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Topic: Reduced Planck constant

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Hawking radiation

	Planck's Hypothesis
		Planck, who was a colleague of Wien's when he was carrying out this work, later, in 1900, based quantum theory on the fact that Wien's law, while valid at high frequencies, broke down completely at low frequencies.
		Planck himself in [7] explains how despite having invented quantum theory he did not understand it himself at first:- I tried immediately to weld the elementary quantum of action somehow in the framework of classical theory.
		Planck was also the first to succeed in getting, by means of the said relation, a highly accurate value for the number in question, the so-called Avogadro constant.
	hypertextbook.com /physics/modern/planck (1064 words)

	More on Planck's Constant
		Planck's constant has units of energy multiplied by time, which are the units of action.
		Planck's constant is used to describe quantization, a phenomenon occurring in microscopic particles such as electrons and photons in which certain physical properties occur in fixed amounts rather than assuming a continuous range of possible values.
		On some browsers, the Unicode symbol and#8462; (ℎ) is rendered as Planck's constant, and the symbol and#8463; (ℏ) is rendered as Dirac's constant.
	www.artilifes.com /plancks-constant.htm (563 words)

	Numerical Constants - Mathematics & Physics - Numericana
		Planck's constant: The ratio of a photon's energy to its frequency.
		Some other set of independent constants could have been used to define the 7 basic units (for example, a conventional value of the electron's charge could replace the conventional permeability of the vacuum) but the following one was chosen after careful considerations.
		It is thus fairly likely that Planck's constant could be given a de jure value in the near future, which would constitute a new definition of the SI unit of mass.
	home.att.net /~numericana/answer/constants.htm (5480 words)

	FUNDAMENTAL PLANCK UNITS
		In [Planck 1899] fundamental units of mass, length and time, and therefore all mechanical quantities, are expressed in terms of the physical constants
		In the Schwarzschild solution of general relativity as a constant of integration of the differential equations that are the Einstein equations reduced by the imposition of the condition of spheristasis.
		This essential Planck level quantization is a fundamental idea in Loop Quantum Gravity as pursued by Lee Smolin, which owes its genesis to a formulation of QCD due to Kenneth Wilson, in terms of loops.
	graham.main.nc.us /~bhammel/PHYS/planckunits.html (2415 words)

	Fourth dimension atomic theory
		Because the Dovada research team works with a fourth dimension atomic model, many of the physical constants, similar to the Fine Structure Constant, are now very easily defined from first principles directly from the atoms spiral galaxy and orbital acceleration vectors and the reason for their very existence is now fully documented and understood.
		From formula also shown compliments of scienceworld.wolfram.com it can be seen that the reduced Planck constant (h-bar) is being used to calculate the fine structure constant.
		This use of one constant being used to define another constant does not represent the ideal situation for understanding what may be happening within atomic structure as this could very easily lead us to draw incorrect assumptions.
	www.dovada.com /research/technology.htm (1363 words)

	[No title]
		Thus Planck's constant h is the quantum of action, and h/ (i.e., h/2) is the quantum of angular momentum, or spin.
		Planck had introduced his constant in 1900 in a formula explaining the light radiation emitted from heated bodies.
		Planck's constant has the dimensions of action, which may be expressed as units of energy multiplied by time, units of momentum multiplied by length, or units of angular momentum.
	abyss.uoregon.edu /~js/21st_century_science/lectures/lec12.html (2938 words)

	Natural Units: technical summary and issues involving coursework
		These quantities are fundamental physical constants--among the most universal and basic features of nature--which constitute a natural system of units (a system useful for particle physics, string theory, and cosmology) but one which is unhandily scaled for application to everyday life.
		A consideration which deters the use of Planck units in calculation at the college physics level is the extreme sizes of some of the units, which are therefore difficult to visualize and remember.
		On the other hand if the technical "reduced minute" used to define the system is specified to be exactly 54 seconds or 9/10 of a conventional minute then the system is easier to describe, although its fit with the Planck quantities is less precise.
	www.planck.com /technical1.htm (1936 words)

