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Reduction In cooking, reduction is the process of thickening a liquid mixture such as a sauce by evaporation. In chemistry, reduction is the reverse of oxidation, i.e. In philosophy, reduction is the process of explaining one phenomenon in terms of another. www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/re/Reduction.html   (89 words)

Ralph Dumain: "The Autodidact Project": T.I. Oizerman: Dialectical Materialism & Hegel's Philosophy of the History of ... The diversity of philosophies, their obvious incompatibility, the struggle of philosophical schools and trends are facts that skeptics use as arguments in their interpretation of the history of philosophy. Hegel rejects all discourse on different philosophies as pointless and empty, as bogged down in useless abstract notions, and as being oblivious of the fact that "diversity is a flow, it must by definition be regarded as a moving, developing transient moment". Philosophy is higher than religion because what is the subject of the imagination and emotion (and Hegel thinks little of their cognitive value) in religion is the subject of conceptual knowledge in philosophy. www.autodidactproject.org /other/oizer-dmhp1b.html   (6854 words)

Reduction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Reduction in chemistry is the reverse of oxidation, see redox. Reduction (linguistics), in linguistics, the shortening of the pronunciation of a word. Reduction (Sweden), in 1680 a return of lands to the Crown earlier granted to the nobility. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reduction   (308 words)

Maurice Merleau-Ponty (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) In this sense Marxism is not a philosophy of history; it is the philosophy of history and to denounce it is to dig the grave of Reason in history. Philosophy is enrooted in the soil of our culture and its possibilities are not infinite, but neither are they exhausted. Mancini, Sandro, Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology as a Dialectical Philosophy of Expression. plato.stanford.edu /entries/merleau-ponty   (11057 words)

Reduction (philosophy) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Reduction is the process by which one object, property, concept, theory, etc., is shown to be entirely dispensable in favor of another. Thus we might also describe reduction as a process analogous to absorption, by which one theory (or concept, or property, and so on) is wholly subsumed under another. Theoretical reduction is the process by which one theory is absorbed into another; for example, both Kepler's laws of the motion of the planets and Galileo’s theories of motion worked out for terrestrial objects are reducible to Newtonian theories of mechanics, because all the explanatory power of the first is contained within the second. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reduction_(philosophy)   (1167 words)

Empiricism - Psychology Wiki - A Wikia wiki In philosophy generally, empiricism is a theory of knowledge emphasizing the role of experience. In the philosophy of science, empiricism is a theory of knowledge which emphasizes those aspects of scientific knowledge that are closely related to experience, especially as formed through deliberate experimental arrangements. Aristotle applied the term natural philosophy to the task of making sense of the natural world, using what would much later become known as inductive reasoning to arrive at categories and principles based upon sense data. psychology.wikia.com /wiki/Empiricism   (4951 words)

Institut | Nicod ----- Reduction and Emergence The debate about qualia in recent philosophy of mind is about whether such reductions can, in principle, explain all features of psychological phenomena or whether the “way it feels from the inside”, the subjective quality of sensory experience is in principle without the reach of reductive explanation. Recent discussions about reduction start from Nagel’s (1961) account according to which reduction is the deduction of the laws of a higher-level theory TR to the laws of a lower level theory TB, with the help of “bridge principles”. Often the elimination of the entities to which the abandoned theory referred, is on the contrary held to be incompatible with reduction, for reduction rather provides additional grounds in believing in the existence of the entities to which the reduced theory refers. www.institutnicod.org /reduction.htm   (4928 words)

Harm Reduction Training Institute -- Core Harm Reduction Trainings In addition, participants will learn why harm reduction is a necessary tool for addressing the drug-related health disparities of African Americans and discuss the contexts in which harm reduction has emerged in the United States and in African American communities. Harm reduction philosophy can be utilized with users who do not seek traditional drug treatment options, or where use of traditional drug treatment has been unsuccessful. Included are discussions of the harm reduction’s understanding of drug use in the context of people’s lives, traditional drug treatment and drug use management. www.harmreduction.org /hrti/coreTrainings.html   (2101 words)

