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Topic: Red supergiant

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Supergiant

Astronomical object

Stellar population

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Strange star

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Red giant

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Supernova 1987a

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	Supergiant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Stefan-Boltzmann law dictates that the relatively cool surfaces of red supergiants radiate much less energy per unit area than those of blue supergiants; thus, for a given luminosity red supergiants are larger than their blue counterparts.
		Supergiants occur in every spectral class from young blue class O supergiants stars to highly evolved red class M supergiants.
		Rigel, the brightest star in the constellation Orion is a typical blue-white supergiant, whereas Betelgeuse and Antares are red supergiants.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Supergiant (435 words)

	Red supergiant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A supergiant is a very large type of star which is ~10 to 50 solarmasses on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.Supergiants can have radii in excess of 1000 solar radii.
		Most supergiants are either blue supergiants existing on the main sequence as type O or B and red supergiants existing off the main sequence.Examples of red supergiants include Antares and Betelgeuse and examples of blue supergiants include Rigel.
		For some time, it was believed that large stars would become red supergiants near the end of their lives before going supernova.
	www.therfcc.org /red-supergiant-46872.html (273 words)

	supergiant
		Supergiants have luminosities of 10,000 to 100,000 solar luminosities and radii of 20 to several hundred solar radii (about the size of Jupiter's orbit).
		The two commonest types are red supergiants, exemplified by Betelgeuse and Antares, and blue supergiants, exemplified by Rigel.
		Through a vigorous stellar wind, red supergiants steadily lose their extended atmospheres and turn into smaller but much hotter blue supergiants.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/S/supergiant.html (264 words)

	Imaging the Surfaces of Stars
		Because red giant and supergiant stars present the largest angular diameters in the sky, they are the first stars apart from the Sun to have been imaged, albeit so far with angular resolution just sufficient to resolve their disks.
		The situation is less clear for red supergiant stars as dust is not expected to form in a hot chromosphere, but the mechanisms involved presumably also operate in the lower regions of the extended stellar atmosphere.
		Although the radio photospheres of red giant stars have yet to be imaged, Reid and Menten (1997) have partially resolved the radio photosphere of the red giant W Hydra.
	www.ras.ucalgary.ca /SKA/science/node14.html (2290 words)

	March Star of the Month: Betelgeuse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Red dwarf stars may constitute 80% the number of stars populating our Milky Way Galaxy and perhaps 50% of the Galaxy's stellar mass; yet, if you look upward, you'll see that red-colored stars are more the exception than the rule.
		A naked-eye red star must be either a red giant or a red supergiant, the red color indicating that these stars - unlike red dwarfs - are in the autumn of their years.
		Betelgeuse is a red supergiant, an enormous rarity among stars.
	www.idialstars.com /bet.htm (515 words)

	red supergiant concept from the Astronomy knowledge base (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		has definition A supergiant with spectral type M. Red supergiants are the largest stars in the universe: if put in place of the Sun, some would touch Saturn.
		The two brightest red supergiants in Earth's sky are Betelgeuse and Antares.
		(8 facts) (alpha Ori) - A red supergiant star in the constellation Orion and the brightest red supergiant in Earth's sky., A red semiregular variable supergiant.
	www.site.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/redsupergiant.html (230 words)

	Betelgeuse / Alpha Orionis
		Betelgeuse is a red supergiant star of spectral and luminosity type M1-2 Ib.
		In red light, Betelgeuse has an angular diameter of 0.054 arcseconds at 720 nm (Wilson et al, 1992), so that it would extend to 3.6 AUs into the Main Asteroid Belt within the Solar System (for a diameter of 7.2 AUs in red light).
		Red supergiants pulsate this way because their atmospheres are not quite stable.
	www.solstation.com /x-objects/betelgeuse.htm (1624 words)

	Universe Today - Three Largest Stars Discovered
		Astronomers are announcing today the identification of three red supergiants that have the largest diameters of any normal stars known, more than a billion miles across.
		Red supergiants, massive stars nearing the ends of their lifetimes, are extremely cool and luminous — and very large.
		For comparison, the well-known red supergiant star Betelgeuse in the constellation Orion is known from other work to have a radius about 650 times that of the Sun, or about 3 AU.
	www.universetoday.com /am/publish/three_largest_stars.html?1112005 (829 words)

	First supernova companion star found
		From archival images of this galaxy taken before the explosion, a red supergiant was identified as the mother star in 1993 - only the second time astronomers have actually seen the progenitor of a supernova explosion (the first was SN 1987A, the supernova that exploded in 1987 in our neighbouring galaxy, the Large Magellanic Cloud).
		The astronomers realised that a normal red supergiant alone could not have given rise to such a weird supernova.
		It was suggested that the red supergiant orbited a companion star that had shredded its outer layers just before the explosion.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-01/esa-fsc010804.php (825 words)

