleus (304 words)

	Early American Manual Therapy
		The lateral nucleus extends from the anterior portion of the thalamus to the posterior, and should be used to include the nucleus of Luys (thalamic) or the central median nucleus, and the arcuate nucleus.
		The median nucleus is one of the older nuclei.
		The presence of considerable numbers of fibers, which pass from the caudate nucleus to the lenticular nucleus, together with the position of the nucleus in the floor of the ventricle, renders probable the view that the caudate nucleus is derived from the epistratum in fishes.
	www.meridianinstitute.com /eamt/files/burns2/bur2ch16.html (4936 words)

	Motor Systems
		The final major nucleus is the Red Nucleus which is immediately adjacent to the substantia nigra in the midbrain.
		A rare genetic disorder known as dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy exhibits degeneative changes in the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum, the red nucleus, the globus pallidus and the subthalamic nucleus which is also known as the nucleus of Luys.
		The major cerebellar tracts are the Spinocerebellar, connecting the spinal cord and the cerebellum, the Vestibulospinal, connecting the vestibular system and the cerebellum, Corticopontocerebellar, connecting the cortex, pons and cerebellum and the Dentatorubrothalamic connecting the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum, the red nucleus and the thalamus.
	pathology.mc.duke.edu /neuropath/nawr/motor-systems.html (1173 words)

	The Brain Stem and Cerebellum
		The cerebellar hemisphere projects to the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum, whose fibers leave the cerebellum in the superior cerebellar peduncle, cross as soon as they reach the brain stem, and synapse in the contralateral red nucleus and thalamus (VA and VL).
		The critical structures involved are the descending corticospinal and corticobulbar fibers in the cerebral peduncle, and the fibers of the third nerve that traverse the peduncle on exiting the midbrain.
		A lesion of the red nucleus interrupts fibers from the opposite cerebellar hemisphere (dentate nucleus of the cerebellum superior cerebellar peduncle crossing in midbrain red nucleus VA/VL thalamus).
	medinfo.ufl.edu /year2/neuro/review/bsc.html (1520 words)

	Early American Manual Therapy
		Descending fibers from the pyramidal cells of the lower part of the precentral convolutions of the cerebral cortex form synapses with the cells of this nucleus, and by this pathway the volitional movements of the tongue and probably the movements of the tongue in speech are effected.
		Impulses from the red nucleus and other basal ganglia reach the hypoglossal nucleus, and it is in part because of this connection that in emotional disturbances the tongue becomes stiff—in other words, the emotional effects upon the tongue are, directly, inhibiting.
		The nucleus of the abducens lies within the bend of the genu of the facial, and a group of cells near the facial nucleus is included as part of the abducens nucleus.
	www.meridianinstitute.com /eamt/files/burns2/bur2ch07.html (5049 words)

	APStracts 3:0130N, 1996. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		During inactivation of the red nucleus, sensory projections to the cerebellum that may evoke burst discharge were unaffected.
		Sustained discharge of all neurons recorded in the lateral cerebellar nucleus was greatly attenuated or blocked completely by injection of the pharmacological agents into the red nucleus.
		The results showed that sustained discharge in the cerebellum was significantly attenuated by inactivation of the red nucleus even though sensory input that may trigger the bursts was intact.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/1996/jn/June/130n.html (423 words)

	Medical Neurosciences
		Thus red nucleus neurons possess axons that cross just ventral to the nucleus and descend in the midbrain, pons and medulla (we cannot identify this pathway in our brain stem series of cross sections) to reach the spinal cord.
		This means that the corticospinal tract is paralleled by an “indirect corticospinal tract”; with a relay in the red nucleus, i.e., the corticorubrospinal tract.
		It has been reported that large lesions of the midbrain tegmentum involving the red nucleus (called the tegmental syndrome) result in hemichorea, which is a tremor or involuntary movement of the contralateral limbs.
	www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu /virtualbrain/BrainStem/22Ruber.html (513 words)

	Curriculum2000 templatee:
		Describe the clinical signs that would follow: (1) a lesion to the red nucleus, (2) transection of the brainstem rostral to the vestibular nuclei and caudal to the red nuclei, and (3) a lesion to the tectum.
		In the cerebral white matter (corona radiata) and internal capsule, the corticospinal fibers are intermingled with corticostriate (cortex to basal ganglia), corticothalamic (cortex to thalamus), corticorubral (cortex to red nucleus), corticopontine (cortex to nuclei of the pons), cortico-olivary (cortex to olivary nucleus) and corticoreticular (cortex to reticular formation) fibers.
		This pathway, which originates mainly from the pre- and postcentral gyri, is somatotopically organized in such a manner that areas representing the forelimb terminate in the nucleus cuneatus and areas representing the hindlimb terminate in the nucleus gracilis.
	www.med.uiuc.edu /m1/neurosci/Web_Neuro_2001/protected/curriculum/Unit_09_01_Motor_Systems/Motor_Pathways.htm (4198 words)