	Gregory Hodowanec: An Alternative Determiantion for the Velocity of Light
		Planck suggested that experimentally determined universal constants could be used to “establish units of length, mass, time, and temperature, which are independent of special bodies or substances, which necessarily retain their significance for all times and for all environments, terrestrial and human or otherwise, and which may, therefore, be described as ‘natural units’”.
		Planck chose the constants h, his Planck constant, C, the velocity of light in vacuum, and G, the gravitational constant.
		This technique was verified for many known constants, but with one notable exception: the value of, e, the quantum of charge.
	www.rexresearch.com /hodorhys/veloclit.htm (1443 words)

	USA JUST WONT LET IT GO \| Mashada Forums
		If the spaceship is moving at a constant velocity away from the Earth, then it has its own inertial frame of reference, in relation to which it is the Earth that is moving away from the ship.
		-- "h" is Planck's Constant; "k" is Boltzmann's Constant; "c" is the velocity of light; "" is the wavelength in meters; "T" is the temperature in Kelvins; and "e" is the base of natural logarithms, Napier's Constant.
		This is multiplied by the imaginary (i) "reduced" Planck's Constant ().
	www.mashada.com /forums/index/show_topic/22/14014/index.php (3719 words)

	Unified Theory: Freespace constants derived
		Planck's work was not about electromagnetic waves travelling in free space, in which euclidean geometry is a good approximation, but on the interaction of such waves with matter.
		Matter plays an important role in all Planck's work, and thus, a non-Euclidian space has to be preferred for all Planck units, and so, a circumference value must be used in favour of a radius value as the shortest length, whether or not normalised to unity.
		This unit is defined as that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10-7 Newton per meter of length.
	www.blazelabs.com /f-u-const.asp (3922 words)

	Planck time - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		According to the Big Bang theory nothing is known about the universe at time=0, though it is presumed that all fundamental forces coexisted and that all matter, energy, and spacetime expanded outward from an extremely hot and dense singularity.
		One planck time after the event is the closest that theoretical physics can get us to it, and at that time it appears that gravity separated from the other fundamental forces.
		Ignoring a factor of π, the Planck mass is roughly the mass of a fl hole with a Schwarzschild radius equal to its Compton wavelength.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Planck_time (482 words)

	Planck Discovers the Quantum of Action
		Consequently, the entire problem is reduced to determining S as a function of U, and it is to this task that the most essential part of the following analysis is devoted.
		If amplitude and phase both remained absolutely constant, which means completely homogeneous vibrations, no entropy could exist and the vibrational energy would have to be completely free to be converted into work.
		The values of both universal constants h and k may be calculated rather precisely with the aid of available measurements.
	dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us /webdocs/Chem-History/Planck-1901/Planck-1901.html (1975 words)

	[No title]
		This guess fitted experimental evidence at all wavelengths very well but Planck was not satisfied with this and tried to give a theoretical derivation of the formula.
		Planck himself gave credit to Boltzmann for his statistical method but Planck's approach was fundamentally different.
		By 1906 Einstein had correctly guessed that energy changes occur in a quantum material oscillator in changes in jumps which are multiples of hv where h is Planck's reduced constant and v is the frequency.
	cph-theory.persiangig.com /1190-english1.htm (7967 words)

	Planck's constant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Planck's constant has dimensions of energy multiplied by time, which are also the dimensions of action.
		In SI units Planck's constant is expressed in Joule-seconds.
		Barrow, John D. The Constants of Nature; From Alpha to Omega - The Numbers that Encode the Deepest Secrets of the Universe (in English).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reduced_Planck_constant (728 words)

	Light velocity and the Universe
		There are a lot of fundamental constants which as yet have no theoretical basis for their particular value.
		all the speed of light, Planck's constant, Newton's constant, or the Coulomb force constant (as we measure them in the anthropocentric units we have previously and artificially defined) do for us is tell us what this scaling of Nature is, in terms of our anthropocentric units of scale.
		Since Planck's constants were derived from the frequency of light, the value would not just 'happen'.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?p=403952 (3314 words)

	Measuring the Planck Constant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		J-s, the Planck constant is a fundamental physical constant used in calculations throughout mathematics and science.
		It improved the uncertainties of several measurements related to the Planck constant such as electron mass, proton mass, and the Avogadro number.
		This voltage was proportional to the Planck constant.
	museum.nist.gov /exhibits/timeline/printerFriendly.cfm?itemId=32 (572 words)