[No title] Philosophy of Science Argues contra Pylyshyn 1984 that finite state automata are good models for cognitive science: they are semantically interpretable and process symbols. Philosophy is autonomous: empirical considerations can't affect it. A pragmatist perspective on the recent history of the philosophy of mind, focusing on consciousness, intentionality, and mental representation, and on debates between Fodor, Dennett, Searle, Putnam, and Davidson. www.cogsci.indiana.edu /pub/chalmers.bib.3   (6609 words)

Untitled The point to notice is that an even weakened notion of reduction still entails that there is some law-like correspondence between the entities of the reducing and the reduced theories, and that this correspondence helps explain why (some version of) the reduced theory holds. The reduction shows the corrected laws of optics to be special instances of the more general laws of electromagnetism and, in virtue of this demonstration, helps explain why Fresnel's laws of intensity ratios and Snell's laws of refraction give the results they do and why the problem of fl screen diffraction is a non-starter. If reduction is not the correct way to characterize the relationship between psychology and neuroscience, we need to specify, insofar as possible, what is. It does not follow, as Putnam seems to think, that because reductionism failed, the two are autonomous. www.phil.vt.edu /Valerie/6014/6014papers/reduction.html   (7474 words)

Majoring in Philosophy at Loyola   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19) For example, philosophy is an excellent preparation for a career in law; many law schools look favorably on a philosophy major. To graduate "with honors" in philosophy, a student must satisfy the above requirements, have a GPA of 3.3 in philosophy (or membership in the honors program), take two additional 300-level courses in philosophy (as approved by the Honors Advisor), and pass an oral defense of an honors term paper. Majors are to discuss and plan their selection of courses with the Philosophy Undergraduate Director, or with their designated advisor, or with a member of the Philosophy Undergraduate Majors and Minors Committee each semester prior to registration. www.luc.edu /depts/philosophy/philmajor.shtml   (621 words)

Untitled The purpose of this article is to discuss the harm reduction philosophy, its applications in the area of substance abuse and the relative poverty of harm reduction-driven services in San Diego. Those who embrace the harm reduction model believe that any movement in the direction of reduced harm and enhanced well being, no matter how small, is positive in and of itself--even if this movement does not result in the elimination of the problem behavior. The harm reduction philosophy played out through low threshold treatment and outreach not only reduces incidence of HIV but links with a large portion of the addicted community not currently involved in services. www.habitsmart.com /sdpa-2.htm   (1309 words)

Philosophy of Mind Bibliography, Part 3: Metaphysics of Mind Some applications of the earlier treatment: examples of determination without reduction; the statuf of properties and universals; the mental; the life sciences; modalities and essentalism; theoretical equivalence. On varieties of physicalism with respect to reduction: semantic physicalism, identity theory, supervenience, and the denial of emergence. The relationship between psychology and neuroscience is best characterized not by reduction but by explanatory extension, where each field is enriched by the other. consc.net /biblio/3.html   (3003 words)

20th WCP: The Not-so-trivial Truth of Methodological Individualism Third, I claim that methodological individualism does not amount to a reduction of social science to psychology; rather, the science of psychology should be divided. Examples of such branches of science in-their-own-right, and of their later reductions (or proposed reductions, as all of these examples are still controversial), are chemistry reduced to quantum physics, cytology and physiology reduced to biochemistry and molecular biology, and Mendelian genetics reduced to molecular genetics. Opinions on whether or not there is a type-type identity relation between brain states and mental or intentional states may differ, but they must converge on the need to do justice to the fact that it certainly looks as if human beings have beliefs and that it looks as if these can explain their actions. www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Scie/ScieFran.htm   (3098 words)

