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Topic: Reduction chemistry

Related Topics

Redox

Oxidation number

Reducing agent

Reduction

Oxidation state

Valence electron

Molecular orbital

Electron configuration

Hydrocarbon

Extractive metallurgy

Iron

Periodic table of the elements

Transition metal

Period 1 element

Aromatic hydrocarbon

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	Chemistry - MSN Encarta
		Inorganic chemistry is the study of the chemical nature of the elements and their compounds (except hydrocarbons—compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen).
		Much of physical chemistry is concerned with the role of energy in chemical reactions; this branch of physical chemistry is known as thermodynamics.
		In a sense, analytical chemistry is the oldest branch of chemistry.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_762504460_9/Chemistry.html (1393 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Reduction (chemistry) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Chemistry students sometimes remember the nature of oxidation and reduction using the simple mnemonic device "LEO says GER" - the Loss of Electrons is Oxidation, while the Gain of Electrons is Reduction.
		Formerly, oxidation (reduction) simply meant the addition (removing) of oxygen or the removing (addition) of hydrogen (hence the name oxidation).
		In organic chemistry, stepwise oxidation of a hydrocarbon produces water and, successively, an alcohol, an aldehyde or a ketone, carboxylic acid, and then a peroxide.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Reduction-(chemistry) (934 words)

	Chem 240 Fall 1999
		Organic chemistry is relentlessly cumulative and intensely interrelated.
		Since organic chemistry is so interrelated, it often happens that students will understand material better in the context of reviewing for the final than was they did when the material was first presented.
		Not if you are a genius, and not if you don't care about learning organic chemistry and/or the grade which reflects that learning.
	chemistry2.csudh.edu /rpendarvis (1303 words)

	Oxidation-Reduction Chemistry
		During this reduction reaction, the oxidation state of the nonmetal always decreases from zero to a negative value (-1, -2, -3...) depending on the number of electrons gained.
		One important fact to remember in studying oxidation-reduction reactions is that the process of oxidation cannot occur without a corresponding reduction reaction.
		Oxidation must always be "coupled" with reduction, and the electrons that are "lost" by one substance must always be "gained" by another as matter (such as electrons) cannot be destroyed or created.
	academics.vmi.edu /chem_jt/CH131/oxidation-reduction_chemistry.htm (1390 words)

	Chemistry International -- Newsmagazine for IUPAC
		Chemistry for example, may be essentially governed by the laws of quantum mechanics, but in order to study the nature and transformation of matter at the appropriate chemical level, one needs to appeal to laws of science other than just quantum mechanics.
		Chemistry on the other hand shares many aspects with physics and biology and so philosophers persuaded themselves that a special study of how chemistry is different was not warranted.
		Eric Scerri is a lecturer in the Chemistry and Biochemistry Department at UCLA and is the editor in chief of Foundations of Chemistry.
	www.iupac.org /publications/ci/2003/2503/2_philosophy.html (1869 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Reduction
		Reduction (chemistry), the process of lowering the positive valence state of an element (e.g., reducing an ore to metal); half of a redox reaction.
		Reduction (linguistics), in linguistics, the shortening of the pronunciation of a word.
		Reduction (Sweden), in 1680 a return of lands to the Crown earlier granted to the nobility.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Reduction (324 words)

	Bambooweb: Reduction (chemistry)
		Oxidation is any chemical or electrochemical process which involves the formal oxidation state of an atom or atoms (within a molecule) being increased by the removal of electrons.
		In organic chemistry, stepwise oxidation of a hydrocarbon produces water and, successively, an alcohol, an aldehyde or a ketone, carboxylic acid, and then a peroxide.
		In inorganic chemistry terms, incompletely oxidized carbon takes the form of carbonate, bicarbonate or carbon monoxide.
	www.bambooweb.com /articles/r/e/Reduction_(chemistry).html (0 words)

