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Topic: Redundancy (language)

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Redundancy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Redundancy, in general terms, refers to the quality or state of being redundant, that is: exceeding what is necessary or normal, containing an excess. Redundancy (law) - a reason for dismissal of an employee in the UK The term redundancy is used, with variations on the above meanings, in the following fields: en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Redundancy   (154 words)

CIS702: Week 4 Redundancy is important because it is often that, with the great variation of writing and print forms, we need to decode what a word is because we cannot determine some of the letters. Since written language tends to be to a wide possible audience, it tends to rely much less directly on the physical and social contexts. Along with the intonation of the words, body language can give clues to the speaker's mood, such as whether she is being sarcastic or is making a joke out of anger. www2.hawaii.edu /~ztomasze/cis702/week4.html   (831 words)

Language Log: Legal redundancy A lawyer redundancy since abet means aid, which lends credence to the old rumor that lawyers used to be paid by the word. The prefix "co" is a redundancy, since a partner is a member of a partnership. A popular legal redundancy is that a debt is "due, owing and unpaid." Unpaid does not necessarily mean that a debt is due. itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/001094.html   (299 words)

Language, Truth and Redundancy Language is an art form, not a wall to hang the picture on. Language exists as nothing more than a means of communication between sentient beings. Since language is just a form of communication, we should try repeating what we are saying in different ways. members.cox.net /xocxoc/philosophy/redundancy.htm   (703 words)

Language Miniatures 49: Redundancy in language So it is redundancy that permits the system to become complex, which is another way of saying that it is indispensable to language, why we can't do without what has been called that "extra ration of predictability". Now back to the question why all languages have redundancy built into their grammar at ALL of the first six levels above (not 7; many languages have no written form). The real answer (to "why redundancy?") was given in the second paragraph at the top, and it is just as true of grammatical redundancy as of the voluntary kind we were talking about. home.bluemarble.net /~langmin/miniatures/redund.htm   (933 words)

Readable Writing: The Role of Cohesion and Redundancy Redundancy is the characteristic of written language that helps ensure that the reader gets the message, so it is another means by which readers and writers can connect in text. Redundancy is complex: it resembles cohesion in that readers are not usually conscious of its presence and importance, but it differs from cohesion in that some forms of it do not appear in a text but come from readers’ contribution to the meaning. When my four-year-old daughter made up the second riddle, she was in a stage of children’s language development where she had not yet learned a key characteristic of jokes: that one has to have an awareness of language as language and of variation and play in meaning (deVilliers and deVilliers 171-72). jac.gsu.edu /jac/11.1/Articles/9.htm   (4067 words)

Functional Redundancy and Ellipsis as Strategies in Reading and Writing Redundancy is widely seen as a kind of linguistic cholesterol, clogging the arteries of our prose and impeding the efficient circulation of knowledge. The drawback of redundancy is that it reduces efficiency, adding weight and expense to a design, but in a world where systems cannot be continuously monitored and will almost inevitably fail—in a world governed by Murphy’s Law as well as by Parkinson’s—redundancy remains a valuable method of ensuring reliability in a variety of engineering applications. If there is enough redundancy in the text or in the reader’s knowledge, the reader can shift into a high gear and employ elliptical reading methods like skimming, scanning, or speedreading—techniques that involve sampling and attending to only a few of the available cues on the page or screen. jac.gsu.edu /jac/15.3/Articles/4.htm   (5566 words)

Language Change - Title Languages that share innovations are considered to have shared a common history apart from other languages, and are put on the same branch of the language family tree. A standard answer in linguistics is that language is transformed progressively as it is transmitted from one generation to the next - the idea being that as each generation must re-create the grammar from the input received from parents, older siblings and other members of the speech community, something gets altered. Since language is constantly changing, when the people who have previously spoken one language split up and move apart, the previously united language will also begin to show differences between the new "branches". www.ling.upenn.edu /courses/Fall_1997/ling001/langchange.htm   (3898 words)

Brainstorms: Redundancy and degeneracy: Evolution and design Redundancy however is a characteristic in which other systems can perform part or all of the function of the system in question. Redundancy and degeneracy may be helpful concepts in determining if we can find evidence of the designers of tinkerers in biology. Chomsky is considering the (biological) evolution of the faculty of language as a part of the evolution of human mind, but if we consider www.iscid.org /boards/ubb-get_topic-f-6-t-000281.html   (4056 words)

Java Language Redundancy is only desirable when it delivers expository value and when there is a clear distinction between normative and non-normative text. The Java language is currently being extended in a number of areas under the Java Community Process (JCP), most notably to add support for generic types. After the broad language changes introduced with JDK 1.1, both the 1.2 and 1.3 releases of the Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition introduced minor language changes which, although typically recorded in the Compatibility documents of the product releases, remained otherwise undocumented prior to the publication of the Second Edition. www.ergnosis.com /java-spec-report/java-language   (741 words)

