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Topic: Reduced mass

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	The Compton Effect, Newtonian Velocities, The Fundamental Particle
		The equivalence is due to conservation of momentum but the scattering and the initial distribution of momentum between "mass" and velocity also identifies a field coupling and a re-established balance between material and anti-material states (electromagnetic and mechanical).
		The sum of the masses of the muon and pion are ½ the mass of the proton divided by the "anomalous" factor in the magnetic moment of the neutron.
		This confirms the "mass defect" of capture (or the energy required for release) is equal to the reduced mass.
	wbabin.net /babin/wd5.htm (739 words)

	Analytical Chemistry News & Features: Focus
		Cooks doesn't believe the extended mass range is necessary to all users, which he cites as one reason that commercial ion trap mass spectrometers have an m/z range of 5000.
		The mass of the sensor, the electronics boards, and the pumps is about 1100 g, and the entire package is 4 x 6 x 8 in.--approximately the size of a shoe box.
		Mass spectrometers are run under vacuum to minimize the number of collisions an ion experiences along its trajectory.
	pubs.acs.org /hotartcl/ac/99/apr/shrink.html (3222 words)

	Reduced Mass Piston
		The first is a reduction in mass and the second is an oversized specially shaped gasket that seals the barrel port and the piston's cylinder.
		The current mass of this piston is.40 kg, the distance it travels is.05 m, and the force acting on the piston at 100 psig is ~5590 N. The time needed to travel the distance is ~1.89E-3 seconds.
		Before the extra PVC material was removed the mass was.45 kg and would have taken 2.01E-3 seconds to move the same distance.
	home.mchsi.com /~hanson49/air_cannon/piston.htm (394 words)

	Abundance of myostatin in infected swine may result in reduced muscle mass
		The study also suggests that myostatin, a protein that limits muscle growth, is overproduced during infection, thereby reducing the growth of skeletal muscle, said Rodney W. Johnson, a professor in the department of animal sciences and the interdisciplinary Division of Nutritional Sciences.
		Reduced market weight or increased time for pigs to reach a desired market weight can be a substantial cost to producers.
		Infection from the bacterium alone did not reduce weight gain compared with the control group during the four-week-long experiment, but it did lead to the development of lesions that affected 8 percent of the total lung area in infected pigs.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-11/uoia-aom111704.php (645 words)

	Raichlen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The aim of this project was to determine the effects of the distal limb mass distributions found in primates on their locomotor mechanics and energetics.
		Researchers have long speculated that these mass distribution patterns may have important impacts on both kinematics, due to the pendular nature of limb motion during walking and running, as well as on energetics, because distal masses cause muscles to expend more energy during locomotion.
		The work required to move the limbs during locomotion is reduced when mass is most distal because stride frequencies are reduced.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~skeleton/MassDist.html (421 words)

	Reduced masses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This is clearly very different from the simple harmonic motion of a mass attached to a spring that is attached to an immovable object.
		Nevertheless, it is convenient to visualize a molecular vibration as consisting of a single mass, M, on the end of a spring of force constant k.
		In other words, the contribution to the effective mass is equal to the intensity of the wavefunction on each atom, times the mass of the atom, times the intensity of the wavefunction.
	www.cachesoftware.com /mopac/Mopac2002manual/node589.html (473 words)

	Neutron Mass (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The wavelength difference corresponds to the difference in reduced mass of the system and thus the mass of the additional neutron.
		An orbit is a stationary state so we cannot measure the orbital period; however, atomic transitions produce spectral lines which do correspond in part with the reduced mass of the electron.
		Thus, we can solve for the mass difference between hydrogen (with a single proton and electron) and deuterium (with an electron, proton and neutron) by accurately measuring the respective spectra.
	webpages.charter.net /dawill/Neutron.html (581 words)

	The Physical Reality of Length Contraction
		The important point that must be retained about equation 1.3 is that the energy E is proportional to the mass, independently of the fact that it just happens that the numerical value of the constant of proportionality is equal to the square of the velocity of light.
		This amount of mass (or energy) carried by the thread is generated by the weight of the atom which slowly moves down to the basement.
		Since the hydrogen atom has lost a part of its mass due to the change of gravitational potential energy, we must expect (according to equation 1.5) that the electron as well as the proton in the atom have individually lost the same relative mass.
	www.newtonphysics.on.ca /EINSTEIN/Chapter1.html (4321 words)

	SUGGESTED ELF ANTIGRAVITY PROTOTYPE DESIGN
		DeAquino demonstrates that gravitational mass of an atom is related to its inertial mass as a function of thermal and electromagnetic (EM) radiation absorption.
		As an object's gravitational mass is decreased close to a zero, a constant applied force produces a larger acceleration.
		So for craft mass reduced to impurity mass, conservation of momentum says maximum velocity is 0.9999999999999999997c.
	jlnlabs.imars.com /systemg/html/gravelf.htm (1730 words)

