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	Reentry capsule - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Reentry capsule is the part of the Soviet/Russian Soyuz or Chinese Shenzhou spacecraft that returns to Earth after a space flight.
		The reentry capsule is the "middle" module of the three-part Soyuz or Shenzhou spacecraft--the orbital module is located at the front of the spacecraft, with the service or equipment module attached to the rear.
		Soyuz 5 almost ended in disaster, when the reentry capsule entered the atmosphere on the wrong end--attributed to a failure of the equipment module to separate similar to that on the Vostok 1 flight.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reentry_capsule (407 words)

	Space capsule - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Capsules have been used in most of the manned space programs to date, including the Mercury and Gemini programs, as well as in Apollo and Soyuz.
		As the capsule is both volumetrically efficient and structurally strong, it is typically possible to construct small capsules of performance comparable in all but lift-to-drag ratio to a lifting body or delta wing form for less cost.
		Capsules that land on the moon have high powered rocket engines that are fired by the pilot to create lift.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Space_capsule (2093 words)

	TKS transport ship 11F72
		This reusable reentry capsule flew three missions: as Cosmos-881 in 1976, as Cosmos-997 in 1978 and an unannounced suborbital flight in 1977.
		A parachute assembly used in the reentry capsule of the TKS spacecraft.
		The VA capsule could be attached either to the FGB module of the TKS and or to the front section of the Almaz station or to both.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /tks.html (867 words)

	SPACE.com -- Genesis Reentry Observed By Ground, Airborne Instruments
		The Genesis reentry data should be valuable to meteor specialists since the sample container is an analog to meter-sized asteroids that deposit organic material in Earth's atmosphere.
		Although the reentering capsule was quite bright against the deep blue sky at altitude, it was hard to observe from the ground.
		An infrasound record of the capsule cutting through the atmosphere was acquired by a Los Alamos National Laboratory group operating at Wendover, Nevada airport, situated near the Bonneville Salt Flats of Utah's west desert.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/genesis_update_040920.html (1073 words)

	This New Ocean - Ch9-3
		When capsule No. 4 actually arrived at Cape Canaveral on May 23, it was as complete as it was supposed to be except for flight instrumentation, parachutes, and pyrotechnic devices.
		The capsule separation systems were not to be armed until about three minutes after launch, and therefore the capsule remained attached to the Atlas or to pieces of the Atlas, until impact.
		The structural integrity of the capsule was maintained throughout the flight until impact with the water.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/SP-4201/ch9-3.htm (3192 words)

	Information about Friendship 7 Mercury Capsule and Astronaut John Glenn
		This capsule had a square hatch in the side, which was barely large enough for the astronaut to squeeze through.
		Inside the capsule was pure oxygen and one third the pressure at sea level.
		The capsule itself was made out of a titanium and nickel alloy, and the heat shield on the bottom was made from a fiberglass reinforced laminated plastic.
	www.fiddlersgreen.net /AC/aircraft/Mercury-Capsule/info/info.htm (1436 words)

	JPL.NASA.GOV: News Releases
		However, the Genesis capsule, as a result of its parachute not deploying, impacted the ground at a speed of 311 kilometers per hour (193 miles per hour).
		By the time the capsule entered Earth's atmosphere, the flight crews tasked to capture Genesis were already in the air.
		The capsule's separation charge had to be confirmed safe before the capsule could be moved.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /news/news.cfm?release=2004-219 (441 words)

	DASH - Summary
		The main objective of the mission is to demonstrate high-velocity atmospheric earth reentry at the velocity over 10 km/s and to conduct "high-velocity reentry measurements" by onboard instruments during the flight.
		In order to reduce the reentry point dispersion, the attitude of the orbiter is maneuvered by the cold-gas jets based on the earth-horizon sensor and the sun sensor.
		The geometry of the reentry capsule is designed to have natural aerodynamic stability as well as to perform a ballistic reentry flight.
	www.spaceandtech.com /spacedata/logs/2002/2002-003_dash_sumpub.shtml (354 words)

	China's second manned space flight lands after five days (1st Update)
		Beijing - The reentry capsule of China's second manned spacecraft landed safely early Monday in the remote Inner Mongolia region, after a five-day mission that was designed to push forward Beijing's ambitious space programme.
		The capsule was taken by truck to a railway station en route to the Beijing Space City, where hundreds of people greeted the astronauts when they arrived from the airport.
		Before reentry, the astronauts separated their reentry capsule from the orbital capsule, the 'nose' of the spacecraft that can remain in orbit for up to eight months as an electronic and optical surveillance satellite.
	science.monstersandcritics.com /news/printer_1055290.php (564 words)

	Stardust Spacecraft (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Two long rectangular solar arrays are connected by struts extending to the opposite sides of the spacecraft and with their surfaces in the same plane as this face, extending parallel to each other in their long directions.
		The short cone-shaped sample reentry capsule is attached at its narrow end to the front face of the bus.
		A paddle shaped sample collection disc can be extended from the capsule during periods of sampling, and stored inside the capsule enclosed by a cover when not in use.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/stardust.htm (1114 words)