Natural Language Laboratory: Theoretical Work Non-literal language, of which metaphor and metonymy are types, includes phenomena whose meaning cannot be obtained by direct composition of their constituent words (see Fass et al., 1991, 1992a). The classification of natural language generation systems is based on a number of dimensions such as objectives, stages of evolution and approaches to the modelling of linguistic knowledge. Pattabhiraman is also interested in the problem of evaluating theories and systems in natural language generation (Pattabhiraman & Cercone, 1990b) and is currently working on developing a coherent classification of natural language generation systems, and spelling out a set of evaluation criteria that are relevant to each kind. www.cs.sfu.ca /fas-info/cs/research/groups/NLL/2.html   (3999 words)

REDUNDANCY In the process of communication redundancy is essential to combat noise, to assure reliability and to maintain a communication channel. English writing is estimated to be 50% redundant which accounts for the ability of native speakers to detect and correct typing errors. Parity checks, which are common in communication within computers, enhance reliability but only at the expense of using additional channel capacity. pespmc1.vub.ac.be /ASC/REDUNDANCY.html   (171 words)

Where is the revolutionary programming language that will stop the redundancy? Corporate languages carry around a lot of baggage because they must be backward, forward, or otherwise compatible to some piece of legacy code. Corporate languages are often developed under the pressure of competition, at the risk of throwing out a new feature although it's still immature. All this new language war is confusing for the new programmers/ students. weblogs.asp.net /pleloup/archive/2003/07/18/10235.aspx   (1271 words)

Redundancies The concepts of redundancy, pleonasm, and tautology are all virtually the same, meaning the use of more words that in necessary. REDUNDANCY [16c: from Latin redundantia excess, from redundare to overflow, from re– again, epenthetic d, and unda wave]. Full definitions of each of these three terms are given below: Redundancy, Pleonasm, Tautology. www.fun-with-words.com /redundancies.html   (492 words)

IngentaConnect The Smooth Signal Redundancy Hypothesis: A Functional Explanation... The fact that a large proportion of the variance predicted by language redundancy and prosodic prominence is nonunique suggests that, in English, prosodic prominence structure is the means with which constraints caused by a robust signal requirement are expressed in spontaneous speech. The results of linear regressions carried out between measures of redundancy, syllable duration and prosodic structure in a large corpus of spontaneous speech confirm: (1) an inverse relationship between language redundancy and duration, and (2) a strong relationship between prosodic prominence and duration. We argue that the constraint of producing robust communication while efficiently expending articulatory effort leads to an inverse relationship between language redundancy and duration. www.ingentaconnect.com /content/king/ls/2004/00000047/00000001/art00002   (270 words)

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry Blog: Redundancy in the English Language The existence of redundancy in the language-- i.e. I wonder if any linguists have studied the English language to see how well it actually performs in terms of efficient redundancy. I want to point out one other advantage of uniform spellings that comes from information theory: a language with uniform spelling is more robust to the introduction of errors. www.binarybits.org /archives/2005/01/redundancy_in_t.html   (815 words)

The Literary Encyclopedia Where language is concerned, bruises or bodily death is the only rarely the consequence of failure, but there are documented instances of how language misunderstood in a courtroom has led the innocent to the scaffold. One can think of language by analogy with other human processes: when driving a car, if the visible traffic signs and invisible conventions of the highway code are well understood by everyone, vehicles can execute complex manoeuvres at high speed with minimal risk of accidents. The English language has a particular need of this sign since it is our primary method of indicating what in a language with cases (Latin, German) is called the genitive. www.litencyc.com /stylebook/stylebook.php   (12242 words)

A recent article in Science (The Faculty of Language: What Is It, Who Has It, and How Did It Evolve) by Mark Hauser, Noam Chom Basically, I think that a human language presents a multiplex data base (three levels of multiplexing), the adult is a multiplexer (hence all the redundancy, ambiguity, and regularity among the irregularities in adult language) and the child (passing through stages of selective structure blindness) is a time domain de-multiplexer. Crutchfield’s statistical methods and machines measure the quantity of the redundancy, but not the quality or type, since the redundancy in the primary data ‘loses’ something as the statistical algorithms are not ‘loss-less’ compressions or extractions of redundancy parameters. Others, like me, think that human language structures are defined by a finite state grammar running on a rather simple push down storage machine with a fixed (small) number of registers, some of which are content addressable – hence center-embeddings are all but impossible to process except using registers. www.nyu.edu /pages/linguistics/CA   (6478 words)

redundancy. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. Although certain vernacular constructions, such as the double comparative and superlative constructions (as in more higher and most fastest) are scorned as unschooled redundancies, many fundamental features of Standard English, such as subject-verb agreement, also manifest redundancy in their double marking. Repetition of linguistic information inherent in the structure of a language, as singularity in the sentence It works. For example, in She sits on the chair, the –s inflection on sit indicates that the subject of the sentence is a third-person-singular form. www.bartleby.com /61/84/R0108400.html   (408 words)

