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Topic: Reelin hypothesis of the development of Schizophrenia

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	A brief history of schizophrenia
		Schizophrenia is extremely uncommon before adolescence and puberty, suggesting that the surge of altered steroid hormone biosynthesis associated with this stage of development, and possibly also those steroid hormones which are elevated in response to stress during these critical career-forming years of life, may also be implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia.
		Interest in an inherited causality for schizophrenia came from observations that schizophrenia often appeared to be clustered in families, an identical (monozygous) twin having a 40 to 50% chance of developing the illness, and a child of a schizophrenic parent around 10%.
		Schizophrenia is a disabling condition with an age of onset which is earlier for men (15-25) than for women (25-35), with a lifetime prevalence of 1.3% within the U.S. population (NIMH, or 2-3 million Americans, of whom fewer than 1 in 5 recover fully.
	www.cellscience.com /shdss2.html (11421 words)

	Development
		Council for the Development of French in Louisiana The Council for the Development of French in Louisiana (CODOFIL) was...
		Development economics Development economics is a branch of macroeconomics that deals with the facts of long term economi...
		Economic development Economic development is the development of economic well-being of their inhabitants.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/development.html (2114 words)

	Reelin hypothesis of the development of Schizophrenia - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Reelin hypothesis of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		This is interesting because the fragile X protein is part of the Reelin system which is one of the proposed mechanisms of schizophrenia.
		Paraphrenia, particularly paranoid form of schizophrenia occurring in the elderly as opposed to adolescents is thought to be caused by abnormalities in the tau protein, which is also linked to some cases of Alzheimers disease.
		I believe that schizophrenia has the same mechanism of neural damage as manic depression, or bipolar disease and schizo-affective disorder but that the mechanism is different to that of unipolar depression.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Reelin-hypothesis-of-the-development-of-Schizophrenia.html (1225 words)

	Function of Reelin in cortical development - MRDDRC Projects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In the absence of the Reelin protein, many aspects of brain development are abnormal including neuronal migration, leading to the disruption of cellular layers, and dendrite development.
		Reelin is an extracellular protein produced in cortical marginal layers and subject to proteolytic cleavage.
		It was previously demonstrated that the Reelin signal that controls cortical layer formation is mediated by two cell surface receptors, the very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2), and by the intracellular adapter protein Disabled1 (Dab1).
	mrrc.pedi.bcm.tmc.edu /projects/reelin-corticaldevelopment.html (382 words)

	The Journal for Pre-Health Affiliated Students (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Schizophrenia, a psychologically degenerative illness, is characterized by reduced activity in the left front-temporal brain and by frequent hallucinations, and alters the mind and perceived realities of one out of every one hundred people worldwide [2].
		CBF studies assert that most people, when thinking or speaking, show an increase in the activity of the frontal lobes of their brains that is offset by a decrease in the activity of the temporal lobes, which are responsible for receiving and transmitting auditory information [3].
		Costa's research on reelin, however, has been of paramount importance in psychological research: he has succeeded in expanding the present base of knowledge on schizophrenia, as well as in generating a plausible avenue which may make it possible for victims of schizophrenia to be biochemically treated in the future.
	www2.uic.edu /orgs/jphas/journal/vol2/issue1/R2.shtml (841 words)

	Neurological Research: Oxytocin receptors in brain cortical regions are reduced in haploinsufficient (+/-) reeler mice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Down-regulation of reelin has been strongly correlated with schizophrenia and it is proposed that HRM may serve as a model for neural deficits seen in both schizophrenia and autism.
		Reelin is a glycoprotein (~400 kDa) secreted by inhibitory GABAergic neurons into the extracellular matrix of the neocortex, hippocampus, olfactory bulb as well as other areas of adult rodent and primate brains and is involved in brain lamination1,2.
		Both OT and reelin are particularly significant during development, and the absence of either may interfere with normal brain development.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3909/is_200506/ai_n14681052 (1329 words)

