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	Human Rights Watch - Reeducation Through Labor in China
		Reeducation through labor —sometimes labeled rehabilitation through labor— is not to be confused with reform though labor (laodong gaizao or laogai), the complex of prisons, labor camps, and labor farms for those sentenced judicially.
		Reeducation Through Labor Management Committees, composed of officials from the civil affairs, public security, and labor departments, are responsible for directing and administering the work of reeducation through labor and for examining and approving those who are in need of reeducation.
		In theory, reeducation camps and reform through labor camps are significantly different.
	www.hrw.org /campaigns/china-98/laojiao.htm (1665 words)

	Encyclopedia: Reeducation through labor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Reeducation through labor or láojiào (劳教) is a system of administrative detentions in the People's Republic of China which is generally used to detain persons for minor crimes such as petty theft, prostitution, and drug use for periods up to four years.
		It is distinct from laogai or reform through labour which denotes the Chinese prison system as a whole.
		It has been pointed out that the penalties in reeducation through labor are considerably less harsh than the penalities through the criminal justice system and that while the criminal system has more formal procedural guarantees these are not of much use to the accused in practice.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Reeducation-through-labor (340 words)

	[No title]
		Reeducation through labor-sometimes labeled rehabilitation through labor-is not to be confused with reform though labor (laodong gaizao or laogai), the complex of prisons, labor camps, and labor farms for those sentenced judicially.
		The legislation applicable to reeducation through labor dates back to 1957; the last set of regulations, the Ministry of Justice's Detailed Regulations on the Administration of Reeducation Through Labor, date from 1992.
		Reeducation through labor sanctions violate international human rights standards relating to arbitrary arrest and detention.
	www.hrw.org /reports/2002/china/China0102-08.htm (1521 words)

	Reform of China's Reeducation Through Labor System
		The system of reeducation through labor was established in August 1955 (Communist China was founded in 1949).
		In the latter part of 1955, on the basis of important victories scored in a nation-wide movement to suppress counterrevolutionary elements, a large-scale movement was launched within the government organs to eliminate those counterrevolutionary elements in hiding.
		The system of reeducation through labor was thus born in China.
	www.brookings.edu /fp/cnaps/events/20050125.htm (612 words)

	ipedia.com: Chinese law Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The teachings of Confucius have had an enduring effect on Chinese life and have provided the basis for the social order through much of the country's history.
		Confucians believed in the fundamental goodness of man and advocated rule by moral persuasion in accordance with the concept of li (propriety), a set of generally accepted social values or norms of behavior.
		Minor crimes such as prostitution and drug use are sometimes dealt with under reeducation through labor laws.
	www.ipedia.com /chinese_law.html (1473 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		That same year, legislation on Reform Through Labor of the People's Republic of China was adopted and in 1957, legislation on Police of the People's Republic of China was adopted.
		The Reform Through Labor Bureaus are in charge of reform through labor work and exercise direct leadership over various prisons in their own jurisdictions.
		The Central Administrative Cadres of College for Reform-Through-Labor and Reeducation Through Labor, located in Baoding, Hebei Province, exists at the central level as an advanced training institute for senior officers such as wardens.
	www.ojp.usdoj.gov /bjs/pub/ascii/wfbcjchi.txt (5847 words)

	Book Review -- Laogai-The Chinese Gulag
		The reeducation and socialist indoctrination process follows a series of stages upon the arrival of the prisoner in the camp.
		The fifth stage of prisoner reeducation is an essential element in the functioning of the socialist economy.
		The latter part of Professor Wu's books is a systematic study of the types of forced labor and production activities that have been expanded and developed in the period of Deng Xiaoping's reign in China.
	www.fff.org /freedom/0193d.asp (690 words)

	China: National People’s Congress Should Adopt Human Rights Reforms (Human Rights Watch, 6-3-2007)
		We particularly urge you to do so with respect to “mass cases” of protesters, which you have acknowledged often have legitimate grievances, and to enact statutes that effectively protect lawyers from harassment, interference and attacks when carrying their professional duties.
		Labor disputes are escalating and there are endemic problems in wage arrears.
		What the government classifies through elaborate and vaguely-worded laws as “state secrets” are not limited to matters of national security.
	hrw.org /english/docs/2007/03/06/china15451_txt.htm (1492 words)

	Reeducation through labor -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Reeducation through labor -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		It is distinct from (Click link for more info and facts about laogai) laogai or reform through labour which denotes the Chinese (A correctional institution where persons are confined while on trial or for punishment) prison system as a whole.
		Even the use of special detention facilities for reeducation through labor has its defenders.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/re/reeducation_through_labor.htm (233 words)

