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Topic: Redshift rocket

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	History and Development of the Rocket Engine
		Since a rocket must carry all its reaction mass with it, most of the first reaction mass goes towards accelerating reaction mass rather than payload.
		The speed ratio of a rocket nozzle is mostly determined by it's area expansion ratio- this is the ratio of the area of the throat to the area at the exit.
		Rockets can use ablative materials that erode in a controlled fashion, or very high temperature materials, such as graphite, ceramics or certain exotic metals.
	www.edinformatics.com /inventions_inventors/rocket_engine.htm (3031 words)

	Antimatter rocket - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An antimatter rocket is a proposed type of rocket that uses antimatter as its power source.
		For example, an antimatter rocket could take one ton of cargo to the interplanetary space using about 400 micrograms of antimatter, or to the low earth orbit using half of that amount.
		For comparison, 95-98% of launch weight of modern chemical rockets such as Zenit or Saturn V is taken by fuel and fuel tanks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antimatter_rocket (332 words)

	Redshift (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Redshift typically occurs when a light source moves away from an observer, analogous to the Doppler shift which changes the frequency of sound waves.
		This redshift phenomenon was first predicted and observed in the nineteenth century as scientists began to consider the dynamical implications of the wave-nature of light.
		Most famously, redshifts are observed in the spectra from distant galaxies, quasars, and intergalactic gas clouds to increase proportionally with the distance to the object.
	www.kiwipedia.com /redshift.html (350 words)

	Interstellar Science
		In physics and astronomy, redshift is an observed increase in the wavelength and decrease in the frequency of electromagnetic radiation received by a detector compared to that emitted by the source.
		Astrophysical redshift occurs, for example, when a light source moves away from an observer in an analogous but not equivalent fashion to a Doppler shift of sound waves from a receding object.
		Redshift is used as a diagnostic in spectroscopic astrophysics to determine information about the dynamics and kinematics of distant objects.
	www.interstellar-science.com /Detroit_Tigers.html (185 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Antimatter rocket (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		A Redstone rocket, part of the Mercury program A rocket is a vehicle, missile or aircraft which obtains thrust by the reaction to the ejection of fast moving exhaust gas from within a rocket engine.
		In a nuclear thermal rocket a working fluid, usually hydrogen, is heated in a high temperature nuclear reactor, and then expands through a rocket nozzle to create thrust.
		The speed ratio of a rocket nozzle is mostly determined by its area expansion ratio—the ratio of the area of the throat to the area at the exit.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Antimatter-rocket (921 words)

	Redshift rocket - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The redshift rocket, envisioned by novelist Karl Schroeder, is a fictional method of spacecraft propulsion.
		One of the key difficulties of harnessing the energy from matter/antimatter collisions is that most of the energy released by them is in the X-ray and gamma ray spectrum.
		The redshift rocket proposes to use particle beams, such as those produced by ultrafast laser pulses.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Redshift_rocket (212 words)

	Facts about redshift (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Redshift is the phenomenon that the frequency of light when observed, under certain circumstances, can be lower than the frequency of light when it was emitted at the source.
		More specifically, the term redshift is used for the observation that the spectrum of light emitted by distant galaxies is shifted to lower frequencies (towards the red end of the spectrum, hence the name) when compared to the spectrum of closer stars.
		Since the redshift is thought to be a result of the movement of the source (or expansion of space), this means that the farther away a galaxy is from us, the faster it moves away from us.
	www.supercrawler.com /Facts/redshift.html (700 words)

	Redshift - Information from Reference.com
		This Doppler redshift phenomenon was first predicted and observed in the nineteenth century as scientists began to consider the dynamical implications of the wave-nature of light.
		Another redshift mechanism accounts for the famous observation that the spectral redshifts of distant galaxies, quasars, and intergalactic gas clouds are observed to increase proportionally with their distance to the observer.
		Redshifts have also been used to make the first measurements of the rotation rates of planets, velocities of interstellar clouds, the rotation of galaxies, and the dynamics of accretion onto neutron stars and fl holes which exhibit both Doppler and gravitational redshifts.
	www.reference.com /search?q=Redshift (3857 words)