	UW - La Crosse Chemistry Department/Different Types of Chemistry
		Fundamentally, chemistry is the study of matter and change.The way that chemists study matter and change and the types of systems that are studied varies dramatically.
		Organic chemistry is a sub-field of chemistry that involves studying the "molecules of life." It is mainly concerned with looking at the structure and behavior of these molecules, which are composed of only a few different types of atoms: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and a few miscellaneous others.
		Physical chemistry is the study of the fundamental physical principles that govern the way that atoms, molecules, and other chemical systems behave.
	www.uwlax.edu /chemistry/types.htm (446 words)

	Wikinfo \| Reduction
		In mathematics, reduction is the process of manipulating a series of equations or matrix into a desired 'simpler' format.
		In cooking, reduction is the process of thickening a liquid mixture such as a sauce by evaporation.
		In chemistry, reduction (chemistry) is the reverse of oxidation, i.e.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=reduction (164 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Nitrogen fixation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Richard Royce Schrock (born January 4, 1945) was one of the recipients of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his contribution to the metathesis method in organic chemistry.
		In chemistry, a ligand is an atom, ion, or molecule (see also: functional group) that generally donates one or more of its electrons through a coordinate covalent bond to, or shares its electrons through a covalent bond with, one or more central atoms or ions (these ligands act as a...
		In chemistry, and in particular, in organometallic chemistry, a metallocene is a compound consisting of an aromatic organic ligand bound to a metal.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Nitrogen-fixation (2068 words)

	Chemistry is Not the Science: Rudolf, Rhetoric, and Reduction
		Notwithstanding the fact that chemistry is an approximate science (as is for all intents and purposes the serious study of history), one of the present authors has taken up Irving's challenge.
		The point of the discussion of evaporation in "The Chemistry of Auschwitz" is that several deniers have claimed that Zyklon-B was either not deadly enough to kill the victims in a short period of time or, alternatively, that it was so deadly that the SS could not have used it safely.
		The point of this structure is to facilitate the intuition of those not used to thinking of chemistry in three dimensions as well as those not used to violations of the octet rule in atoms with energetically accessible d- orbitals.
	www.holocaust-history.org /auschwitz/chemistry/not-the-science (13426 words)

	[No title]
		Nevertheless, in the case of the relationship between chemistry and physics, ontological reduction is taken for granted: the ontological dependence of the chemical world on the physical world is usually presented as a thesis which does not need to be discussed.
		Of course, this subordinate position of chemistry does not affect the everyday activity of chemists, since the methodological autonomy of their work is guaranteed by the failure of the epistemological reduction of chemistry.
		According to the authors, this form of reduction is impossible due to the very nature of the chemical concepts themselves: the concepts of composition, bonding or molecular structure cannot be expressed except at the chemical level.
	philsci-archive.pitt.edu /archive/00001826/01/Ontological_Autonomy.doc (6694 words)

	The Philosophy of Computational Quantum Chemistry
		The theory of computational quantum chemistry may be briefed as follow: A molecule in a particular electronic state may exist with various configurations of its nuclei, each configuration in spaces corresponding to a particular potential energy of the system.
		The fact is that the emphasis of observational/descriptive nature of chemistry actually reflected the opinions of received view of (positivistic) philosophy of science, which privileges observation over theory.[7,8,9] According to the received view of (positivistic) philosophy of science, observation yield factual knowledge (neutral body of facts).
		Interestingly, the successes of computational quantum chemistry coincident with the fallen of the received view of (positivistic) philosophy of science and the rising of 'new philosophy of science', among which the semantic conception (model-theoretic view) of theories is most widely held now[8,9].
	www.quantum-chemistry-history.com /Hist_Dat/Buyong/The-Philosophy-of-Computational-Quantum-Chemistry.htm (3964 words)

	Reduction (chemistry) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Oxidation is any electrochemical process whichinvolves the formal oxidation state of an atom or atoms (within amolecule) being increased by the removal of electrons.
		In organic chemistry, stepwise oxidation of a hydrocarbonproduces water and, successively, an alcohol, an aldehyde or a ketone, carboxylic acid, and then a peroxide.
		In inorganic chemistry terms, incompletely oxidized carbon takes the form of carbonate, bicarbonate or carbonmonoxide.
	www.therfcc.org /reduction-chemistry--119145.html (196 words)

