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Topic: Reentry orbital

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	Reentry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Reentry or re-entry is the return to the Earth's atomosphere from space.
		Because a major difference between sub-orbital and orbital spaceflights is the greater speed of the latter, atmospheric reentry poses much more of a technical challenge with orbital flights than with suborbital flights.
		This however would require a large amount of fuel, this fuel would have had to be lifted into orbit in the first place and therefore the size of the orbiting space craft relative to the launch vehicle would have to be much smaller, unless the spacecraft were refuelled in orbit.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/r/re/reentry.html (1198 words)

	Difference_between_sub-orbital_and_orbital_spaceflights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		An orbital spaceflight is achieved when the spacecraft travels around the Earth in space at sufficient lateral velocity (or equivalently, enough angular velocity) for the centrifugal force to cancel out the pull of Earth's gravity.
		The important difference in energy requirements between a sub-orbital spaceflight such as that required for the X Prize and for an orbital spaceflight is that no lateral or angular velocity is required for the sub-orbital flight.
		Currently however, the need for an ultra high-performance and ultra reliable heat shield is a major difference between crafts designed for orbital flights (as opposed to sub-orbital ones), demonstrated in the [Mercury program] wherein the orbital flights used a typical ablative heat shield while the sub-orbital flights relied simply on a large metal heat-sink.
	www.usedaudiparts.com /search.php?title=Difference_between_sub-orbital_and_orbital_spaceflights (1221 words)

	Atmospheric reentry -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The main challenge with reentry is deceleration from high (Click link for more info and facts about orbital speed) orbital speeds.
		To avoid our orbital spacecraft performing a (A streak of light in the sky at night that results when a meteoroid hits the earth's atmosphere and air friction causes the meteoroid to melt or vaporize or explode) meteor-style "landing", it has to slow down.
		Orbital velocity for most space craft can be many times the speed of sound, and at such a high velocity, air molecules in the path of the space craft are shock heated, or compressed so violently that the temperature of the shockwave increases to thousands of degrees.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/at/atmospheric_reentry.htm (1566 words)

	Orbital Debris Reentry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		One method of postmission disposal is to allow reentry of these spacecraft, either from orbital decay (uncontrolled entry) or with a controlled entry.
		Orbital decay may be achieved by firing engines to lower the perigee altitude so that atmospheric drag will eventually cause the spacecraft to enter.
		Spacecraft that reenter from either orbital decay or controlled entry usually breakup at altitudes between 84-72 km due to aerodynamic forces causing the allowable structural loads to be exceeded.
	sn-callisto.jsc.nasa.gov /reentry/reentry.html (486 words)

	SHENZHOU SPACECRAFT FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Anything placed in the orbital or service modules does not require heat shielding, and this greatly increases the space available to the spacecraft without increasing weight as much as it would if those modules were also able to withstand reentry.
		In the unmanned test flights launched so far, the orbital module of each Shenzhou was left functioning in orbit for several days after the reentry capsule's return, and the ''Shenzhou_5'' orbital module continued to operate for six months after launch.
		Significantly the docking adapter in the orbital module is based on the adapter used in the Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project and is compatible with both Soviet and American docking adapters.
	www.19gmarketinggroup.com /Shenzhou_spacecraft (1167 words)

	ch2
		Over Woomera on the second orbital pass, the suit temperature had decreased to a value of 72° F and remained in the area of 67° to 72° F, as reported by the astronaut, for the remainder of the mission.
		Throughout the fifth orbital pass the astronaut mainly used the ASCS mode of control, and good correlation was maintained between the gyro attitude readouts and the horizon scanner outputs.
		Although the reentry trajectory is normally computed by Goddard based upon nominal conditions at retrofire, the Goddard computers were prepared at this time to receive the telemetered retrofire parameters in order to process the final landing-point computation.
	history.nasa.gov /SP-12/ch.2.htm (3917 words)