	[No title]
		Interposed Nucleus: The interposed nucleus is closely related to the intermediate zone of the cerebellum.
		This nucleus is the sole source of the vestibulospinal tract, synapsing on anterior horn cells to mediate trunk and limb reflexes.
		Ultimately the projections from this region reach the red nucleus and either the thalamus or the spine (rubrospinal), though the projections to the thalamus are located in different areas that the similar dentatorubrothalamic pathway described earlier.
	mcb.berkeley.edu /courses/mcb163/labs/2005/2005-wk8.doc (1656 words)

	Interphase FISH Examples
		This is an example of the Aneuploid Screen test where interphase nuclei from amniotic fluid cells have been combined with DNA probes for chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, and Y. The nucleus on the left has been hybridized to probes for chromosomes 13 (green), and 21 (red).
		The nucleus on the right has been hybridized to probes for chromosomes 18 (aqua), X (green), and Y (red).
		The nucleus on the left has been hybridized to probes for chromosomes 13 (green), and 21 (red) and clearly has three red signals.
	members.aol.com /chrominfo/intfish.htm (166 words)

	Oculomotor nucleus - Psychology Wiki - a Wikia wiki
		The fibers of the oculomotor nerve arise from a nucleus in the midbrain, which lies in the gray substance of the floor of the cerebral aqueduct and extends in front of the aqueduct for a short distance into the floor of the third ventricle.
		From this nucleus the fibers pass forward through the tegmentum, the red nucleus, and the medial part of the substantia nigra, forming a series of curves with a lateral convexity, and emerge from the oculomotor sulcus on the medial side of the cerebral peduncle.
		A nearby nucleus, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, is responsible for the autonomic functions of the oculomotor nerve, including pupillary constriction and lens accommodation.
	psychology.wikia.com /wiki/Oculomotor_nucleus (456 words)

	HYPERTROPHIC OLIVARY DEGENERATION (HOD), REVISITED \| Neurikon
		It was giving the description of the Guillain-Mollaret Triangle and showing an example of HOD on the same side as the involvement of the Central Tegmental Track (CTT) from the red nucleus down to the medullary olive.
		The Guillain-Mollaret triangle is a triangular circuit connecting the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum of one side with the red nucleus and the inferior olivary nucleus of the other side, via the superior cerebellar peduncle and the central tegmental tract (CTT) (Figs.
		The path of the cerebello-rubral tract from dentate nucleus to the contralateral red nucleus is shown.
	www.neurikon.com /site/node/9 (518 words)

	Edinger-Westphal nucleus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Edinger-Westphal nucleus is the accessory parasympathetic cranial nerve nucleus of the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III), supplying the constricting muscles of the iris.
		The paired nuclei are posterior to the main motor nucleus and anterolateral to the cerebral aqueduct in the rostral midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus.
		The nucleus is named for both Ludwig Edinger, who demonstrated it in the fetus in 1885, and for Karl Friedrich Otto Westphal, who demonstrated it in the adult in 1887.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Edinger-Westphal_nucleus (256 words)

	[No title]
		This lesion involves damage to the nucleus and fasciculus cuneatus, the spinothalamic tract, and spinal nucleus of V and its fibers.
		The red nucleus may exert facilitory influences on the flexors and inhibitory influences on the extensors of the upper limbs, but not the lower limbs.
		Caudal raphe nucleus to substantia gelatinosa (in spinal cord) and caudal raphe nucleus to intermediolateral cell column (in spinal cord).
	www.medstudent.ucla.edu /2002/mspn3a.doc (1585 words)

	Reticular Formation
		In the lower medulla, the RF lies ventral to the spinal canal, appears continuous with the gracilis and cuneate nuclei dorsally, and extends laterally almost to the spinal nuclei of V. In upper medulla, the RF lies between central gray (dorsal), and inf olive (ventral), and extends laterally to the trigeminal spinal nucleus.
		Nucleus magnocellular is medial and extends from the mid-pons to the mid-medulla.
		The major nucleus of the midbrain; surrounded by red nucleus, tectum, and ascending lemnisci.
	www.ucsf.edu /nreview/02.1-Anatomy-Brain&SC/ReticularForm.html (826 words)

	[No title]
		Red Nucleus: The red nucleus is classified as a motor nucleus.
		The red nucleus has two major subdivisions: the caudal magnocellular part gives rise to the rubrospinal tract and the rostral parvocellular part gives rise to the rubrothalamic tract.
		The distinct red color of the red nucleus is imparted by iron, due to the high vascularization of this nucleus.
	mcb.berkeley.edu /courses/mcb163/labs/2005/2005-wk10.doc (1078 words)

