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Topic: Referenda

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	The Use of Direct Democracy (Referenda and Plebiscites) in Modern Government
		Referenda, on the other hand, normally require special majorities, that is to say, either a certain percentage of the total eligible electorate participating or a certain percentage of those voting in the general election also participating in the referendum.
		To summarize, referenda have become legitimate tools in the arsenal of democratic self-government, especially if they are anchored in the constitutional governance process of the polity and are not used as plebiscites simply to ratify government actions.
		Referenda are best used in the policy process when their enactment requires either special, extraordinary, and/or dispersed majorities so that the results are clear and cannot be interpreted as overaffected by the vagaries of timing.
	www.jcpa.org /dje/articles/ref-pleb.htm (1677 words)

	Referenda in Canada - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		National referenda are seldom used in Canada, and have tended to be disasters.
		The provinces of Canada have held a variety of referenda on various issues over the years.
		Previously, in 1949, two referenda were held on the future of Newfoundland, then a British colony.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Referenda_in_Canada (537 words)

	Center for Campus Free Speech
		A Critical distinction exists between the use of referenda to determine a group's eligibility to receive funds and the use of referenda to determine the amount of funds allocated to a group that has already been deemed eligible.
		Using referenda is simply an extension of the process of considering student support in allocation decisions.
		Provided that referenda are employed to set levels of allocation, student votes can be useful in broadening the vibrancy of a particular campuses' marketplace of ideas and forum of student debate.
	www.campusspeech.org /speech.asp?id2=12439 (463 words)

	Referenda Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal.
		This may be the adoption of a new constitution, a constitutional amendment, a law, the recall of an elected official or simply a specific government policy.
		Due to the specific mention of referenda in the Australian constitution, non-constitutional referenda are usually termed plebescites in Australia.
	popularityguide.com /encyclopedia/Referenda (2606 words)

	Constitutional Referenda in Australia (Research Paper 2 1999-2000)
		While the history of referenda in Australia provides some useful perspectives on party and voter behaviour, it offers limited predictive power for the outcome of the referenda to be held in November 1999.
		Four of the 22 referenda held at the same time as a Commonwealth election were passed (1906, 1910, 1928, 1946); four of the 20 held at times other than a Commonwealth election were passed.
		Voters in the Federation referenda were spoken to incessantly about the need to protect the place of their colony in the future union, and in the years since, Premiers have often warned voters of the need to protect their State's rights from Commonwealth incursion.
	www.aph.gov.au /library/pubs/rp/1999-2000/2000rp02.htm (9816 words)

	Global Exchange : Petitions for Recall Referenda against Legislators in Venezuela Mostly Unsuccessful
		Caracas, April 7, 2004—Of the 37 petitions for recall referenda against opposition legislators that the pro-government coalition turned in, so far only two of the petitions had sufficient valid signatures for recall referenda to be activated, according to preliminary results presented by the electoral council (CNE).
		With regard to the 31 petitions for recall referenda against pro-government legislators that the opposition submitted, only one might be subject to a recall referendum, but only if enough signers re-certify their signatures in the "repair" process.
		In both the opposition's and the pro-government's petitions for recall referenda, close to one third of the signatures fall into the category of signatures where personal data and/or signatures themselves appear to have been written with the same handwriting on the petition forms.
	www.globalexchange.org /tours/venezuela/1714.html (326 words)

	ARTICLE XIII Referenda
		Referenda may be initiated by a majority vote of the Union Council or by a petition from the membership.
		Examples of referenda include but are not limited to votes on collective bargaining platforms, on collective bargaining agreements, and on job actions.
		All other referenda shall be passed by a simple majority of the votes cast.
	www.leounion.org /constitution/articles/article13.htm (253 words)

	Spacecraft: Den Beste on European Referenda
		That is, if the people of Europe are consulted on how their countries should be governed, then the current governments will be required to change their behavior to reflect the will of the citizens.
		I almost agree with that statement, in general, in the sense that referenda should not be used for all decision-making.
		However, for something as important as a Constitution, a national referendum is appropriate, especially if the existing mechanism for adoption is merely a majority vote in the nation's legislature (I'm not sure what the mechanisms in the various EU nations are).
	www.aoe.vt.edu /~cdhall/Space/archives/000852.html (229 words)