	Orbital Mechanics
		Inclination is the angular distance between a satellite's orbital plane and the equator of its primary (or the ecliptic plane in the case of heliocentric, or sun centered, orbits).
		The orbital elements discussed at the beginning of this section provide an excellent reference for describing orbits, however there are other forces acting on a satellite that perturb it away from the nominal orbit.
		Orbital transfer becomes more complicated when the object is to rendezvous with or intercept another object in space: both the interceptor and the target must arrive at the rendezvous point at the same time.
	www.braeunig.us /space/orbmech.htm (6414 words)

	Reentry Heating
		For manned orbital reentries it would be a lot of weight, like maybe 25% of the mass using Beryllium.
		Reentry from a tether generates less heat, for shorter periods than reentry from orbital speed.
		The total reentry is about 600 seconds vs 2500 seconds, but the hot part is about 100 seconds vs 1000 seconds.
	spacetethers.com /reentry.html (888 words)

	ch1
		The pilot reported that at landing a small amount of water splashed onto the tape recorder in the cabin; it is believed that this resulted from a surge of water which momentarily opened a springloaded pressure relief valve in the top of the cabin.
		Because of the early depletion of automatic-system fuel, attitude control during reentry was not available for the required duration is a result, attitude rates built up after the ASCS became inoperative because of the lack of fuel, and these rates were not sufficiently damped, as expected, by aerodynamic forces.
		The major objective of the ground-flare-visibility experiment was to determine the capability of the astronaut to acquire and observe a ground-based light of known intensity and to determine the attenuation of this light source through the atmosphere.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/SP-6/ch1.htm (5271 words)

	ch.1
		The third United States manned orbital flight marked another key milestone in the Mercury program, in that the period of observation in space for both the astronaut and the spacecraft systems was twice that of previous missions.
		During the orbital phase, the range of HF reception and transmission w as considerably improved over that of previous orbital missions, undoubtedly as a result of the new HF orbital antenna.
		During the first orbital pass over Woomera, Astronaut Schirra was to acquire visually the light from four flares, each with an intensity of 1 million candlepower.
	history.nasa.gov /SP-12/ch.1.htm (4350 words)

	Orbital Debris Reentry
		This is the main propellant tank of the second stage of a Delta 2 launch vehicle which landed near Georgetown, TX, on 22 January 1997.
		This approximately 250 kg tank is primarily a stainless steel structure and survived reentry relatively intact.
		This 30 kg titanium pressurant tank also survived the reentry of the Delta 2 second stage on 22 January 1997 but was found farther downrange near Seguin, TX.
	www.orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov /reentry/recovered.html (271 words)

	Gemini Project
		Equipped with the Orbital Attitude Maneuvering System (OAMS) to create a controlled orbital and reentry path, the Gemini craft were the first fully maneuverable American manned spacecraft.
		Gemini 1 was to check compatibility between the Gemini spacecraft and the Titan II launch vehicle (see Gemini-Titan II) and no attempt was made to separate the two during their brief flight.
		Several orbital and docking training maneuvers were canceled, and Gemini 10 remaining docked to the GATV for about 39 hours—longer than originally scheduled.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/G/Gemini_Project.html (3191 words)

	First Of 72 Iridium Satellites Tumbles Out of the Sky
		Orbital debris experts have their eye on Iridium satellite number 79.
		William Ailor, head of The Aerospace Corporation's Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies in El Segundo, California, said the Iridium spacecraft are random reentries.
		A study of the Iridium satellite reentries, Johnson said, show they are within a NASA and U.S. government standard of acceptable risk.
	www.rense.com /general5/satellitestumble.htm (503 words)

	Mercury
		Eggers said that Ames had concentrated on a landing maneuver involving a reentry approach over one of the poles to lessen radiation exposure, a graze through the outer edge of the atmosphere to begin an earth orbit, and finally reentry and landing.
		In considering the possible meteoroid damage to the Mercury spacecraft in orbital flight, it was concluded by the Space Task Group that damage likelihood was small even during periods of meteor showers.
		The mission objectives were to check the integrity of the spacecraft structure and afterbody shingles for a reentry associated with a critical abort and to evaluate the open-loop performance of the Atlas abort-sensing instrumentation system.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/mercury.htm (15442 words)