	Reelin hypothesis of the development of Schizophrenia - TheBestLinks.com - Talk:Schizophrenia, How the pathology of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Reelin hypothesis of the development of Schizophrenia - TheBestLinks.com - Talk:Schizophrenia, How the pathology of schizophrenia relates to symptoms, VCFS, Di George syndrome,...
		Reelin hypothesis of the development of Schizophrenia, Schizophrenia...
		Decreased reelin in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/issues/v57n11/abs/yoa9104.html)
	www.thebestlinks.com /Reelin_hypothesis_of_the_development_of_Schizophrenia.html (1272 words)

	NARSAD: News & Events: NARSAD Research Newsletter Archive
		Schizophrenia is an illness in which people who have the illness continue to have all parts of their brain.
		Patients with schizophrenia have a marked reduction in brain reelin, suggesting that this molecule may be involved in the cause of the disorder.
		This reelin protein that Dr. Fish is working with has been identified as abnormal in schizophrenia and so he is setting up a system to functionally study the protein that we know as abnormal in the illness.
	www.narsad.org /news/newsletter/symposia/win03d.html (5823 words)

	Biochemistry
		Schizophrenia but not affective psychosis seems to be characterized by a postonset progression of neocortical gray matter volume loss in the left superior temporal gyrus and thus may not be developmentally fixed.
		In an attempt to develop a model of homocysteine neurotoxicity, mice were fed homocysteine in water at a dose of 200 mg/kg/day.
		The central NAAG deficit model of schizophrenia could explain the disease process, from the perspectives of both neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration, and may point to potential treatments for schizophrenia.
	www.modern-psychiatry.com /biochemistry_&_neurology.htm (2091 words)

	Genetics of Schizophrenia
		Admitting the hypothesis that Schizophrenia follows a classic Mendelian transmission would in the case of a dominant gene imply that 50% the offspring of one Schizophrenic patient would have the disease when the real rate of inheritance is 13%.
		According to Perkins et al another possible explanation for the lack of success of the genetic schizophrenia related studies relates to the fact that the regulation of the genes involved in the appearance of schizophrenia could be the one responsible of the illness and not the diverse genetic polymorphisms as it used to be believed.
		In this hypothesis the dysregulation of translation and transcription (due to the noncoding RNA) is responsible of a default in the gene expression and the development of the illness.
	www.priory.com /psychiatry/Genetics_of_Schizophrenia.htm (3818 words)

	Alzforum: News
		Reelin, another ligand for ApoER2, is essential for regulation of neuronal migration during development.
		Likewise, activation of tyrosine kinases triggered by binding of Reelin to the ApoE receptor was normal both in the presence or absence of exon 19, suggesting that the exon is not required for this particular set of signals to work properly, either.
		Modulation of synaptic plasticity and memory by reelin involves differential splicing of the lipoprotein receptor apoer2.
	www.alzforum.org /new/detail.asp?id=1244 (1249 words)

	Research Interests (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Although many reports indicate that patients with schizophrenia express low levels of reelin, the physiological function and consequences of the downregulation of reelin in the adult brain is not yet clear.
		The objective of this project is to understand the mechanisms of reelin expression and its functions in NSC migration from the molecular to the animal model level.
		The central hypothesis of this application is that reelin, in which the expression level is epigenetically regulated by DNA methylation of the promoter region, plays an important role in neuroplasticity by regulating the migration of NSCs.
	tigger.uic.edu /labs/sugaya/res (1508 words)

	NARSAD: News & Events: NARSAD Research Newsletter Archive
		Identifying factors that predict expression of schizophrenia is important in developing strategies to potentially prevent or delay illness onset and/or decrease the significant morbidity and mortality associated with schizophrenia.
		Schizo-phrenia is believed to originate from abnormal prenatal brain development; therefore findings from these experiments may provide a basis for understanding the origins of the disease and potentially lead to treatments to prevent or alleviate schizophrenia symptoms.
		She will examine the effects of longer-term exposure to both older and newer antipsychotic medications, and whether it is possible to diagnose schizophrenia accurately at the time of first-onset psychosis so that patients are not inappropriately exposed to the potentially toxic effects of antipsychotic drugs.
	www.narsad.org /news/newsletter/awards/spr02grant.html (17620 words)