	DASH 2002
		Attached to this was a reentry capsule, 0.4m in diameter and 0.2m high, with a mass of 16 kg.
		The orbiter in GTO was to adjust the orbital period by the drift motor (DFM) for the reentry to the planned point in the Sahara desert in Mauritania Three days after the launch, the capsule was to have separated from the orbiter and conduct reentry over the Sahara desert in Mauritania.
		The geometry of the reentry capsule was designed so as to have natural aerodynamic stability as well as to perform its ballistic reentry flight.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/dash2002.htm (1216 words)

	HYPERSEED: Hypervelocity reentries and deposition of organics in large meteors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Stardust Reentry Capsule (SRC) is of a known material, coming in at a predicted time, direction and speed.
		Even if you know you cannot see the reentry due to obstructions or clouds, it is perhaps possible to hear the sonic boom "rumble" if it is not too far away.
		The capsule itself is very small, only about 2.5 arcseconds in diameter, depending on altitude, moving by the Moon in just a few video frames.
	reentry.arc.nasa.gov /viewingforum.html (1960 words)

	China's second manned space flight lands safely
		Beijing - The reentry capsule of China's second manned spacecraft landed safely early Monday in remote Inner Mongolia, after a five-day mission that was designed to advance Beijing's ambitious space programme.
		Tests included transfers between the reentry and orbital modules, changes out of their space suits and movements inside the two capsules.
		Before descent, the astronauts separated their reentry capsule from the orbital capsule, the 'nose' of the spacecraft that can remain in orbit for up to eight months as an electronic and optical surveillance satellite.
	science.monstersandcritics.com /news/printer_1055206.php (413 words)

	On The Shoulders of Titans - Ch1-4
		Although a ballistic capsule might get the job done quickly, it also had patent shortcomings, not the least of which was "that it will be very difficult to control the landing point within a distance of perhaps the order of a hundred miles each way."
		Lifting reentry was still seen as an important objective, a point stressed by NASA witnesses in budget hearings early in 1960, but not necessarily as part of the Mercury program.
		It projected the use of a heavily instrumented unmanned Mercury capsule to study the problems of stability and heating during reentry from lunar orbit, simulated by launching the capsule into a highly elliptical orbit with the Atlas-Centaur.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/SP-4203/ch1-4.htm (3574 words)

	Astrobiology Magazine
		This week's planned hyperspeed reentry of the Genesis capsule--a multiyear collector of solar wind--also presents astrobiologists with a chance to simulate the physics of how meteorites enter the upper atmosphere.
		During this heating phase of the capsule, the airborne observers will train their cameras at the 'artificial' meteor.
		The return of the Genesis capsule is like a meteor on queue, giving scientists a unique opportunity to study what happens during re-entry.
	www.astrobio.net /news/print.php?sid=1179 (578 words)

	[No title]
		The Vostok capsule weighed-in at 4.7 tons, had a length of 14.4 ft, and a diameter of 7.9 ft. There were two sub-units, the reentry module, and the instrument/retrorocket module.
		The reentry module was spherical, and had a diameter of 7.5 ft, and a mass of 2.5 tons.
		The Soyuz was composed of three main modules, the spherical "orbital module" (7.5 ft diameter), a similarly sized reentry module, and an instrument module.
	ganymede.nmsu.edu /tharriso/class12.html (2192 words)

	The Space Arena Board
		Athough less than 150 human spaceflight launches have used capsules, there are many more uncrewed flights that should be considered, flights that were designed specifically to push the vehicle to the failure point.
		One major advantage of a capsule is that it is possible to test a unmanned capsule to destruction to find the vehicle limits, and to see how and if the safety systems fail.
		BTW even that Soyuz crew that landed 300 miles off course might have died if it was a rocket plane instead of a capsule as its questionable if a rocket plane could have survived the higher G reerntry or forced landing if they were short of the primary runway.
	www.space-frontier.org /cgi-bin/BBS/MoonBase/read/4891 (1268 words)

	donnunn.com: Genesis capsule crashes in Utah desert
		Certainly looked like the capsule was moving at much more than the 100mph claimed in the CNN story quoted below, but the ultra-close-up video feed may have been misleading that way.
		Hollywood stunt pilots had taken off to hook the capsule's parachute, but the refrigerator-sized capsule holding a set of fragile disks containing billions of atoms collected from solar wind hit the desert floor without the parachute opening.
		The capsule was returning after three years in space as part of six-year project that cost $260 million.
	www.donnunn.com /spiel/2004/09/genesis_capsule.html (1267 words)

	Tracking News - IK1SLD
		The cosmonauts loaded film and other materials to be returned to Earth into the reentry capsule docked to the station.
		Immediately after the maneuver, the reentry capsule holding the crew will separate from the Soyuz's other two sections -- an instrument module and a logistics module, both of which will burn up in the atmosphere.
		A critical phase in the crew's return home comes when their bell-shaped capsule enters Earth's atmosphere at the speed of almost 4.3 miles (7 kilometers) per second.
	www.spaceonline.tv /news_000615.htm (438 words)