	AllRefer.com - China - Public Security Forces \| Chinese Information Resource
		These were the 1957 Regulations on Reeducation Through Labor, which were reissued in 1979 with amendments, and the 1957 Regulations Governing Offenses Against Public Order, which were rescinded and replaced in 1986 by regulations of the same name.
		Offenders under the Regulations on Reeducation Through Labor might include "vagabonds, people who have no proper occupation, and people who repeatedly breach public order." The police could apprehend such individuals and sentence them to reeducation through labor with the approval of local labor-training administration committees.
		The 1979 amended regulations, however, limited the length of reeducation through labor to three years with possible extension for extraordinary cases.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/china/china353.html (1641 words)

	Reeducation in China - Search.com
		Lawyers are relocated to farms and factories for reeducation.
		Reeducation through labor (laodong jiaoyang or laojiao), according to the Ministry of Public Security, is an administrative measure of reform...
		The term 'reeducation camp' is also used to refer to prison camps operated by the People's Republic of China during the Cultural Revolution, or to the laogai and laojiao camps currently operated by the...
	www.search.com /search?q=Reeducation+in+China&tag=se.sr-1-118.rel.c.1.0.0.1.1.b (434 words)

	Laogai Research Foundation (laogai.org)
		The two major aims of the Laogai are to use all prisoners as a source of cheap labor for the communist regime and to "reform criminals" through hard labor and compulsory political indoctrination.
		Serving the same function as Reform Through Labor Detachments, some facilities to house formally sentenced criminals are called "prisons." Conditions are the same in both types of facilities regardless of the name.
		House adolescent convicts or reeducation through labor detainees.
	www.laogai.org /news/newsdetail.php?id=1881 (356 words)

	Introduction to China’s Laogai
		According to a 1982 Chinese State Council circular to the Public Security Bureau titled "Measures for Reeducation through Labor," Laojiao is an "administrative action for carrying out strict education and reform." This allows the Public Security Bureau to detain and sentence individuals for up to three years without any legal proceedings.
		Under the amendments to the "Measures for Reeducation through Labor," suspects that are punishable by Laojiao include "counter-revolutionary elements, anti-party and anti-socialist elements." Clearly Laojiao camps have a political function.
		This broad definition has been indiscriminately applied to countless prisoners who had finished their terms in the Laogai, but were denied their freedom to return home and were forced to continue laboring in the camps.
	www.laogai.org /hdbook/hb_intro.htm (1747 words)

	Xinhua - English
		Anyone who wants to consult on drug addiction treatment throughlabor could dial 1600225 or 010-60279522 for help, according to Beijing Reeducation Through Labor Administration under Beijing Municipal Prison Administration.
		With several years of experiences, Beijing Reeducation Through Labor Administration provides inmates with four treatment phases, namely: drug addiction treatment, recovery, treatment reinforcement, and re-adaption to society.
		The inmates would work regularly to divert their attention fromdrugs to labor.
	news.xinhuanet.com /english/2005-06/26/content_3138533.htm (257 words)

	principles.html
		We want to ensure that our business practices in China respect basic labor standards defined by the International Labor Organization, and basic human rights defined by the United Nations Covenants on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and Civil and Political Rights, signed by the Chinese government, as well as China's national laws.
		Employees working in our facilities and those of our suppliers shall not face discrimination in hiring, remuneration or promotion based on labor, political or religious activity, or on involvement in demonstrations, past records of arrests or internal exile for peaceful protest, or membership in organizations committed to non-violent social or political change.
		Our facilities and suppliers shall prohibit child labor, at a minimum complying with guidelines on minimum age for employment within China's labor laws.
	www.globalexchange.org /campaigns/sweatshops/china/principles.html (511 words)

	Email Marketing HTML Newsletters Create, Send Track - eNews Builder
		Once that decision is reached, however, there is a very brief window of opportunity for new agencies to win the business.
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	www.enewsbuilder.com /testimonial.cfm (1376 words)

	CIST - Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2002 - Excerpts
		During the year, there were many reports of persons, especially FLG adherents, sentenced to psychiatric hospitals for expressing their political or religious beliefs (see Section 1.d.).
		Although the crime of being a "counterrevolutionary" was removed from the criminal code in 1997, western NGOs estimated that as many as 1,300 persons remained in prison for the crime.
		However, the Government retained the ability to restrict freedom of movement through other mechanisms.
	www.specialtribunal.org /reports/us_dept_of_state/2002_excerpts.php (3562 words)

	More Drug Addicts Receives Treatment in China
		According to Chinese laws, all addicts are sent to compulsory rehabilitation centers established by governments at all levels.
		Those who resume drugs after receiving compulsory treatment are sent to reeducation-through-labor centers administered by judicial departments, where they are forced to undergo treatment side by side with reeducation through physical labor.
		The state has also established drug dependence research centers, drug abuse monitoring centers, drug dependence treatment centers and narcotic drugs laboratories, and organized scientific research institutions and experts to conduct research on scientific methods of rehabilitation for addicts and pharmaceuticals for drug addiction treatment.
	english.peopledaily.com.cn /english/200006/26/eng20000626_43945.html (444 words)

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