	Recent Advances in the Neurobiology of Schizophrenia -- Miyamoto et al. 3 (1): 27 -- Molecular Interventions
		Support for association of schizophrenia with genetic variation in the 6p22.3 gene, dysbindin, in sib-pair families with linkage and in an additional sample of triad families.
		Gilmore, J.H. and Jarskog,L.F. Exposure to infection and brain development: Cytokines in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
		Jentsch, J.D. and Roth, R.H. The neuropsychopharmacology of phencyclidine: From NMDA receptor hypofunction to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia.
	molinterv.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/3/1/27 (6200 words)

	Cellular Basis of Reduced Cortical Reelin Expression in Schizophrenia -- Eastwood and Harrison 163 (3): 540 -- Am J ...
		to the reduction in reelin mRNA in schizophrenia.
		are indicative of a down-regulation of reelin expression.
		Eastwood SL, Harrison PJ: Interstitial white matter neurons express less reelin and are abnormally distributed in schizophrenia: towards an integration of molecular and morphologic aspects of the neurodevelopmental hypothesis.
	ajp.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/163/3/540 (1211 words)

	Definition Schizophrenia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Schizophrenia - what it is, how it affects you, common treatments and miscellaneous information.
		Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a severe brain disease that can make it difficult to know what is real and what is not.
		Schizophrenia Overview: definition, signs, symptoms, treatment of Schizophrenia.
	www.oilyhair.info /info/Definition-Schizophrenia (310 words)

	Ramin Homayouni, Ph.D. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		My laboratory is testing the hypothesis that APP family proteins function in a notch-like signaling pathway during brain development.
		Reelin is an extracellular protein that directly binds to the lipoprotein receptors and induces tyrosine phosphorylation of Dab1.
		The long-range goal of this project is to identify molecular components downstream of Dab1 in the Reelin signaling pathway and to understand the mechanism by which Reelin controls neuronal positioning.
	www.utmem.edu /neuroscience/faculty/Homayouni/RHomayouni.htm (1336 words)

	Chromosome 22 microdeletion 22 q11 - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		If T cell function is compromised, abnormal incidence of fungal or viral infections
		schizophrenia or comparable difficulties may develop at the onset of puberty.
		See also: Reelin hypothesis of the development of Schizophrenia(speculative)
	www.world-knowledge-encyclopedia.com /?t=VCFS (128 words)

	T1DBase - Human Gene RELN - Gene Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Role for reelin in the development of granule cell dispersion in temporal lobe epilepsy.
		Reelin gene alleles and susceptibility to autism spectrum disorders.
		Interstitial white matter neurons express less reelin and are abnormally distributed in schizophrenia: towards an integration of molecular and morphologic aspects of the neurodevelopmental hypothesis.
	dil.t1dbase.org /cgi-bin/dispatcher.cgi/Gene/display?ll_id=5649 (644 words)

	REELIN and Schizophrenia:: A Disease at the Interface of the Genome and the Epigenome -- Costa et al. 2 (1): 47 -- ...
		REELIN and Schizophrenia:: A Disease at the Interface of the Genome and the Epigenome -- Costa et al.
		to be deficient in schizophrenia (5) because of an epigenetic
		Downregulation of dendritic spine and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 expressions in the reelin haploinsufficient heterozygous reeler mouse.
	molinterv.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/2/1/47 (4166 words)

	Treatment For Schizophrenia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Please look for History Of Schizophrenia, Schizophrenia Cause, Symptoms Schizophrenia and Types Of Schizophrenia to find more Treatment For Schizophrenia information.
		Treatment of Schizophrenia Since schizophrenia may not be a single condition and its causes are not yet known, current treatment methods are based...
		Clozapine (Clozaril) is the first substantial qualitative advance in the drug treatment of schizophrenia since the 1950s.
	www.oilyhair.info /info/Treatment-For-Schizophrenia (350 words)

	Chromosome 22, microdeletion 22 q11 : VCFS
		If T cell function is compromised, abnormal incidence of fungal or viral infections
		schizophrenia or comparable difficulties may develop at the onset of puberty.
		See also: Reelin hypothesis of the development of Schizophrenia (speculative)
	www.fastload.org /vc/VCFS.html (134 words)