	Modeling a Springbok — UMPERG
		Two conditions must hold for this assumption to be realized in practice: (1) the spring mass must be small compared to the attached masses and (2) the spring must be stiff.
		Model #3 assumes a damping force that is proportional to the relative velocity of the two springbok masses.
		In the above equations, mu is the upper mass, ml is the lower mass, k is the spring constant, L is the natural length of the spring, g is the gravitational field strength and FN is the normal force exerted on the lower mass by the table.
	umperg.physics.umass.edu /resources/springbok/models (538 words)

	HD Spectrum and the Mass of the Neutron
		Recall that the energy levels of a hydrogenic atom are proportional to the reduced mass
		The mass of the nucleus makes a small correction, and in the case of hydrogen and deuterium ("heavy hydrogen") the corrections are different.
		The ratio of the proton mass to the electron mass is well known to be about 1836.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~mpeterso/classes/phys301/spectrometer/neutron.html (287 words)

	Unequal Mass Ratios (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Simply scaling down the mass of each galaxy in lockstep will not help; the circular velocities of the disks will then also be reduced, leaving the ratio of orbital to rotational angular velocity unchanged.
		However, while the slower encounter may help tail-making, the tidal field from the low mass companion is weaker than in an equal mass merger, and may completely offset the gain from the reduced encounter velocity.
		First, the reduced mass of the companion galaxy results in much weaker tidal forces acting on the primary in comparison to the equal mass mergers shown in.
	www.cita.utoronto.ca /~dubinski/tails/node9.html (386 words)

	Vibrational Analysis in Gaussian
		The rest is simply applying the appropriate conversion factors: from a single molecule to a mole, from hartrees to joules, and from atomic mass units to kilograms.
		The different masses of the atoms leads to a different set of Sayvetz conditions, which in turn, change the internal coordinate system the force constants are transformed to, and ultimately the resulting force constant.
		The coordinates used to calculate the force constants, the reduced mass and the cartesian displacements are all internally consistent.
	www.gaussian.com /g_whitepap/vib.htm (2689 words)

	General
		As a result, it was possible to hollow out some of the area in between the inner and outer diameters, because maximum shear stress occurs at the outer diameter (biggest value of the radius).
		As a result, the mass of the differential case was reduced significantly.
		The complete mass details are outlined on the bill of materials/weights page of the website.
	www.louisville.edu /~jldavi03/me380/redesign.htm (380 words)

	[No title]
		Note that it is not correct to use average molar masses in calculations of the properties displayed by individual atoms and molecules.
		Because the nucleus is much heavier than the electron, the reduced mass will be close to but slightly less than the mass of the ELECTRON (not the nucleus).
		Note that in class we assumed the nucleus to be infinitely massive, so the we could use the electron mass instead of the reduced mass mu.
	www.math.clemson.edu /discus_courses/messages/45/84.html (518 words)

	The Novus Ordo: a Mass of Reduced Power?
		The orientation of the priest says it all: face the people and you have a presider at a holy meal (with a few passing references to a sacrifice); face the traditional altar and reredos and you have a sacrifice offered up to a God who is beyond priest and people.
		Their Tridentine Mass celebration is meticulous almost to a fault but the overall impression given is that something extremely important is going on that requires the complete subordination of the individual personality according to the principle of John the Baptist, the forerunner of Our Lord: “He must increase; I must decrease”.
		At Traditional Latin Masses I have assisted at recently what struck me forcibly was the attentiveness of the congregation to what was going on at the altar, even though the priest had his back to them and was speaking sotto voce in a 'dead' language: their concentration was unmistakable.
	www.latin-mass-society.org /2005/novusordo.html (2564 words)

	World Auto Steel International Iron and Steel Institute: ahss, dual phase steel, dp steel, trip steel, vehicle ...
		But to demonstrate optimal mass, safety and performance results at affordable prices, the ULSAC door uses some steel materials that are not commonly applied to closure panels.
		This leads to mass reduction because it allows for removal of mass that does not contribute to performance-using the right material for the job.
		Using the combined hydromechanical manufacturing process, the required press force was reduced to 3,000-500 tons, thus enabling the use of a smaller press.
	www.worldautosteel.org /ulsac/327.htm (1798 words)

	[No title]
		Background: Consider two bodies, A and B, rotating around their mutal center of mass X. The mass of body A is mA and that of body B is mB (clever eh?).
		The distance between the bodies is r and the distances between A or B and the center of mass is rA and rB respectively.
		The upshot is that if the two masses are rotating about their center of mass, it has a moment of inertia, I EMBED Equation.3 and with all the different r’s to take care of, its easier just to deal with so called ‘center of mass coordinates’.
	faculty.une.edu /cas/cnash/CH327/ReducedMass.doc (432 words)

	Earth Orbits
		If you are riding on one of the masses, the relative motion equation has the same form if you substitute the reduced mass
		The relative motion of two objects that are acted upon by a central force can be described by Newton's 2nd Law as if they were a single mass with a value called the "reduced mass".
		The relative acceleration of the two masses is
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/orbv.html (424 words)