Language Log: Five more thoughts on the That Rule So it's really odd to hear advice that redundancy in the formal written standard language should be increased. I'm not saying people shouldn't be allowed to publish whatever their personal opinions are about their language, but I'm seriously unhappy when a major press publishes these assembled crotchets as a manual of usage. I support "which/that" prescriptivism, in particular in formal language. itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/002189.html   (2372 words)

Review of Language and Information But it is precisely this redundancy among its elements that language itself uses for informational purposes: information is present in a text because the elements of language do not occur randomly with respect to each other. All that is available for accomplishing this is to exploit the departures from randomness in language, first to distinguish its elements, and then to determine the structures (patterns of redundancy) in it. The significant redundancy in language has two sources, two constraints on the equiprobability of word combinations. www.dmi.columbia.edu /zellig/rev-LI-bn.html   (2246 words)

Chris Weblog: January 2004 Archives Using language as an example and perhaps a bad example since English is the only language that I speak fluently, does the variation in language redundancy help dictate the variation of interface redundancy. Languages such as German, French, Italian, Japanese, Chinese, and English all carry a redundancy of human language greater than 75%. But, in other languages (and i'm barely familiar enough with an example) much of these word add ons is left out of sentences. www.rit.edu /~cbl8088/blog/archives/2004_01.html   (1732 words)

The Intuitive Basis of Redundancy A word of caution about this figure, while it is true that the language can be compressed to about 1/4 of its size without loss of meaning, this compression has to be done carefully because of the way redundancy has been built into the language. It is thus not a ridiculous approximation to regard a natural language, such as English, as a limit of some succession of Markov sources. This limit would be the entropy of a natural language being modeled by the limit of Markov processes. www-math.cudenver.edu /~wcherowi/courses/m5410/m5410lc1.html   (2625 words)

Apocrypha Some of these had a wide circulation in the Middle Ages, were translated into various languages, and, as might be expected, were subject to all kinds of interpolations and alterations. Several of them refer to the infancy and boyhood of Jesus; such as the Prot-evangelium of James, the Gospel of Thomas, the Arabic Gospel of the Infancy; and some deal with his death, as the Gesta Pilati or the Gospel of Nicodemus, and the narrative of Joseph of Arimathea. The other set of apocryphal books consists of works that have come down to us relating to Christ and his apostles, but which were never regarded as inspired by any sect. www.1902-encyclopedia.com /A/APO/apocrypha.html   (4314 words)

con9601 One way of looking at redundancy in language is to consider the number of possible combinations of sounds that are possible but are not actually used. The "optimal" amount of redundancy will depend on the environment where the language is to be used. Superficially, it might seem advantageous to have a language in which grammatical errors were impossible, but it would only work if people never made any errors in their use of language. home.ccil.org /~cowan/conlang/con9601   (16206 words)

Input-based language modelling in the design of high performance text input techniques There are many areas of research where language redundancy has been applied.  Verdu [21] reports that as early as the 14 century frequencies of letters were tabulated to aid in the decryption of secret messages.  Redundancy still plays a role in cryptography, has an important role in data compression (where the goal is to remove redundancy via a reversible process), and is of concern in database retrieval.         The utility of input text language models can be improved if the corpus is collected using an input task similar to that which the users will ultimately face in terms of both the physical device used, and the type of text entered. dynamicnetservices.com /~will/academic/gi03.html   (1256 words)

redundant e in 'scool' or 'skool', ch in some languages refers to the sh sound. don't know of any redundant J. This is probably because this letter was added so late in the game [circa 1500] victorian.fortunecity.com /vangogh/555/Spell/redundant-e.htm   (938 words)

definition of pleonasm Redundancy of language in speaking or writing; the use of more words than are necessary to express the idea; as, I saw it with my own eyes. Are, As, Express, Eyes, Idea, In, It, Language, More, My, Necessary, Of, Or, Own, Redundancy, Saw, Speaking, Than, The, To, Use, With, Words, Writing Are, As, Express, Idea, In, It, Language, More, My, Necessary, Of, Or, Own, Redundancy, Saw, Speaking, Than, The, To, Use, With, Writing www.brainydictionary.com /words/pl/pleonasm203892.html   (116 words)

languagehat.com: RDIAENG. As for the claim: it shows some of the power of redundancy in language, but it's not as simple as saying that letter order does not matter. So, the thing is that being spanish a language with a little of inflection, it's not harder for a spanish speaker to read it than for you to read english. The implications to natural language recognition that can handle all of the typos and misspellings humans are prone to is significant. www.languagehat.com /archives/000840.php   (10745 words)

The Language Construction Kit Very probably the degree of redundancy of human languages is pretty precisely calibrated to the minimum level of information needed to cope with typical levels of distortion. A language might have just two palatalized consonants (Spanish does: ll, ñ), but one that has a whole series of them is more typical. If languages are difficult for you, just skim a grammar for nice ideas to steal. www.zompist.com /kitlong.html   (4624 words)

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