	Webmail Redshift Com --> Info and Comparisons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Redshift describes a change in the wavelength of light, in which the wavelength is longer than when it was emitted at the source.
		The term redshift is also used for the observation that light emitted by distant galaxies is shifted to longer wavelengths (towards the red end of the spectrum, hence the name) when compared to the spectrum of closer galaxies.
		The gravitational redshift is a simple consequence of the Einstein equivalence principle ("all bodies fall with the same acceleration, independent of their composition") and was found by Einstein eight years before the full theory,(of relativity).
	www.crashdatabase.com /computers/181/webmail-redshift-com.html (1258 words)

	PowerPedia:Spacecraft propulsion - PESWiki
		A rocket engine is a reaction engine that can be used for spacecraft propulsion as well as terrestrial uses, such as missiles.
		Rocket engines take their reaction mass from one or more tanks and form it into a jet, obtaining thrust in accordance with Newton's third law.
		The speed ratio of a rocket nozzle is mostly determined by its area expansion ratio—the ratio of the area of the throat to the area at the exit, but details of the gas properties are also important.
	peswiki.com /index.php/PowerPedia:Spacecraft_propulsion (4054 words)

	Vessot Rocket Clock Experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In this exaggerated diagram, with a rocket velocity of 0.8c, the frequency changes from 1/3 to 3 times the actual clock frequency.
		To separate the Doppler shift from the gravitational effect, a transponder was used: the ground station transmitted pulses (blue) at a fixed rate, which were then echoed by the rocket (green) and detected on the ground.
		By dividing the rate of pulses from the rocket clock (red curve) by the square root of the rate of transponded pulses (green curve), one gets the blue curve which just shows the gravitational effect on clock rates.
	www.astro.ucla.edu /~wright/vessot.htm (319 words)

	Redshift rocket (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Envisioned by novelist Karl Schroeder, the redshift rocket is a variant on the Sanger antimatter rocket.
		One of the key difficulties of harnessing the energy from matter/antimatter collisions is that most of the energy released by them is in the X-ray and gamma ray spectrum.
		The redshift rocket proposes to use particle beams, such as those produced by ultrafast laser pulses.
	www.askfactmaster.com /Redshift_rocket (181 words)

	It is time for a new look at astronomy and our universe.
		Since redshifts and blueshifts had already been observed in nearby stars, astronomers were predisposed to accept the Doppler effect as the cause of the redshift of distant galaxies, as discovered by Hubble.
		Quite simply, the Hubble law, which relates the redshift of distant galaxies to their distance, may be not due to the Doppler effect, as is universally accepted in the astronomical community, but could be due to the effect of intergalactic gravitational fields on light.
		The redshift of distant galaxies is due at least in part to the effect of intergalactic gravitational fields on light.
	www.geocities.com /newastronomy/Shapiro.htm (3602 words)

	14: A Message from the Big Bang
		Rocket and balloon flights gave important information, but were prone to considerable experimental error.
		This redshift corresponds approximately to the time when electrons combined with protons to form hydrogen atoms; as a result of this event the universe became transparent, allowing the CBR photons to stream into space.
		Unlike the dipole temperature variations, these fluctuations are believed to be intrinsic to the CBR itself, resulting from slight gravitational redshifts (blueshifts) due to slight over (under) densities in the early universe at the time of recombination.
	astsun.astro.virginia.edu /~jh8h/Foundations/chapter14/chapter14.html (752 words)