	Redox Reactions
		In electrochemical cells, the oxidation and reduction occur in separate compartments (half-cells), and the overall voltage is the sum of the half-cell voltages
		Typically, for species with standard reduction potentials greater than +1.2 V in acidic solution, the use of strongly basic solutions and strong oxidizing agents is required.
		If the oxo anion has a standard reduction potential in the range +0.3 to +1.2 V, basic conditions are not usually necessary and strongly oxidizing acids such as nitric acid may be used as the oxidizing acid.
	www.wou.edu /las/physci/ch412/redox.htm (827 words)

	Hope College \| Chemistry
		The search for new polymers with high thermal stability and reversible oxidation-reduction chemistry is important in the development of novel materials for electronics applications.
		Also, the thermal stability limits, redox chemistry, and electrical properties of the polymer will be examined.
		Students will also gain exposure to concepts of polymer chemistry and organic synthesis through group meetings, use of the literature, and presentation of their work at student symposia.
	www.hope.edu /academic/chemistry/faculty/mungall/research.html (264 words)

	The Philosophy of Computational Quantum Chemistry (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The theory of computational quantum chemistry may be briefed as follow: A molecule in a particular electronic state may exist with various configurations of its nuclei, each configuration in spaces corresponding to a particular potential energy of the system.
		The fact is that the emphasis of observational/descriptive nature of chemistry actually reflected the opinions of received view of (positivistic) philosophy of science, which privileges observation over theory.[7,8,9] According to the received view of (positivistic) philosophy of science, observation yield factual knowledge (neutral body of facts).
		Interestingly, the successes of computational quantum chemistry coincident with the fallen of the received view of (positivistic) philosophy of science and the rising of 'new philosophy of science', among which the semantic conception (model-theoretic view) of theories is most widely held now[8,9].
	alphanla.chem.uga.edu /~buyong/philo/philo.html (3960 words)

	GMU Chemistry & Biochemistry Course Descriptions
		Course is primarily intended for those who are interested in the application of the principles of organic chemistry and biochemistry to related areas of science such as genetics, microbiology, physiology, and nutrition.
		Basic facts and principles of chemistry, including atomic and molecular structure, gas laws, kinetics, equilibrium, electrochemistry, nuclear chemistry, and the properties and uses of the more important elements and their compounds.
		Cannot be used as a chemistry elective toward a B.A. or B.S. minor in Chemistry and does not fulfill premedical requirements.
	www.gmu.edu /departments/chemistry/courses.html (2590 words)

	[No title]
		Chemistry in a nutshell: The major concepts and ideas of chemical science, and a look at some of the major currents of modern Chemistry.
		Chemistry and electricity • galvanic cells and electrodes • potential differences at interfaces • cell potentials and thermodynamics • Nernst equation and its applications • batteries and fuel cells • electrochemical corrosion • electrolytic cells and electrolysis
		Provides an overview of "environmental chemistry" in its broadest context: the chemical evolution and constitution of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere.
	www.chem1.com /acad/webtext/virtualtextbook.html (971 words)

	MIT Chemistry: Richard R. Schrock
		Professor Schrock is interested broadly in synthetic and mechanistic organotransition metal and inorganic chemistry, catalysis, and polymers.
		A second area of research concerns the reduction of dinitrogen in a well-defined manner, the ultimate goal being activation and reduction of dinitrogen using protons and electrons.
		A third area of research concerns the controlled synthesis of specialty polymers with alkylidene catalysts by either ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of cyclic olefins (e.g., norbornenes or cyclobutenes) or by cyclopolymerization of 1,6-heptadiynes to yield polyenes.
	web.mit.edu /chemistry/www/faculty/schrock.html (462 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For example, fundamental chemistry is based on physics, fundamental biology and geology are based on chemistry, psychology is based on biology, sociology is based on psychology, and political science, anthropology, and even economics are based on sociology.
		He provides the example of a computer, which under hierarchical reductionism can be explained well in terms of the operation of hard drives, processors, and memory, but not on the level of AND or NOR gates, or on the even lower level of electrons in a semiconductor medium.
		Outside the field of strictly philosophical discourse and outside the fields of biology, chemistry and physics, the best known denial of reductionisms of whatever kind is religious belief, which, in most of its forms, assigns supernatural original causes to phenomena.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=reductionism (1270 words)