Access Works! Home Page Harm reduction is a nonjudgmental approach that attempts to meet people “where they’re at” with their drug use. Instead of denying services to those who are not abstinent, this practical approach provides services to those who are using drugs to help minimize the harms associated with drug use. The most popular aspect of harm reduction is the needle exchange programs, which through providing clean needles have been effective in slowing the spread of HIV. www.accessworks.org /harm_reduction.htm   (101 words)

The KLI Theory Lab - keywords - molecular biology In Sarkar, The Philosophy and History of Molecular Biology, 171—183. In Sarkar, The Philosophy and History of Molecular Biology, 101—123. Keywords: justification • logic of discovery • molecular biology • reduction • regulatory genetics. www.kli.ac.at /theorylab/Keyword/M/MolBio.html   (523 words)

MM - Harm Reduction Psychotherapy, by Andrew Tatarsky PhD Harm reduction accepts that abstinence may be the best outcome for many but relaxes the emphasis on abstinence as the only acceptable goal and criterion of success. Harm reduction hinges on the fact that substance users are a broadly diverse group of people who need individually tailored treatment that meet their unique needs and strengths. It is the story of Tatarsky's own professional transformation from a traditionally trained substance abuse expert, through his disillusionment with the limitations of the traditional "abstinence-only" model, to his discovery of harm reduction as a philosophy, treatment theory and growing movement of clinicians, drug policy and criminal justice workers, researchers and academics. www.moderation.org /tatarsky/tatarsky.shtml   (1239 words)

Bibliography of Sources for Doing Phenomenological Research (Jeffrey Compton) Busch, T.W. Sartre's Use of the Reduction: Being and Nothingness reconsidered. In J. Kockelmans (Ed.), Phenomenology: The philosophy of Edmund Husserl and its interpretation, pp. Spiegelberg, H. Is the Reduction Necessary for Phenomenology?: Husserl's and Pfander's replies. home.earthlink.net /~rationalmystic/epresbib.htm   (1180 words)

Multiple Realizability (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) In the philosophy of mind, the multiple realizability thesis contends that a single mental kind (property, state, event) can be realized by many distinct physical kinds. Nagel's account "connects" disparate elements of the reduced and reducing theories' vocabularies via "bridge laws" (not Nagel's term!) and claims a reduction when the laws of the reduced theory are derived from the laws of the reducing and the bridge laws. Bickle's “new wave” account construes intertheoretic reduction as the construction of an image of the set-theoretic structure of the models of the reduced theory within the set comprising the models of the reducing, modulo a number of conditions on the resulting mapping. plato.stanford.edu /entries/multiple-realizability   (7376 words)

Harm Reduction: Policies in Public Health Harm reduction is a philosophy intended to be an alternative to prohibition of high-risk lifestyle choices. There are many new applications of harm reduction philosophy related to public health that are just beginning to gain attention. Although they continue to spark debate, many harm reduction initiatives have clearly been successful at improving public health and we should expect them to continue to play an important role in shaping public health policy in the future. www.case.edu /med/epidbio/mphp439/Harm_Reduction_Policies.htm   (3543 words)

Seminar Readings || Mind and Metaphysics Cambbell, K. 'Abstract Particulars and the Philosophy of MInd'. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 50, Supplement (1990): 215-36; reprinted in E. Sosa and M. Tooley, eds. An exploration of varieties of supervenience, the nature and significance of reduction, and implications of these for the layered picture of reality. www.artsci.wustl.edu /~neh06/readings.html   (724 words)

About The Harm Reduction Training Institute (HRTI) The purpose of HRTI is to increase understanding of the harm reduction philosophy; build the skills necessary to implement harm reduction strategies; strengthen harm reduction leadership across a diversity of disciplines and communities; and develop an awareness of the attitudes that contribute to discrimination against drug users and other marginalized groups. The Harm Reduction Coalition (HRC) is a nonprofit organization committed to improving the health and well-being of drug users and communities affected by drug-related harm. HRC promotes effective harm reduction services and policies at the national, regional and local levels, through education and training; community organizing; policy advocacy; and publications including a quarterly newsletter. harmreduction.org /hrti   (327 words)