	Spacecraft propulsion - Engineering - A Wikia wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		All current spacecraft use chemical rocket engines (bipropellant or solid-fuel) for launch, though some (such as the Pegasus rocket and SpaceShipOne) have used air-breathing engines on their first stage.
		A rocket engine accelerates its reaction mass by heating it, producing hot high-pressure gas or plasma.
		The reaction mass is then allowed to escape from the rear of the vehicle by passing through a nozzle, which dramatically accelerates the reaction mass, converting thermal energy into kinetic energy.
	engineering.wikia.com /wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion (3253 words)

	ipedia.com: Spacecraft propulsion Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		can be calculated using the rocket equation, where M is the mass of fuel, P is the mass of the payload (including the rocket structure), and is the specific impulse of the rocket.
		Rockets emitting gases are limited by the fact that their exhaust temperature cannot be so high that the nozzle and reaction chamber are damaged; most large rockets have elaborate cooling systems to prevent damage to either component.
		Rather than relying on high temperature and fluid dynamics to accelerate the reaction mass to high speeds, there are a variety of methods that use electrostatic or electromagnetic forces to accelerate the reaction mass directly.
	www.ipedia.com /spacecraft_propulsion_1.html (2670 words)

	The Armchair Empire - Xbox Reviews: Quantum Redshift
		But while it certainly is an overall solid finished project, Quantum Redshift just doesn’t quite seem to reach the “A” list title echelon it may have attained if some aspects of the game had been more polished.
		It never really feels like you're going exceptionally fast as you race from track to track (you're capable of up to 900 mph speeds), but there are vertigo moments where the combination of speed and flying up or down large distances does give the gamer a sensation of velocity.
		While Quantum Redshift plays it safe by copying the basics laid out by the Wipeout series, the coma-inducing soundtrack and ill-advised (or at least weakly developed) story mode hold it back from being a great game.
	www.armchairempire.com /Reviews/XBox/quantum-redshift.htm (976 words)

	Antimatter rocket Article, Antimatterrocket Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Finally, a nuclear photonic rocket involves heating up such a tungsten block or other material so itemits light - a curved mirror would then reflect the photons backwards and thus accelerate the spacecraft forwards.
		The advantage of this type of rocket is that antimatter, when it annhilates with matter, converts its mass to energycompletely.
		, block, natimatter rocket, nuclear, antimatter ocket, spacecraft, atimatter rocket, difficulty, anitmatter rocket, type, antimatetr rocket, six, antimatte rocket, forexample, antimatte rrocket, reach, antimtter rocket, solution, animatter rocket, microgram, antiatter rocket, less, antimatter rockte, efficiency, antimattre rocket, energycompletely, antimater rocket, produces, antimatter rcket, obtaining, antiamtter rocket, redshift, antimatter rocket, means, antimatter rocekt, time, antmatter rocke...
	www.anoca.org /matter/block/antimatter_rocket.html (348 words)

	The Big Bang and Redshift Theories Have Many Big Flaws, Errors and Problems.
		The Big Bang and Redshift Theories are "politically correct" concepts that are perpetuated by brainwashing of the general public, especially school students.
		The Redshift Theory has our little planet at the center of the universe because nearly all galaxies are moving away from us.
		Rocket thrusters built into the front of the space probe can be fired in the reverse direction to slow the space probe for achieving an orbit around a planet.
	www.biblelife.org /bigbang.htm (6770 words)

	Into Liquid Sky - Game Reviews
		Quantum Redshift is a high speed racing game set one hundred years in the future.
		You'll rocket down straight sections, power slide through corners, propel hundreds of feet into the air, and take advantage of the track's shortcuts.
		Overall, Quantum Redshift is a futuristic racer that perfects the aspects seen on every other racer before it.
	www.intoliquidsky.net /site/reviews/quantum_redshift.html (772 words)

	Works of Karl Schroeder
		In a Sanger photon rocket, matter and antimatter are annihilated together to produce gamma rays, which are reflected out the back of the rocket to produce thrust.
		If we could redshift the gamma rays down into, say, the ultraviolet or violet, then we can start talking about using a conventional light-sail to reflect the prodigious energy from the annihilation, and we'd have a working Sanger rocket.
		Such a rocket would resemble a high-energy lightsail; it would carry its own light source, however, and be capable of travelling to Alpha Centauri and back at near-lightspeed without refueling.
	www.kschroeder.com /1024584436/index_html (2170 words)