	SingaporeMoms - Parenting Encyclopedia - Pi
		The mathematical constant π (written as "pi" when the Greek letter is not available) is commonly used in mathematics and physics.
		In Euclidean plane geometry, π may be defined as either the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, or as the area of a circle of radius 1 (the unit circle).
		The symbol "π" for Archimedes' constant was first introduced in 1706 by William Jones when he published A New Introduction to Mathematics, although the same symbol had been used earlier to indicate the circumference of a circle.
	www.singaporemoms.com /parenting/Pi (2349 words)

	Gregory Hodowanec: Rhysmonic Cosmology (Monograph)
		Newton’s law of universal gravitation suggests that every bit of matter, i.e., mass, in the universe "attracts" every other bit of matter in the universe, with a "force" which was proportional to their mass and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
		The proportionality constant, G, is both a function of the size of the universe, and the amount and location of other masses in the universe.
		The simple circuit of Figure (12) may also serve as a gravimeter since the relatively constant rhysmonic flux generated by the earth’s "gravity" develops a small fixed charge in the detecting capacitor which appears as a dc level in the output of the circuit.
	www.rexresearch.com /hodowane/rhysmo~1.htm (14405 words)

	Bohm Ford Nelson Prigogine Umezawa Quantum Theory and Bernoulli Schemes
		The diffusion processes of Nelson may be related to the diffusion calculations of fundmental physical constants, such as force strengths, in the theory under development by Michael Gibbs which in turn is related to the D4-D5-E6 physics model.
		(3) The diffusion constant VC is inversely proportional to the inertial mass of the particle, with the constant of proportionality being a universal constant hbar: VC = hbar / m.
		is inversely proportional to the inertial mass of the particle, with the constant of proportionality being a universal constant hbar: v = hbar / m...".
	www.valdostamuseum.org /hamsmith/mwbn.html (5531 words)

	BIPM - accepted for use
		The units in Table 7 are related to fundamental constants, and their values have to be determined experimentally.
		Tables 8 and 9 contain units that have exactly defined values in terms of SI units, and are used in particular circumstances to satisfy the needs of commercial, legal, or specialized scientific interests.
		The two most important of such unit systems based on fundamental constants are the natural unit (n.u.) system used in high energy or particle physics, and the atomic unit (a.u.) system used in atomic physics and quantum chemistry.
	www.bipm.org /en/si/si_brochure/chapter4/4-1.html (1367 words)

	postmetric units, human-scale Planck units
		The universe has a set of special quantities, technically known as Planck quantities, which serve as built-in natural scales of measurement: a top speed, a main force, a core frequency, a full power, and so on.
		In fact the sizes of most of the raw natural units are extreme by human standards—either very large as in the case of the force, the power, the speed, and the frequency or very small as in the case of the natural time and length.
		Since it is a billion times Planck mass it is already in a power-of-thousand relation to the natural unit.
	www.planck.com /postmetric1.htm (1397 words)

	kentox: The Schrödinger Equation from Basic Calculus
		It was first proposed by Max Planck, in an attempt to explain why the radiation from flbodies followed the form it did.
		E is the energy of the particle, h is a special constant calculated first by Planck, and f is the frequency of the photon.
		Here h is, again, Planck's constant; and p is the momentum of the particle (p = mv, where m is mass and v is velocity).
	kentox.livejournal.com /283732.html (772 words)

	Atomic orbital (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Written in terms of these three factors, the Schrödinger equation looks very formidable, but through separation of variables, it can be reduced to three separate equations, each in one variable.
		A third arbitrary constant results from the application of boundary conditions to R.
		μ is the reduced mass of the electron vis-à-vis the nucleus.
	atomic-orbital.iqnaut.net (1692 words)

	New Fundamental Constant explained by Prof. Ph. M. Kanarev
		r is reduced with the increase of mass m of the photon and vice verse.
		The same model simulated by Walter Krauser, the German physicist, with the help of the constant magnets is given in Fig.
		M of the photon is changed in the wavelength interval or oscillation period in such a way that its average value remains constant and equal to C [1].
	guns.connect.fi /innoplaza/energy/story/Kanarev/constant/index.html (1495 words)

	Planck\'s constant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A closely-related quantity is the reduced Planck constant (sometimes called Dirac's constant): :
		For instance, the energy E carried by a beam of light with constant frequency ν can only take on the values :
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	plancks-constant.iqnaut.net (461 words)

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