	PC1672: 3.5 Reduced mass
		Newton's third law tells us that the forces that two objects exert on each other are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
		is the position of the centre of mass.
		This shows that in the absence of external forces the centre of mass moves with constant velocity or, equivalently, the total momentum is conserved.
	theory.ph.man.ac.uk /~mikeb/lecture/pc167/gravity/redmass.html (149 words)

	Binary star systems
		As we have seen, a two-body system can be reduced to an equivalent one-body system whose equation of motion is of the form (372), where
		Binary star systems have been very useful to astronomers, since it is possible to determine the masses of both stars in such a system by careful observation.
		Obviously, given the sum of the masses, and the ratio of the masses, the individual masses themselves can then be calculated.
	farside.ph.utexas.edu /teaching/336k/lectures/node58.html (365 words)

	Lagrangian Mechanics Made Simple, Part 3
		Solving the equation of motion for the particle separation is equivalent to solving the equation of motion for a particle of mass
		Notice that if the mass of the first particle is much larger than that of the second (e.g., if the particles are the Earth and a satellite orbiting it), the denominator of (10) is approximately equal to
		This reflects the fact that, in the case of a large mass difference, the heavier particle is "fixed" and the lighter one orbits around it.
	www.worldforge.org /project/newsletters/July2002/LagrangianP3 (565 words)

	Reduced Bone Density Among Children With Severe Hemophilia -- Barnes et al. 114 (2): e177 -- Pediatrics
		Reduced Bone Density Among Children With Severe Hemophilia -- Barnes et al.
		Using functional loading to influence bone mass and architecture: objectives, mechanisms, and relationship with estrogen of the mechanically adaptive process in bone.
		Gains in hip bone mass from high-impact training are maintained: a randomized controlled trial in children.
	pediatrics.aappublications.org /cgi/content/full/114/2/e177 (2505 words)

	Vibrations in Molecules
		The vertical spring and mass are similar to the bond as a spring between two atoms, the masses.
		Click here to get an interactive Excel spreadsheet for estimating the wave number, which is the energy or frequency of a stretching vibration for a specific bond.
		Reduced mass is calculated by this equation: Reduced Mass = M
	academic.pgcc.edu /~ssinex/VibMol/vibrations_in_molecules.htm (545 words)

	Mass Energy Consumers Alliance
		Mass Energy’s Heating Oil Alliance is the program for any household, regardless of income, who wants to save on heating and electricity costs.
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		As a member, we will show you how to reduce your heating and electricity bills by using energy more efficiently in your home.
	www.massenergy.com /Oil.How.html (674 words)

	NEJM -- Reduced bone mass in daughters of women with osteoporosis
		As compared with normal postmenopausal women, women with osteoporosis had lower bone mineral content in the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and femoral midshaft by 33, 24, and 15 percent, respectively (P less than 0.001 for each comparison by the one-tailed t-test).
		In terms of a standardized score, we calculated that the mean (+/- SEM) relative deficits in bone mineral content in the daughters of women with osteoporosis were 58 +/- 18 percent (lumbar spine) and 34 +/- 16 percent (femoral neck) of the relative deficits in their mothers.
		We conclude that daughters of women with osteoporosis have reduced bone mass in the lumbar spine and perhaps in the femoral neck; this reduction in bone mass may put them at increased risk for fractures.
	content.nejm.org /cgi/content/abstract/320/9/554 (1080 words)

	New research on reduced bone mass and risk of fracture in postmenopausal women
		However, there is little agreement on the level of bone reduction (i.e., the ideal T score) at which to begin treatment (including dietary and pharmacological interventions) to reduce the risk for fractures.
		According to the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF), women with a T score of -2.0 or less or -1.5 or less with at least one risk factor should be treated to reduce the risk of fracture.
		Ethel S. Siris, M.D., of Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, and colleagues used data from 149,524 white postmenopausal women (average age, 64.5 years) enrolled in the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA) study to examine the relationship between different treatment thresholds (based on T scores) and fracture incidence within a year of bone mineral density testing.
	www.pharma-lexicon.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=8650 (1215 words)

	Derivation of the 2-Body Collision Problem
		The problem is much more easily solved in the center of mass coordinate system because the total momentum in that coordinate system is zero.
		The mass factor in the momentum equations is called the “reduced mass”.
		Equal mass objects simply exchange their velocities when they elastically collide.
	www.exciton.cs.rice.edu /faculty/wong/Derivations/TwoBodyCollision (234 words)

	Binary Star Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		We change to a frame of reference attached to the center of mass of one of the stars.
		We replace the mass of the orbiting body with the reduced mass of the system.
		Note that when one of the star's masses becomes large relative to the other, the reduced mass m is approximately equal to the mass of the smaller body, and the total mass M is approximately equal to the mass of the larger object.
	www.ac.wwu.edu /~vawter/PhysicsNet/Topics/Gravity/BinaryStars.html (266 words)

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