	Jet-powered explosion of a red supergiant
		The fastest material (red) is travelling at nearly half the speed of light.
		The thin red circle represents the edge of the carbon/oxygen core of the star.
		The rest of the star exterior to the circle is composed primarily of helium.
	www.ucolick.org /~andrew/jets/b2q3raz.velr.html (153 words)

	MIT undergrad IDs supersized stars - MIT News Office
		With the new temperature scale in hand, "we calculated the radii of the red supergiants, and found that they were extremely large," said Levesque, who got involved in the work through the National Science Foundation's Research Experience for Undergraduates program at the Lowell Observatory.
		Last November Levesque and Massey observed red supergiants in the Magellanic Clouds using a telescope at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile.
		Emily Levesque, a junior in physics, observed red supergiant stars in the Milky Way as a member of an international team that used this telescope at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile in November 2004.
	web.mit.edu /newsoffice/2005/bigstar.html (676 words)

	VLA Observes Betelgeuse
		The new picture of Betelgeuse's atmosphere also helps resolve the mystery of how massive amounts of dust and gas are expelled from red supergiant stars, an important source of enrichment for the interstellar medium.
		"This method for propelling the mass outflows of red giant and supergiant stars was proposed by Sun Kwok in the same year that Martin Schwarzschild postulated the existence of large convection cells on these stars," Lim said.
		The bright red star in the shoulder of Orion, the Hunter, Betelgeuse is a red supergiant about 10 times more massive than the Sun.
	www.nrao.edu /pr/1998/betel (862 words)

	Wired News: Astronomers Spot Colossal Stars
		A trio of supergiants -- red, cool, bright stars at the end of their lives -- may be the biggest stars ever identified, astronomers reported on Monday.
		The big three dwarf even Betelgeuse, a well-known supergiant and the brightest star in the constellation Orion, the team of scientists said in research presented at the annual meeting of the American Astronomical Society in San Diego.
		The three big supergiant stars are: KW Sagitarii, which is 9,800 light-years from Earth; V354 Cephei, at 9,000 light-years away; and KY Cygni, 5,200 light-years away.
	www.wired.com /news/space/0,2697,66232,00.html?tw=wn_tophead_6 (606 words)

	Astron. Astrophys. 342, 131-152 (1999)
		The models confirm that, in the evolution of a massive star with mass loss, the dimension of the H-exhausted core and the efficiency of intermediate mixing strongly affect the evolution during the subsequent core He-burning phase, the extension of the blue loops in particular.
		Stellar models are then calculated with the new prescription for the mass-loss rates during the red supergiant stages in addition to the new diffusive algorithm.
		During the loop phase the surface abundance of helium is significantly enhanced with respect to the original value as suggested by observational data for blue supergiant stars.
	aa.springer.de /bibs/9342001/2300131/small.htm (468 words)

	Movies from numerical simulations of red supergiant (st35gm04n26) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Some results of the application to red supergiant stars are presented here.
		The intensity movies show the star approximately as it might appear to the human eye (In detail: The emergent bolometric surface intensity is color coded with the standard "red-heat" table, to get a color representation adequate for a red supergiant.).
		In the very core of a real supergiant the temperatures would increase to more than 100 Million K -- in a relatively small central region not included in the simulations.
	www.astro.uu.se /~bf/movie/dst35gm04n26/movie.html (723 words)

	The Mote in God's Eye (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Mote is so called because it is a companion to a red supergiant star, the two set against a great dark nebula — from a nearby Imperial system the nebula looks like a hooded man, with the pair of stars as one eye with a mote in it.
		The Mote has only one Alderson point leading to it,and to reach this the ships must actually penetrate the red supergiant itself before using their Alderson drive systems, onlypossible because they have the Langston field shield technology.
		Indeedthey would likely have been formidable competitors to Humanity, except for the fact that they lack Langston Field technology andso are unable to leave their system via the Alderson point leading into the red supergiant.
	www.therfcc.org /the-mote-in-god%27s-eye-164993.html (959 words)