	Jakobsson-Hatay, Cyprus: Referenda & Future (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The outcome of the twin referenda was a resounding oxi (no) (75.8 per cent) from the Greek Cypriots and a clear evet (yes) (64.9 per cent) from the Turkish Cypriots.
		The outcome of the referenda also means that Cyprus will accede to the EU on the 1st of May as a divided island.
		Predictably, after the referenda the Turkish Cypriot government demanded that their community should not be punished for the Greek Cypriot no. The EU, for its part, declared a willingness to discuss measures of ending the economic isolation of the Turkish Cypriots.
	www.transnational.org /forum/meet/2004/Jak_Hatay_CyprusRef.html (1766 words)

	Constitutional Limits On Referenda
		Washington -- Referenda and ballot initiatives in U.S. politics go back to the earliest years of the Republic and especially to the first two decades of this century, the heyday of the Progressive Movement.
		Supporters of referenda and ballot initiatives regard them "as a useful check on ill-considered or dangerous actions by the legislature or executive and as an expression of direct democracy," say Plano and Greenberg.
		Those for and against a particular measure must have free access to the media and must be able to campaign for their point of view and make their case to the people, they say.
	usinfo.org /oap/NA11.htm (1266 words)

	Bond and Tax Referenda - Primary Elections
		There were 109 referenda introduced by 93 school districts (click here to view a list of the districts) in April 5, 2005 with the following types: Advisory=4, Bond=29, Miscellaneous=7 and Tax=69.
		All four (4) advisory type of referenda failed, 12 (41.4%) of 29 bond referenda passed, five of seven miscellaneous referenda passed and 22 (31.9%) of 69 tax referenda passed.
		Analysis of the referenda results also indicate that the majority (17 of 29) of bond referenda introduced were related to building construction and the majority of tax referenda introduced (63 of 69) are related to increasing property tax rate for educational purposes.
	www.isbe.state.il.us /research/htmls/referenda.htm (378 words)

	Evaluate the case for using referenda to decide important issues in The UK.
		Coursework and Essays: Uncategorised: Evaluate the case for using referenda to decide important issues in The UK Evaluate the case for using referenda to decide important issues in The UK.
		In the referenda the vote ended 67.5% in favour of staying in the EEC which is considered a decisive vote.
		I think this referenda was important again because I don't think the Government has a right to make a decision on the part of other regions and only those living in the region should have a say.
	www.coursework.info /i/71154.html (398 words)

	GB 25, Numbering of Referenda
		In accordance with the Student Body Constitution, applicable referenda shall be added to the ballot of the Student Body Election following either (1) a two-thirds majority vote of the Student Senate, or (2) a petition signed by fifteen percent of all University enfranchised students.
		referenda pertaining to the Student Body Constitution shall begin with the number one (1) and shall be followed by two digits indicating its position; (e.g.
		all other referenda shall begin with the number three (3) and shall be followed by two digits indicating its position.
	students.ncsu.edu /senate/bills.php?lid=25&s=99 (233 words)

	Referenda: Overruling Our Unrepresentative Representatives
		Referenda don't merely allow the people to second-guess politicians, they give the people the ability to overrule politicians.
		For one, the political class despises referendums and their close cousins, initiatives, because they take political power out of the hands of the elected few, and place it squarely in the hands of the people.
		And for any elected official who has grown used to the deference and coddling of lobbyists, and assorted sycophants, being overruled by the masses is a direct, personal rebuke that's second only to being defeated for re-election.
	www.virginiainstitute.org /viewpoint/2004_07.html (1077 words)

	NBC15 \| Mayor Supports Referenda For Madison Schools
		But with three referenda questions on next week's ballot...
		A number of Madison's former mayors came out today in support of the referenda, saying healthy schools fuel a healthy city.
		Referenda supporters also say schools in a more diverse community like Madison cost more to run.
	nbc15.madison.com /home/headlines/1560021.html (313 words)

	REFERENDA 3
		While the average "Yes" vote is comparable for California (61%) and National (62%) library referenda, the success rate is considerably lower in California (53%) versus 80% nationally.
		It is noteworthy to mention that only 14 of the California library referenda received less than 50% of the vote, which means that 83% of the ballot measures would have passed if a simple majority were required for all issues.
		63% of all capital referenda are held during general elections.
	www.library.ca.gov /LDS/referenda/refer3.html (798 words)

	CLPI: Ballot Initiatives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In recent years initiatives and referenda have become increasingly popular as a means of achieving legislative change at the state and local level.
		Following is information to help 501(c)(3) organizations understand that if they “elect” to come under the 1976 law, their participation in initiatives and referenda will be enhanced by advantageous lobbying expenditure limits.
		Under the 1976 lobby law, IRS regulations recognize that in referenda, initiatives, and similar procedures, the public itself is the legislature.
	www.clpi.org /ballot_initiatives.html (769 words)