	Fundamental Physics of Space - Technical Details
		Gravity Probe A - GP-A was the launch of a precise clock on a suborbital rocket to explore the structure of space and time.
		The experiment was performed by launching a highly accurate MASER atomic clock, and recording how it measured time as it rose to weaker levels of gravity, then fell back to the Earth.
		The primary objective of the mission was to test a portion of Einstein's gravitation and relativity theories called the "Principle of Equivalence," to an accuracy of 200 parts per million.
	funphysics.jpl.nasa.gov /technical/grp/grav-probea.html (256 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Delta Launch Report \| An introduction to general relativity
		Delta 2 rocket - Overview of the Delta 2 7920-model rocket used to launch GP-B. - The launch complex where Delta rockets fly from Vandenberg AFB.
		Two key tests of the gravitational redshift are the Pound-Rebka Experiment and NASA's Gravity Probe A. In 1960, physicists Robert Pound and Glen Rebka were able to detect the redshift of high-energy gamma rays in an elevator shaft at Harvard University.
		A more precise test of the redshift was conducted by Gravity Probe A in 1976, a rocket-based experiment, also known as the Vessot-Levine test.
	spaceflightnow.com /delta/d304/040417theory.html (3507 words)

	[No title]
		As you can see, REDSHIFT is in an early development stage and so a lot of bugs and glitches are found by people using it.
		REDSHIFT has been re-worked to use (most of) the new features and API improvements that came with the new Orbiter release.
		All processors that display a time-based graph will now update the graph even when not in cockpit view - so the graph is not "frozen" for the time you are not in cockpit view (or have the MFD turned off).
	aspector.com /~brf/REDSHIFT/Install.html (613 words)

	The Pinwheel Paradox
		In a thrusting rocket, all parts of the rocket are accelerating at the same speed (otherwise it would crush or stretch) therefore the effects of general relativity, namely the grav.
		Thus observers who are inside the rocket ship cannot tell if they are in an accelerating frame of reference or in a uniform gravitational field.
		In a thrusting rocket, all parts of the rocket are accelerating at the same speed...
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?t=37309 (4043 words)

	Astronomers Tout Gamma-Ray Bursts As Time Probes
		A redshift of 5 corresponds to a distance of 13 billion light years, when the universe was 7 percent its current age.
		But Lamb and Reichart have calculated that gamma-ray bursts theoretically should be visible out to a redshift of 20, when the universe was only a hundred million years old, corresponding to approximately 1 percent of its current age.
		Beyond a redshift of 20, astronomers believe no stars were forming or collapsing to produce gamma-ray bursts.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/gamma-99a.html (899 words)

	Redshift rocket Article, Redshiftrocket Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Designed by novelist Karl Schroeder, the redshiftrocket is a variant on the Sanger antimatter rocket.
		Oneof the key difficulties of harnessing the energy from matter/antimatter collisions is that most of the energy released by them isin the X-ray and gamma ray spectrum.
		Theredshift rocket proposes to use particle beams, such as those produced by ultrafast laser pulses.Both the matter and antimatter would be accelerated to near light speed away from the spacecraft before colliding in the reactionchamber.
	www.anoca.org /spacecraft/energy/redshift_rocket.html (246 words)

	The principle of equivalence
		So there is no redshift in a freely falling frame thus confirming that it is a local inertial frame.
		The rocket is accelerated forward with a constant acceleration g relative to an inertial observer.
		Case 2: The rocket motor is switched off so that the lift undergoes uniform motion relative to the inertial observer.
	vishnu.mth.uct.ac.za /omei/gr/chap5/node5.html (844 words)

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