	The Partnership - ch3-4
		Beneath the streamlined launch shroud, the orbital reentry portion of Vostok was spherical, while the basic shape of Mercury was a truncated cone.
		In January 1958, he had identified himself as a supporter of the ballistic reentry vehicle when he proposed to NACA Headquarters that a non-lifting spherical capsule be considered for orbital flight.
		He concluded that "as far as reentry and recovery is concerned, the state of the art is sufficiently advanced so that it is possible to proceed confidently with a manned satellite project based upon the ballistic reentry type of vehicle."
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/SP-4209/ch3-4.htm (2511 words)

	X-37
		The X-37, a reusable launch vehicle, was designed to operate in both the orbital and reentry phases of flight.
		The X-37 was projected to be an orbital experimental vehicle to be lifted to orbit by the Space Shuttle or a reusable launch vehicle and returned to Earth under its own power.
		The purpose of the X-37 Orbital Vehicle was to provide a versatile technology demonstrator platform on which to mature, through demonstration, critical technologies required by future space transportation systems.
	www.globalsecurity.org /space/systems/x-37.htm (1096 words)

	[No title]
		The reentry capsule will be undocked from the HOS and after a de-orbit burn, will enter the atmosphere following a ballistic trajectory, heat shield forward, like the Soyuz, and land in the Pacific Ocean by parachute.
		The reentry capsule is equipped with an escape tower for safety during the initial launch phase.
		The reentry capsule is also equipped with individual ejection seats as a backup.
	www.translunar.org /Raffle_Orbital_Vacation_Main.htm (1630 words)

	News: Orbital Space Plane--Commuting To Space (June 17, 2003)
		Initial requirements for the Orbital Space Plane were recently approved by the Agency and distributed to industry.
		The X-37 is an advanced technology demonstrator, integrating embedded technologies and serving as a platform for flight and operational experiments to validate and mature technologies that lower the cost and improve the performance of future reusable space system technologies.
		The X-37 is designed to operate in both the orbital and reentry phases of flight.
	liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov /news/2003/news-OSP.asp (1075 words)

	Eggnaut (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The reentry system must fit inside a space of 30 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm.
		All parts of the reentry system must be above the reentry orbital height of 2 to 3 meters.
		It must land as close as possible to the center of the reentry zone.
	www.smfc.k12.ca.us /class/science/worldspacewk.eggnaut.htm (310 words)

	SPACE.com -- China Bid for Human Spaceflight Boosted by Shenzhou 2 Landing
		An artist's rendering of the separation of the Shenzhou II orbital and reentry modules.
		China's pilotless Shenzhou 2 reentry module returned to Earth Tuesday, a steppingstone mission that bolsters the country's bid to become the third nation to launch humans into orbit.
		The reentry section of the Shenzhou 2 landed to the east of its takeoff point, the South Launch Center -- a newly developed rocket complex at the Jiuquan Satellite Center in Gansu province.
	www.space.com /news/shenzhou_reentry_010116.html (769 words)

	[No title]
		Computer controlled reentry in the demonstration and evaluation of spacecraft systems objective was not flown because of inadvertent alteration of computer memory.
		Secondary objective to demonstrate controlled reentry guidance was not achieved due to incorrect navigation coordinates transmitted to the spacecraft computer from the ground.
		The crew regained control of their spacecraft by using the reentry control system, which prompted an early landing in a secondary landing area in the Pacific.
	science.ksc.nasa.gov /history/gemini/gemini-missions.txt (2506 words)

	SpaceRef - Astronautics - Space Debris (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Interagency Report on Orbital Debris 1995 - In 1995, an Interagency Working Group under the direction of the Office of Science and Technology Policy and the National Security Council revised and updated the 1989 Report on Orbital Debris.
		Orbital Debris Research at NASA-Johnson Space Center - NASA/JSC is the lead NASA center for orbital debris research.
		The orbital debris research team has taken the international lead in conducting measurements of the environment and in developing the technical consensus for adopting mitigation measures to protect users of the orbital environment.
	www.spaceref.com:16080 /directory/astronautics/space_debris (569 words)