	10-Year-Old Supernova Mystery Solved
		From archival images of this galaxy taken before the explosion, a gigantic red supergiant star was identified as the progenitor.
		In the history of astronomy this was only the second time that astronomers have seen the progenitor, or mother star, of a supernova explosion (the first was SN 1987A, the supernova that exploded in 1987 in our neighbor galaxy, the Large Magellanic Cloud).
		But a normal red supergiant alone could not have given rise to such a weird supernova, and astronomers suggested the red supergiant orbited a companion which had shredded its outer layers just before explosion.
	www.ifa.hawaii.edu /info/press-releases/SN_mystery6Jan04.html (1494 words)

	What is a red giant star?
		A red giant star is a star with a mass like our Sun that is in the last phase of its life.
		Hydrogen fusion reactions have become less efficient in the core region, and with gravitational collapse of the core, the fusion reactions now occur in a shell surrounding the core.This increases the luminosity of the star enormously (up to 1000 times the Sun) and it expands.
		The above two images show a normal red supergiant star with most of its energy coming from a shell of hydrogen fusion activity just outside the dense core.
	www.astronomycafe.net /qadir/q2958.html (189 words)

	What is Your Cosmic Connection to the Elements?
		Unlike red giants, these red supergiants have enough mass to create greater gravitational pressure, and therefore higher core temperatures.
		The structure of a red supergiant becomes like an onion (see Figure 3), with different elements being fused at different temperatures in layers around the core.
		Fusion continues in red supergiants until iron is formed.
	imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/teachers/elements/imagine/05.html (650 words)

	red supergiant
		Similar in nature but bigger and more massive than a red giant.
		Red supergiants may be over 100 times larger than the Sun.
		They end by exploding as supernovas (see stars, evolution).
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/R/redsupergiant.html (104 words)

	Arneb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The star is clearly dying, having long ago ceased fusing hydrogen into helium in its core and has cooled at its surface and expanded to its present proportions.
		It may be on its way to becoming a larger red supergiant star (where it will fuse helium into carbon and oxygen), or as many astronomers believe, has already been a red supergiant and is now in the process of heating and shrinking a little.
		In either case, stars like Arneb and Canopus are quite rare because of the speed with which they change their surface conditions as they age.
	www.astro.uiuc.edu /~kaler/sow/arneb.html (404 words)

	Definition of The Mote in God's Eye
		The Mote is so called because it is a companion to a red supergiant star, Murcheson's Eye.
		The Mote has only one Alderson point leading to it, and to reach this the ships must actually penetrate the red supergiant itself before using their Alderson drive systems, only possible because they have the Langston field shield technology.
		Indeed they would likely have been formidable competitors to Humanity, except for the fact that they lack Langston Field technology and so are unable to leave their system via the Alderson point leading into the red supergiant.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/The_Mote_in_God%27s_Eye (1017 words)

	Codes for Stellar Astrophyiscs
		i say fl holes are the most intresting phase of a red supergiant star.
		Supergiant stars are not necessarily red, they can also be white or blue.
		The sequence must be supergiant (whatever colour it has)-neutron star-fl hole.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?goto=lastpost&t=56380 (161 words)

	HubbleSite - Hubble Pinpoints Doomed Star that Explodes as Supernova - Image - 7/28/2005
		The star was found to be a red supergiant whose mass is about seven to 10 times that of the Sun.
		SN 2005cs belongs to a class of exploding stars called "Type II-plateau." A supernova of this type results from the collapse and subsequent explosion of a massive star whose light remains at a constant brightness (a "plateau") for a period of time.
		This finding is consistent with the idea that the progenitors of supernova explosions are red supergiant stars with masses eight to 15 times the Sun's mass.
	www.hubblesite.org /newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/2005/21/image/a (739 words)

	The blue supergiant Sher 25 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The hourglass shaped nebula around the blue supergiant Sher 25 was serendipitously discovered while we studied emission line knots in the galactic giant HII region NGC 3603.
		The B1.5 supergiant Sher 25 in the Galactic giant region NGC 3603 shows a circumstellar ring and bipolar outflow filaments similar to the ring structures detected around SN1987A.
		Sher 25 must be a post-red supergiant and hence at similar evolutionary stage as Sk-69202 was.
	spider.ipac.caltech.edu /staff/brandner/topics/ngc3603/ngc3603.html (331 words)

	HubbleSite - Astrofiles about "Shock Wave Sheds New Light on Fading Supernova" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Astronomers believe the star swelled up to become a red supergiant, puffed away some mass, then contracted and reheated to become a blue supergiant.
		These invisible particles are the first signal of the supernova explosion, arriving even before the bright light from the dying star.
		Astronomers believe this ring was formed before the supernova explosion, ejected by the blue supergiant star about 20,000 years before its violent demise.
	www.hubblesite.org /newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1998/08/astrofile (865 words)

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