	Different Types Of Schizophrenia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Please look for History Of Schizophrenia, Symptoms Schizophrenia, Schizophrenia Cause and Effects Of Schizophrenia to find more Different Types Of Schizophrenia information.
		50) this.border=1; this.alt='Thumbnails by Thumbshots.org';">Types of Disorders: Schizophrenia
		He said that because there are many different types of schizophrenia, which are treated in many different ways, it is difficult to categorise...
	www.proctitis.info /info/Different-Types-of-Schizophrenia (252 words)

	Amazon.com: "reelin expression": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Reelin expression in the superior temporal gyrus in schizophrenia.
		The expression of reelin is decreased in layer I of the...
		Uzunov PD, Smalheiser NR, Davis JM, Pandey NG, Pappas GD, Tueting P, Sharma RP, Costa E (1998) A decrease of reelin expression as putative vulnerability factor in schizophrenia.
	amazon.com /phrase/reelin-expression (316 words)

	Schizo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Schizophrenia 3: Greek words andsigma;andchi;and#943;andzeta;andomega; (''schizo '', split or divide) and andphi;andrho;andepsilon;andnu;and# 6: ech, and lack of motivation.
		Reelin hypothesis of the development of Schizophrenia 1: '''Causes of Schizo phrenia ''' 3: ee the speculative article How the pathology of schizo phrenia relates to symptoms '' 5: No simple explanation of Schizo phrenia is available.
		Please note that while the 10: *Life-stresses do not cause schizo phrenia but may precipitate an episode of psychosi 16: o family history a person has about 1:100 risk of schizo phrenia.
	www.witchware.com /File/18283-Schizo.Html (337 words)

	Interstitial white matter neurons express less reelin and are abnormally distributed in schizophrenia: towards an ...
		The distribution and density of IWMNs, immunostained with the neuronal marker NeuN, was increased in the superficial white matter in schizophrenia (+16%; P=0.03).
		Using in situ hybridization, reelin mRNA was found to be expressed by many IWMNs, layer I neurons, and scattered interneurons.
		However, the functional implications of the abnormalities, as well as the mechanisms involved, remain to be fully elucidated.
	www.nature.com /mp/journal/v8/n9/abs/4001371a.html;jsessionid=BA97713585A3C67B7346034719AAF848 (327 words)

	DNA methyltransferase 1 regulates reelin mRNA expression in mouse primary cortical cultures.
		The polygenic nature of complex psychiatric disorders suggests a common pathway that may be involved in the down-regulation of multiple genes through an epigenetic mechanism.
		To investigate the role of methylation in down-regulating the expression of mRNAs that may be associated with the schizophrenia phenotype, we have adopted a cell-culture model amenable to this line of investigation.
		These data support the hypothesis that the reduced amounts of reelin and GAD67 mRNAs documented in postmortem schizophrenia brain may be the consequence of a Dnmt1-mediated hypermethylation of the corresponding promoters.
	bioinfo.pl /pmid:15671176 (606 words)

	Stanley Foundation Research Programs: 2002 Research Grant Recipients (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Will try to confirm prior observations that abnormal blood levels of reelin are associated with schizophrenia and will determine the extent to which antipsychotic drugs affect reelin levels.
		Using a database of 650,000 Swedish males and females born between 1973-80, will investigate whether greater paternal age is associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia.
		Using cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of patients with recent onset schizophrenia and controls, will attempt to verify a previous association of endogenous retrovirus-related RNA sequences with schizophrenia.
	www.stanleyresearch.org /programs/2002recipients.htm (1247 words)

	Brain Research Reviews. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		T.J. Crow, Schizophrenia as the price that Homo sapiens pays for language: a resolution of the central paradox in the origin of the species, Brain Research Reviews 31 (2-3) (2000) pp.
		S.J. Cruikshank, N.M. Weinberger, Evidence for the Hebbian hypothesis in experience-dependent physiological plasticity of neocortex: a critical review, Brain Research Reviews 22 (3) (1996) pp.
		Tom Curran, Gabriella D'Arcangelo, Role of reelin in the control of brain development, Brain Research Reviews 26 (2-3) (1998) pp.
	www1.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/01650173/viewer.htt?viewtype=authors&rangeselected=11 (495 words)

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