	Computer Reseller News - For Providers of Information Technology Solutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Red Hat, Inc., provider of open source solutions to the enterprise, announced that Nucleus Software,provider of software solutions for the banking and financial services industry, has joined Red Hat's Independent Software Vendor (ISV) partner ecosystem.
		Nucleus and its flagship product FinnOne have had over 200 successful implementations worldwide and the company's client base includes leading names in the banking and financial services industry.
		Nucleus Software has been serving the banking and financial industry with its comprehensive set of solutions for more than two decades now.
	www.crn-india.com /breakingnews/stories/66130.html (596 words)

	More about Animal Cells
		The number of red blood cells is higher in people who live at high altitudes.
		Developing red blood cells in your bone marrow do have nuclei, but the nuclei disintigrate when they are fully developed: this is because the nuclei are not needed any more.
		I hope that you have learnt that all animal cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and a nucleus (red blood cells excepted) and that cells are specialised to do different jobs.
	www.purchon.com /biology/animal.htm (981 words)

	The Nucleus
		The nucleus is the hallmark of eukaryotic cells; the very term eukaryotic means having a "true nucleus".
		The nucleus is enveloped by a pair of membranes enclosing a lumen that is continuous with that of the endoplasmic reticulum.
		This electron micrograph (courtesy of David E. Olins and Ada L. Olins) shows chromatin from the nucleus of a chicken red blood cell (birds, unlike most mammals, retain the nucleus in their mature red blood cells).
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/N/Nucleus.html (1865 words)

	The Effects of Reversible Inactivation of the Red Nucleus on Learning-Related and Auditory-Evoked Unit Activity in the ...
		The Effects of Reversible Inactivation of the Red Nucleus on Learning-Related and Auditory-Evoked Unit Activity in the Pontine Nuclei of Classically Conditioned Rabbits -- Cartford et al.
		The Effects of Reversible Inactivation of the Red Nucleus on Learning-Related and Auditory-Evoked Unit Activity in the Pontine Nuclei of Classically Conditioned Rabbits
		red nucleus, a primary output target of the interpositus and a structure
	www.learnmem.org /cgi/content/abstract/3/6/519 (418 words)

	The Scientist : Secondary Endosymbiosis Exposed
		This view is based on a greater apparent diversity of the "red lineage" compared to other groups, and a finding that red algal chloroplasts contain more genes critical to their own functioning than do other types, which might have helped them successfully invade multiple organisms.
		In secondary endosymbiosis, the host also usually appropriates all the genes from the nucleus of the chloroplast-containing eukaryote that was engulfed.
		A fourth possibility is that the transfer of organelle genes to the nucleus is still in progress.
	www.the-scientist.com /2005/6/6/22/1 (1499 words)

	Functional Specialization Within the Cat Red Nucleus -- Horn et al. 87 (1): 469 -- Journal of Neurophysiology
		Condé F, and Condé H. Study of the morphology of the cells of the red nucleus of the cat by the Golgi-Cox method.
		Holstege G, and Tan J. Projections from the red nucleus and surrounding areas to the brainstem and spinal cord in the cat.
		Vuillon-Cacciuttolo G, Bosler O, and Nieoullon A. GABA neurons in the cat red nucleus: a biochemical and immunohistochemical demonstration.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/87/1/469 (4112 words)

	A role for midbrain arcs in nucleogenesis -- Agarwala and Ragsdale 129 (24): 5779 -- Development
		Red lines in C and D mark the extent of rhombomere 1.
		Harkmark, W. Cell migrations from the rhombic lip to the inferior olive, the nucleus raphe and the pons: A morphological and experimental investigation on chick embryos.
		Marchand, R. and Poirier, L. Autoradiographic study of the neurogenesis of the inferior olive, red nucleus and cerebellar nuclei of the rat brain.
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/129/24/5779 (6857 words)

	Is the Subthalamic Nucleus Hypointense on T2-Weighted Images? A Correlation Study Using MR Imaging and Stereotactic ...
		Note that the subthalamic nucleus is hypointense at anterior levels (Fa 2.0–Fp 4.0) but only partly hypointense at level Fp 5.0 and not hypointense at the most posterior level (Fp 7.0).
		Note that the Perls reaction is positive in the anterior portion of the subthalamic nucleus (posterior commissure, +12.4 mm) but very weak in its posterior portion (posterior commissure, +7.3 mm).
		of the red nucleus (Fp 3 and Fp 1.5).
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/25/9/1516 (4595 words)

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