	Illinois School Board Journal - September/October: Article 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Turnout for referenda conducted during general elections is much higher -- 51.5 percent, compared to 35.8 percent during primary elections and 34.4 percent during municipal/local elections.
		While only 39 percent of referenda occurring during general elections passed, that passage rate does not differ substantively from passage rates for primary elections (43 percent) or municipal elections (42 percent).
		Statistically, the changes of referenda passage are the same regardless of election type.
	www.iasb.com /files/j7091003.htm (694 words)

	Referenda Records official Referrer storefront
		Referenda Records is a new music label with a unique concept - a profit share system designed to help Referenda Records grow as a label and give something back to the people who help it grow - the Members, and you can easily become one.
		For every Referenda Records CD that is sold, £3 (approx $4.50) will go into the Profit Share Account which at the end of each month will be divided between the Members on a per Share basis.
		Once Referenda has become well established and if you are not a Member then in order to get your first Share you will need to like one of the bands on the Referenda Records roster enough to want to buy one of their CDs!
	website.lineone.net /~referenda/a007.html (1196 words)

	Referenda will assess opinion on presidential search, R/O week (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Three referenda approved by the Undergraduate Association Council will appear on the UA election ballots on March 14.
		The referenda deal with student involvement in the presidential search and possible ill effects of flushing during Residence/Orientation Week.
		Stacy A. Segal '90, who introduced the referenda to the UA Council, said, "A lot of students have felt that they haven't been involved at all [in the search process].
	www-tech.mit.edu /V110/N10/uaref.10n.html (372 words)

	GB 27, Referenda Procedures Act
		Pending referenda shall be presented to the Student Body in the Spring General Election unless an act of Senate provides for an earlier special election.
		Referenda shall be adopted if they receive two-thirds of the legal ballots cast, notwithstanding conflicting referenda also adopted, per §7-11.6.
		In the event that two or more referenda are adopted that affect change on the same portion of the Student Body Constitution the last such adopted referenda in the ballot order shall take effect.
	students.ncsu.edu /senate/bills.php?lid=27&s=01 (320 words)

	Initiatives and Referenda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		But by putting these referenda on the ballot if passed, we are now correctly acting on this type of legislation.
		All referenda will be placed at the front of the respective dockets of each committee.
		The only referenda that may be introduced in the Youth Legislature are Constitutional Amendments.
	home.mcn.net /~montanabw/referenda.html (884 words)

	Voters Influence Water Policy With Initiatives, Referenda
		Once on the ballot, the odds of "success" (defined as "yes" votes for constitutional amendments and initiatives and "no" votes for referenda) have remained rock-constant: 50 percent in the 70s, 50 percent in the 80s and 48 percent thus far in the 90s.
		On the other hand, initiatives and referenda are said to encourage general and spirited debate on issues that otherwise may not get that kind of attention.
		Some people also are wary of the use of initiatives and referenda fearing the "California syndrome." This occurs when people are asked to directly decide a myriad of issues, including some perceived as trivial.
	ag.arizona.edu /AZWATER/arroyo/084vote.html (4932 words)

	Essay on the use of focus groups and referenda in the UK
		Referenda are much the same as focus groups, if they are used in moderation then they can prove extremely useful, however overuse can lead to distortions of democracy.
		Of course referenda can only be used for the right reasons and to use them to avoid responsibility is to weaken the position of government.
		A healthy democracy should have focus groups and referenda but only if they are not over/misused.
	www.dedicatedwriters.com /paper/the_use_of_focus_groups_and_re-15400.html (236 words)

	The Medical Marihuana Referenda Movement in America: Federalism Implications (testimony)
		The medical marihuana referenda movement is a small part of that larger effort, but it brings to the fore the hypocrisy of those who invoke federalism selectively for their own political purposes.
		The ongoing federalism movement is an effort to return the federal government to its legitimate foundations, an effort to return power to the states and the people in light of the usurpation of power that has taken place largely over the 20th century, but especially since the New Deal.
		One manifestation of that movement is the effort by citizens, either through their state legislatures or through state referenda, to restore their rights to use marihuana for medical purposes, including their rights to seek medical advice and direction concerning such use, free from federal government interference.
	www.cato.org /testimony/ct-rp100197.html (2221 words)

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