Suggested Readings Churchland, P. "Mind-Brain Reduction: New Light from the Philosophy of Science." Neuroscience, 7 (1982), 1041-1047. Toward a New Philosophy of Biology: Observations of an Evolutionist. Shapere, D. "The Concept of Observation in Science and Philosophy." Philosophy of Science, 49 (1982). philosophy.lander.edu /scireas/appendc.html   (1432 words)

amfAR Prevention Harm reduction works on a lot of levels, and I think slow, incremental change at the client’s pace, and with the client setting the goals, is the main issue. Well, I think harm reduction can help with sustainable behavior change because of the slow, incremental nature of it, and the fact that the goals are chosen by the participant. Harm reduction seeks to strengthen their sense of self-love, self-esteem, self-efficacy—all of those things—by treating them as if they’re already there. www.amfar.org /cgi-bin/iowa/programs/prevention/record.html?record=97   (3144 words)

How to Quit the Holistic Way - Lungs: pulmonary and respiratory health and medical information produced by doctors Now a holistic approach where an individual's situation and particular way of coping is addressed--and going cold turkey may not be necessary--is slowly beginning to influence the way people with addictions are treated. The best treatments are not offered in isolation; they're carried out with psychotherapy or group therapy--especially when it's open to the holistic view of treating the entire person, not just the addiction--and other holistic therapies. Holistic philosophy overlaps with the harm-reduction approach to addiction, which evolved out of a desire, about 10 years ago, to slow the spread of HIV/AIDS and hepatitis among injection drug users by dispensing clean needles. www.medicinenet.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=35396   (668 words)

reduction - OneLook Dictionary Search Reduction : A to Z of Terms related to the Thermal Spray Process and Surface Engineering [home, info] Phrases that include reduction: oxidation reduction, oxidation reduction potential, oxidation reduction indicator, oxidation reduction reaction, reduction mammaplasty, more... Words similar to reduction: decrease, diminution, reducing, reductional, simplification, step-down, more... www.onelook.com /?w=reduction   (415 words)

PHIL 8670 - Reductionism in Biology Reductionism continues to be one of the central issues in philosophy of science and has been especially important in philosophical discussion of the life sciences. This seminar will survey the core philosophical literature on reductionism in the context of biology with two main goals: (1) identifying the major contours of different approaches to the meaning and nature of reductionism; and, (2) isolating outstanding issues deserving of more research and analysis. Grading is purely a function of performance during the semester and I do not expect all participants to know or have mastered (in advance) the topics we will be considering. www.tc.umn.edu /~aclove/courses/PHIL8670.htm   (1356 words)

9 REDUCING VLBI DATA IN AIPS We also include here some background information concerning the structure of VLBI data sets, the data reduction philosophy and a description of some of the effects for which corrections must be determined and applied. One large point of divergence in the reduction of continuum polarization VLBI data is the question of whether or not to determine separate LL and RR phase solutions. The polarization-specific portions of the recipe given below are based upon the premise that L and R phase solutions should always be determined separately on the grounds that it is safer and should work with data from a wide variety of antennas. www.aoc.nrao.edu /aips/CookHTML/CookBookch9.html   (837 words)

Jaegwon Kim: Publications Reprinted in Philosophy of Science: From Foundations to Contemporary Topics, ed. Articles on "Mind, Philosophy of", "Reductionism", "Physicalism", "The Identity Theory", and "Emergent Properties", in the Oxford Companion to Philosophy, ed. This paper is followed by Reduction fonctionnelle et reduction logique, a discussion of this paper by Max Kistler. www.brown.edu /Departments/Philosophy/faculty/kim/publications.htm   (2031 words)

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