	Professor Eric Scerri
		Professor Eric Scerri currently in the Chemistry Department of Bradley University in Illinois wrote a PhD thesis on the question of whether chemistry is reduced to quantum mechanics.
		Here he claims to build on Popper's notion that reduction is not an all or nothing affair but should be examined in a naturalistic manner akin to a scientists approach to the problem, that is by examining what can be derived from first principles of the theory in question.
		``Correspondence and Reduction in Chemistry,'' in Correspondence, Invariance and Heuristics.
	www.eeng.dcu.ie /~tkpw/people/scerri.html (1084 words)

	Chemistry help, high school chemistry, college chemistry, chemistry tutorial, chemistry
		The pages on this website are the chemistry lecture notes, including charts and diagrams, that I have developed over the past several years for teaching high school chemistry and college chemistry.
		These chemistry lecture notes include the entire curriculum that is normally covered in high school chemistry and the first two semesters of college chemistry.
		To get chemistry help in any subject area of chemistry, just click on one of the buttons on the left, and then click through to each of the screens for that subject area.
	www.chemistrylecturenotes.com /index.html (326 words)

	Physical Chemistry Oxidation- Reduction
		The earliest view of oxidation and reduction is that of adding oxygen to form an oxide (oxidation) or removing oxygen (reduction).
		This developed into a more general view of the process in which oxidation is the loss of electrons and reduction as the gain of electrons.
		The species which brings about reduction is the reducing agent and this itself is oxidised as part of the reaction..
	www.roymech.co.uk /Related/Chemistry/Chem_Oxidation.html (637 words)

	reduction - Definitions from Dictionary.com
		The reason for the apparent contradiction comes from the early days of chemistry, where reduction and its counterpart, oxidation, were terms invented to describe reactions in which one substance lost an oxygen atom and the other substance gained it.
		The most important forms are beta reduction (application of a lambda abstraction to one or more argument expressions) and delta reduction (application of a mathematical function to the required number of arguments).
		An evaluation strategy (or reduction strategy), determines which part of an expression (which redex) to reduce first.
	dictionary.reference.com /browse/reduction (804 words)

	Regents Chemistry
		Core topics in chemistry include atomic concepts, the Periodic Table, stoichiometry, chemical bonding, the physical behavior of matter, kinetics, organic chemistry, oxidation-reduction, acids, bases and salts, and nuclear chemistry.
		The primary objective of this course is to prepare the student for a first year college or university chemistry course.
		Labs: Chemistry is a laboratory science and the student will become actively involved in the process of investigation.
	www.ccsdk12.org /~mflores/chemistry/syllabus.htm (536 words)

	David R. Tyler
		The research in Tyler’s laboratory focuses on mechanistic organometallic and inorganic chemistry, polymer chemistry, catalysis, and photochemistry.
		Yet another project in the general area of aqueous organometallic chemistry is our synthesis of water-soluble phosphine complexes that reversibly bind dinitrogen.
		Reduction of N2 to Ammonia and Hydrazine Utilizing H2 as the Reductant.
	www.uoregon.edu /~chem/tyler.html (717 words)

	Courses \| Areas \| Exploring \| Chemeketa (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Focuses on general chemistry with emphasis on the applications of chemical principles to the life sciences.
		Covers science vs. technology, scientific method, atomic structure and theory, nuclear chemistry, chemical bonding, nomenclature, chemical reactions, acids and bases, oxidation and reduction, and chemistry of the earth.
		Continues organic chemistry including aliphatic, aromatics, function groups and their reactions, structure and chemistry of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
	www.chemeketa.edu /exploring/areas/courses/ch.html (1163 words)

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