	Dynasoar
		These were broken into two groups: vehicles which would be accelerated to orbital velocity at 120 km altitude and achieve global range by actually being in orbit; and sub-orbital vehicles that would reach near-orbital speed at 90 km altitude and glide around the planet.
		Boeing's vague proposal was to use Atlas-Centaur for suborbital flights, and a booster 'to be determined' for orbital flights.
		Phase I contracts for the Dyna-Soar boost-glide orbital spacecraft are awarded by the USAF to two teams of contractors: one headed by Boeing (Aerojet, General Electric, Ramo-Wooldridge, North American, and Chance Vought), and one headed by Martin (Bell, American Machine and Foundry, Bendix, Goodyear, and Minneapolis-Honeywell).
	www.astronautix.com /craft/dynasoar.htm (11254 words)

	Commercial Space Transportation - FAA / AST (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This PEIS evaluates the potential environmental consequences of licensing horizontal launches, the reentry of reentry vehicles (RVs), and the facilities associated with those activities. Please click here to view the PEIS.
		Issuing a launch or reentry license is a Federal action and is therefore subject to NEPA review. This PEIS can be used to tier subsequent environmental analyses for site-specific launches, reentries, or the operation of a launch or reentry site.
		For purposes of an orbital reusable launch vehicle (RLV) launch, flight ends after deployment of a payload for an RLV having payload deployment as a mission objective.
	ast.faa.gov /lrra/PEIS_About_PEIS.htm (383 words)

	sscout7 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In a reentry mission the vehicle was pointed back into the atmosphere after it reached its peak altitude, and then the last stage rocket was fired so that the payload reentered the atmosphere at a high velocity.
		Probe, reentry, and orbital launches were made at the Wallops Island site in Virginia.
		Vandenberg AFB in California was used for launching polar orbital missions, and the San Marco site in Africa was used for placing payloads in a near-equatorial orbit.
	www.vought.com /heritage/special/html/sscout7.html (190 words)

	SPACE.com -- NASA to Accelerate Orbital Space Plane Schedule
		Orbital Sciences Corporation and Northrop Grumman are teamed to address NASA needs for an Orbital Space Plane.
		The company is one of three contractor teams developing proposals for the OSP which includes the spacecraft, ground operations and all supporting technologies needed to conduct missions to and from the International Space Station.
		DAYTON, Ohio -- NASA Administrator Sean OKeefe has instructed the agency to accelerate development of the Orbital Space Plane and to have a vehicle ready to send to the international space station by 2008 to serve as a crew rescue vehicle.
	www.space.com /businesstechnology/technology/osp_okeefe_030715.html (563 words)

	Reentry Data
		The Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies has collected data from many sources to better understand the risks and issues involved with reenty debris.
		Annual Reentry Data - a summary of the major object reentries for the last few years.
		Large Object Reentries - a table showing the largest man-made objects that have reentered from space.
	www.aero.org /capabilities/cords/reentry-data.html (159 words)

	Shenzhou-2 Orbital Module Set To Reoenter
		The extended mission of the SZ-2 Orbital Module is a demonstration that China is capable of maintaining an orbiting platform for a prolonged period.
		The forecast reentry point is 41.0 deg N in latitude and 47.8 deg E in longitude.
		After 257.5 days in space, SZ-2 Orbital Module is in an orbit of 209.5 x 232.4 km inclined at 42.6 deg and a period of 88.9 minutes.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/china-01zt.html (760 words)

	Shenzhou-3 Module Reentry Wraps Up Long-Duration Mission
		After nearly 232 days in space, the Shenzhou-3 Orbital Module disintegrated in a fiery reentry on Nov. 12 over the southern hemisphere.
		According to the Orbital Information Group at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, the reentry occurred during the descending portion of the final orbit of Shenzhou-3 (SZ-3, Shenzhou means "Magic Vessel" or "Divine Vessel") at about 0638 UTC (2:38 p.m.
		The reentry point was approximately 22 deg S in latitude and 109 deg E in longitude, a location over the Indian Ocean off western Australia.
	www.you.com.au /news/1450.htm (473 words)

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