	HYPERSEED: Hypervelocity reentries and deposition of organics in large meteors / Stardust SRC Entry Observing Campaign ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The total amount of ablated material lost from the heat shield was measured, to be compared to the observed rate of ablation during the reentry.
		Mike Taylor of Utah State University got a spectacular video sequence of the reentry onboard the DC-8 aircraft using a Xybion intensified camera, from which this image is a partial frame.
		MST at night, the Stardust Sample Return Capsule (SRC) will be entering the Earth's atmosphere at 12.8 km/s, the fastest man-made object to traverse our atmosphere, delivering cometary dust samples to the Utah Test and Training Range.
	reentry.arc.nasa.gov (3244 words)

	NASA's Genesis Mission Crashes; Solar Samples Compromised
		Lockheed Martin's Corwin, who was one of the first to inspect the capsule on the ground, said he could see that the mortar designed to pull the drogue chute out at about 108,000 ft. and Mach 2 had not fired.
		Because of that, initial speculation as to the cause of the failure centered on the chute deployment system, which either failed to sense the g-load trigger for firing the mortar or was not able to get electrical power to the pyrotechnic devices because of a battery failure or incomplete circuit.
		Corwin said ground tests with identical hardware requalified the battery to a higher temperature than it saw for the remainder of the mission, and telemetry indicated the battery was good when the capsule separated for reentry.
	aviationnow.com /avnow/news/channel_awst_story.jsp?id=news/09134wna.xml (1204 words)

	VESA (Vehículo Espacial Suborbital Argentino)
		Once the maximum height is reached, the rocket and the capsule separate.
		During this period of time the automatic system or pilot will be able to reorient the capsule for reentry using a cold gas reaction control system.
		In case of a malfunction the capsule is designed to reorient itself through the correct placement of of its center of gravity.
	www.pablodeleon.com /eng/info_tec1.html (309 words)

	SPACE.com -- Stardust Capsule Headed For Utah Landing
		Next month, the spacecraft is to eject to Earth a capsule filled with particles of interstellar and comet dust.
		The g-switches were onboard to sense the braking caused by the Genesis capsule’s high-speed entry into the atmosphere, and to then initiate a timing sequence that would have lead to deployment of the hardware’s drogue parachute and parafoil.
		An extra-added attraction of Stardust’s mission is use of the main part of the spacecraft, sans the sample return capsule.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/051221_stardust_update.html (1314 words)

	Genesis Reentry
		The parachute did not open, and the capsule crashed directly into the ground at a speed of approximately 100 mph.
		Watching the reentry, exciting and fruitful as that may be, is merely a prelude to the main event:
		Once the fireball is spent, a parafoil will pop out and the capsule will glide gently toward the US Air Force's Utah Test and Training Range, southwest of Salt Lake City.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2004/03sep_genesisreentry.htm (754 words)

	Spacecraft - Gemini
		There would therefore be no experience in the US in understanding the problems of orbital maneuvring, rendezvous, docking, lifting reentry, and extravehicular activity before the Apollo flights, which required all of these to be successfully accomplished to complete the lunar landing mission.
		The concept was to enlarge the Mercury capsule's basic design to accommodate two crew, provide it with orbital maneuvring capability, use existing boosters to launch it and an existing upper rocket stage as a docking target.
		It consisted of two sections; a manned capsule (reentry module) and an adapter section (consisting of retro and equipment modules).
	www.braeunig.us /space/specs/gemini.htm (501 words)

	[No title]
		The reentry capsule will be undocked from the HOS and after a de-orbit burn, will enter the atmosphere following a ballistic trajectory, heat shield forward, like the Soyuz, and land in the Pacific Ocean by parachute.
		The reentry capsule is equipped with an escape tower for safety during the initial launch phase.
		The reentry capsule is also equipped with individual ejection seats as a backup.
	www.translunar.org /Raffle_Orbital_Vacation_Main.htm (1630 words)

	Spacecraft - Shenzhou
		The Shenzhou capsule is about 1/7th larger dimensionally than Soyuz and, therefore, cannot use Russian hardware, but is instead a scaled-up copy of the Soyuz 'headlight' aerodynamic form.
		The structure of the reentry vehicle uses a titanium frame, with aluminum alloy sidewalls, base, and pressure vessel.
		As the capsule approaches the ground, the capsule converts from single-point to two-point suspension under the main parachute, and its vertical velocity declines to 8 m/s.
	www.braeunig.us /space/specs/shenzhou.htm (1091 words)

	The Space Review: Orbital Space Plane: Back to Apollo? (page 2)
		The structure of the capsule would be modified so it could handle the 105 kilopascal (15 psi) air pressure used in the ISS today, rather than the 34 kPa (5 psi) pure oxygen environment that Apollo used.
		Apollo capsules, of course, splashed down in the ocean in predefined locations, and were recovered by a network of helicopters and ships.
		It’s likely that capsule reentry of any kind will be closely studied after this weekend’s Soyuz TMA-1 landing, where an unspecified problem caused the capsule to land nearly 500 kilometers short of its landing site, delaying recovery of the crew by several hours.
	www.thespacereview.com /article/19/2 (846 words)

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